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How to Write a Psychology Essay

Saul McLeod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.

Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage, it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.

After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompasses the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).

After writing your plan, conduct supplementary reading, refine your plan, and make it more detailed.

It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.

Components of a Good Essay

Now, let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.

• Global Structure – structure the material to allow for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
• Each paragraph should comprise a main theme, which is illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
• Knowledge and Understanding – recognize, recall, and show understanding of a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
• Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight, and evaluation of the evidence.
• Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling, and grammar. All sources are referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.

In the main body of the essay, every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.

There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible.

Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).

It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).

Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.

Knowledge and Understanding

Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don’t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.

You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.

Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).

Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.

Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.

Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.

For example:

Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.

As a general rule, make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.

Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the keywords in the essay title. Don’t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.

Critical Evaluation

In simple terms, this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.

There are many ways you can critically evaluate:

Methodological evaluation of research

Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased, or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?

Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite.

Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations that make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g., where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.

Compare or contrast different theories

Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.

Debates or perspectives

Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism, or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?

What are the ethical issues of the research?

Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological or physical harm?

Gender bias

If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.

Cultural bias

Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class.

Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?

Animal Research

This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.

Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?

The PEC System

It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don’t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points.

Instead, make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.

When you are writing an evaluation paragraph, use the PEC system.

• Make your P oint.
• E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
• Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?

For Example

• Point: It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
• Explain: Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
• Consequences: A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state, and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression.

Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.

Using Research Studies in your Essays

Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.

• If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
• If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.

Writing an Introduction

It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding of the topic area.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.

Ideally, the introduction should;

Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).

Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.

Writing a Conclusion

So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.

Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.

Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).

Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).

If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.

Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.

The Importance of Flow

Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.

When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).

This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.

To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.

Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.

Referencing

The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).

In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.

If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites, then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.

References need to be set out APA style :

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers

A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.

Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.

Once again, remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.

What this handout is about

This handout discusses some of the common writing assignments in psychology courses, and it presents strategies for completing them. The handout also provides general tips for writing psychology papers and for reducing bias in your writing.

What is psychology?

Psychology, one of the behavioral sciences, is the scientific study of observable behaviors, like sleeping, and abstract mental processes, such as dreaming. Psychologists study, explain, and predict behaviors. Because of the complexity of human behaviors, researchers use a variety of methods and approaches.  They ask questions about behaviors and answer them using systematic methods. For example, to understand why female students tend to perform better in school than their male classmates, psychologists have examined whether parents, teachers, schools, and society behave in ways that support the educational outcomes of female students to a greater extent than those of males.

Writing in psychology

Writing in psychology is similar to other forms of scientific writing in that organization, clarity, and concision are important.  The Psychology Department at UNC has a strong research emphasis, so many of your assignments will focus on synthesizing and critically evaluating research, connecting your course material with current research literature, and designing and carrying out your own studies.

Common assignments

Reaction papers.

These assignments ask you to react to a scholarly journal article.  Instructors use reaction papers to teach students to critically evaluate research and to synthesize current research with course material.  Reaction papers typically include a brief summary of the article, including prior research, hypotheses, research method, main results, and conclusions. The next step is your critical reaction. You might critique the study, identify unresolved issues, suggest future research, or reflect on the study’s implications.  Some instructors may want you to connect the material you are learning in class with the article’s theories, methodology, and findings. Remember, reaction papers require more than a simple summary of what you have read.

To successfully complete this assignment, you should carefully read the article. Go beyond highlighting important facts and interesting findings. Ask yourself questions as you read: What are the researchers’ assumptions? How does the article contribute to the field? Are the findings generalizable, and to whom?  Are the conclusions valid and based on the results?  It is important to pay attention to the graphs and tables because they can help you better assess the researchers’ claims.

Your instructor may give you a list of articles to choose from, or you may need to find your own.  The American Psychological Association (APA) PsycINFO database is the most comprehensive collection of psychology research; it is an excellent resource for finding journal articles.  You can access PsycINFO from the E-research tab on the Library’s webpage.   Here are the most common types of articles you will find:

• Empirical studies test hypotheses by gathering and analyzing data. Empirical articles are organized into distinct sections based on stages in the research process: introduction, method, results, and discussion.
• Literature reviews synthesize previously published material on a topic.  The authors define or clarify the problem, summarize research findings, identify gaps/inconsistencies in the research, and make suggestions for future work. Meta-analyses, in which the authors use quantitative procedures to combine the results of multiple studies, fall into this category.
• Theoretical articles trace the development of a specific theory to expand or refine it, or they present a new theory.  Theoretical articles and literature reviews are organized similarly, but empirical information is included in theoretical articles only when it is used to support the theoretical issue.

You may also find methodological articles, case studies, brief reports, and commentary on previously published material. Check with your instructor to determine which articles are appropriate.

Research papers

This assignment involves using published research to provide an overview of and argument about a topic.  Simply summarizing the information you read is not enough. Instead, carefully synthesize the information to support your argument. Only discuss the parts of the studies that are relevant to your argument or topic.  Headings and subheadings can help guide readers through a long research paper. Our handout on literature reviews may help you organize your research literature.

Choose a topic that is appropriate to the length of the assignment and for which you can find adequate sources. For example, “self-esteem” might be too broad for a 10- page paper, but it may be difficult to find enough articles on “the effects of private school education on female African American children’s self-esteem.” A paper in which you focus on the more general topic of “the effects of school transitions on adolescents’ self-esteem,” however, might work well for the assignment.

Designing your own study/research proposal

You may have the opportunity to design and conduct your own research study or write about the design for one in the form of a research proposal. A good approach is to model your paper on articles you’ve read for class. Here is a general overview of the information that should be included in each section of a research study or proposal:

• Introduction: The introduction conveys a clear understanding of what will be done and why. Present the problem, address its significance, and describe your research strategy. Also discuss the theories that guide the research, previous research that has been conducted, and how your study builds on this literature. Set forth the hypotheses and objectives of the study.
• Methods:   This section describes the procedures used to answer your research questions and provides an overview of the analyses that you conducted. For a research proposal, address the procedures that will be used to collect and analyze your data. Do not use the passive voice in this section. For example, it is better to say, “We randomly assigned patients to a treatment group and monitored their progress,” instead of “Patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group and their progress was monitored.” It is acceptable to use “I” or “we,” instead of the third person, when describing your procedures. See the section on reducing bias in language for more tips on writing this section and for discussing the study’s participants.
• Results: This section presents the findings that answer your research questions. Include all data, even if they do not support your hypotheses.  If you are presenting statistical results, your instructor will probably expect you to follow the style recommendations of the American Psychological Association. You can also consult our handout on figures and charts . Note that research proposals will not include a results section, but your instructor might expect you to hypothesize about expected results.
• Discussion: Use this section to address the limitations of your study as well as the practical and/or theoretical implications of the results. You should contextualize and support your conclusions by noting how your results compare to the work of others. You can also discuss questions that emerged and call for future research. A research proposal will not include a discussion section.  But you can include a short section that addresses the proposed study’s contribution to the literature on the topic.

Other writing assignments

For some assignments, you may be asked to engage personally with the course material. For example, you might provide personal examples to evaluate a theory in a reflection paper.  It is appropriate to share personal experiences for this assignment, but be mindful of your audience and provide only relevant and appropriate details.

Writing tips for psychology papers

Psychology is a behavioral science, and writing in psychology is similar to writing in the hard sciences.  See our handout on writing in the sciences .  The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association provides an extensive discussion on how to write for the discipline.  The Manual also gives the rules for psychology’s citation style, called APA. The Library’s citation tutorial will also introduce you to the APA style.

Suggestions for achieving precision and clarity in your writing

• Jargon: Technical vocabulary that is not essential to understanding your ideas can confuse readers. Similarly, refrain from using euphemistic phrases instead of clearer terms.  Use “handicapped” instead of “handi-capable,” and “poverty” instead of “monetarily felt scarcity,” for example.
• Anthropomorphism: Anthropomorphism occurs when human characteristics are attributed to animals or inanimate entities.  Anthropomorphism can make your writing awkward.  Some examples include: “The experiment attempted to demonstrate…,” and “The tables compare…”  Reword such sentences so that a person performs the action: “The experimenter attempted to demonstrate…”  The verbs “show” or “indicate” can also be used: “The tables show…”
• Verb tenses: Select verb tenses carefully. Use the past tense when expressing actions or conditions that occurred at a specific time in the past, when discussing other people’s work, and when reporting results.  Use the present perfect tense to express past actions or conditions that did not occur at a specific time, or to describe an action beginning in the past and continuing in the present.
• Pronoun agreement: Be consistent within and across sentences with pronouns that refer to a noun introduced earlier (antecedent). A common error is a construction such as “Each child responded to questions about their favorite toys.” The sentence should have either a plural subject (children) or a singular pronoun (his or her). Vague pronouns, such as “this” or “that,” without a clear antecedent can confuse readers: “This shows that girls are more likely than boys …” could be rewritten as “These results show that girls are more likely than boys…”
• Avoid figurative language and superlatives: Scientific writing should be as concise and specific as possible.  Emotional language and superlatives, such as “very,” “highly,” “astonishingly,” “extremely,” “quite,” and even “exactly,” are imprecise or unnecessary. A line that is “exactly 100 centimeters” is, simply, 100 centimeters.
• Avoid colloquial expressions and informal language: Use “children” rather than “kids;” “many” rather than “a lot;” “acquire” rather than “get;” “prepare for” rather than “get ready;” etc.

Reducing bias in language

Your writing should show respect for research participants and readers, so it is important to choose language that is clear, accurate, and unbiased.  The APA sets forth guidelines for reducing bias in language: acknowledge participation, describe individuals at the appropriate level of specificity, and be sensitive to labels. Here are some specific examples of how to reduce bias in your language:

• Acknowledge participation: Use the active voice to acknowledge the subjects’ participation. It is preferable to say, “The students completed the surveys,” instead of “The experimenters administered surveys to the students.”  This is especially important when writing about participants in the methods section of a research study.
• Gender: It is inaccurate to use the term “men” when referring to groups composed of multiple genders. See our handout on gender-inclusive language for tips on writing appropriately about gender.
• Race/ethnicity: Be specific, consistent, and sensitive with terms for racial and ethnic groups. If the study participants are Chinese Americans, for instance, don’t refer to them as Asian Americans. Some ethnic designations are outdated or have negative connotations. Use terms that the individuals or groups prefer.
• Clinical terms: Broad clinical terms can be unclear. For example, if you mention “at risk” in your paper, be sure to specify the risk—“at risk for school failure.”  The same principle applies to psychological disorders. For instance, “borderline personality disorder” is more precise than “borderline.”
• Labels: Do not equate people with their physical or mental conditions or categorize people broadly as objects. For example, adjectival forms like “older adults” are preferable to labels such as “the elderly” or “the schizophrenics.” Another option is to mention the person first, followed by a descriptive phrase— “people diagnosed with schizophrenia.”  Be careful using the label “normal,” as it may imply that others are abnormal.
• Other ways to reduce bias: Consistently presenting information about the socially dominant group first can promote bias. Make sure that you don’t always begin with men followed by other genders when writing about gender, or whites followed by minorities when discussing race and ethnicity. Mention differences only when they are relevant and necessary to understanding the study. For example, it may not be important to indicate the sexual orientation of participants in a study about a drug treatment program’s effectiveness. Sexual orientation may be important to mention, however, when studying bullying among high school students.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

American Psychological Association. n.d. “Frequently Asked Questions About APA Style®.” APA Style. Accessed June 24, 2019. https://apastyle.apa.org/learn/faqs/index .

American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Landrum, Eric. 2008. Undergraduate Writing in Psychology: Learning to Tell the Scientific Story . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Guide to Writing a Psychology Essay

Are you struggling with writing a psychology essay? You’re not alone. From understanding the question to structuring your essay, the process can be overwhelming. This comprehensive guide will walk you through every step of crafting a successful psychology essay.

We’ll cover everything from researching and gathering information to writing a strong thesis statement and editing for grammar and spelling errors. Whether you’re a seasoned writer or a novice, this guide is sure to help you ace your psychology essay.

• Understand the purpose and topic of your psychology essay before beginning research.
• Use reliable sources and take effective notes during the research process.
• Structure your essay with clear body paragraphs and a strong thesis statement, using evidence and proper citations.
• 1.1 What Is the Purpose of the Essay?
• 1.2 What Is the Topic of the Essay?
• 1.3 What Are the Key Terms in the Question?
• 2.1 What Sources Should Be Used?
• 2.2 How to Evaluate Sources?
• 2.3 How to Take Notes?
• 3.1 Body Paragraphs
• 3.2 Conclusion
• 4.1 How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement?
• 4.2 How to Use Evidence and Examples?
• 4.3 How to Cite Sources?
• 5.1 How to Check for Grammar and Spelling Errors?
• 5.2 How to Ensure Coherence and Flow?
• 6.1 What is a psychology essay?
• 6.2 How do I choose a topic for my psychology essay?
• 6.3 What should be included in the introduction of a psychology essay?
• 6.4 How do I structure my psychology essay?
• 6.5 Do I need to include references in my psychology essay?
• 6.6 What are some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay?

Understanding the Question

Understanding the question in an essay is crucial for developing a coherent and focused argument that aligns with the research objectives and methodological approach.

Clarity in comprehending the essay prompt is paramount as it sets the direction for the entire research endeavor. By dissecting the question, one can pinpoint the key concepts or themes that need to be addressed. This serves as a foundation for constructing a logical and well-structured argument that resonates with the study’s core focus. Ensuring that the essay question directly relates to the chosen research methodology is essential for maintaining relevance and academic rigor in the analysis process.

What Is the Purpose of the Essay?

The purpose of the essay is to critically analyze and evaluate a psychological theory using APA guidelines, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the chosen methodology to engage in a scholarly debate.

By looking into the depths of the selected psychological theory, this essay aims to disentangle its complexities and implications on human behavior and cognition. Embracing an evidence-based approach, the evaluation will scrutinize the theoretical framework’s applicability in real-world scenarios to uncover its practical significance.

Methodological considerations will be meticulously examined to shed light on the research design, data collection techniques, and analytical procedures employed within the context of the theory under scrutiny. By adhering to the stringent principles outlined by APA, the essay seeks to maintain academic rigor and integrity throughout the critical analysis.

What Is the Topic of the Essay?

The essay delves into the ethical considerations surrounding gender bias , cultural bias , and the use of animal research within the field of psychology, aiming to address the complexities and controversies inherent in these topics.

Gender bias in psychology has historically influenced research outcomes and treatment approaches, often overlooking the diverse experiences and perspectives of individuals. Cultural bias can shape the interpretation of psychological phenomena, leading to misconceptions and generalizations that may not hold true universally.

The ethical implications of using animals in research raise questions about their welfare and the applicability of findings to human behavior. These intersecting facets underscore the need for researchers to navigate sensitive ethical dilemmas and ensure that their work upholds the highest standards of integrity and respect.

What Are the Key Terms in the Question?

The key terms in the question revolve around the dichotomy of nature versus nurture , the philosophical perspectives of reductionism and holism , and the ethical considerations related to gender bias within psychological research.

When discussing the nature versus nurture debate, one delves into the arguments about the extent to which genetic makeup and environmental factors shape individual development.

On the other hand, reductionism focuses on breaking down complex phenomena into simpler components for easier analysis, while holism emphasizes the interconnectedness and integration of all elements.

Examining gender bias in research involves critically assessing how stereotypes and prejudices may influence scientific inquiry and knowledge production in the field of psychology.

Researching and Gathering Information

Researching and gathering information for the essay involves identifying key themes, acquiring relevant knowledge, critically evaluating sources, and structuring the content through well-organized paragraphs supported by citations and references.

During the research process, it is crucial to start by defining the scope and objectives of the study, which helps in narrowing down the focus and determining the direction of the inquiry. Next, researchers delve into various sources including academic journals, books, and credible websites to gather a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Analyzing these sources with a critical eye allows scholars to discern between reliable information and mere speculation.

The identification of themes emerges as a pivotal step, as it helps in organizing the information into cohesive sections that form the backbone of the essay. Thorough analysis and interpretation of these themes are essential to present a coherent argument that is backed by evidence.

The process of structuring the main body of the essay involves creating well-rounded paragraphs that flow logically from one point to another. Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the topic and integrate supporting evidence appropriately with proper citations and references to enhance credibility.

What Sources Should Be Used?

The sources used in the essay should align with the storytelling approach, adhere to specific guidelines, and meet the marking criteria to ensure the content is engaging, relevant, and academically sound.

When selecting sources for an academic essay, it is crucial to consider not only the relevance of the information but also the credibility of the sources. Storytelling elements can play a pivotal role in captivating the readers and conveying complex ideas effectively.

Adherence to established guidelines such as the American Psychological Association (APA) format is essential for maintaining consistency and clarity in the presentation of ideas. Meeting the marking criteria set by instructors helps in demonstrating a deep understanding of the topic and ensures that the essay meets the expected standards of quality and credibility.

How to Evaluate Sources?

Evaluating sources involves considering the context in which they were produced, assessing the methodology employed, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and engaging in scholarly debates to ascertain their credibility and relevance to the topic.

By looking into the context of a source, readers can understand the motivations and intentions behind its creation, helping to gauge its potential biases and perspectives.

Methodological rigor, on the other hand, enables one to determine the reliability and validity of the data presented, ensuring that the information is robust and trustworthy.

Identifying strengths allows readers to acknowledge the positive aspects that contribute to the source’s authority, while recognizing weaknesses prompts critical analysis and understanding of its limitations.

Engaging in academic debates facilitates a broader exploration of ideas and perspectives, encouraging a more nuanced understanding of the topic by incorporating diverse viewpoints.

How to Take Notes?

Taking notes should involve summarizing key points, identifying implications, recognizing recurring themes, ensuring effective communication, and structuring information logically to facilitate the development of a coherent and insightful essay.

Summarizing key points is crucial as it condenses complex ideas into digestible chunks, aiding memory retention and concept reinforcement. Identifying implications involves understanding the broader effect of information, helping to form connections and develop critical thinking skills.

Recurring themes tie together disparate elements, providing a framework for analysis and argumentation. Effective communication ensures that ideas are conveyed clearly, fostering understanding and engagement.

Logical structuring organizes thoughts cohesively, laying the foundation for a well-structured and persuasive essay. Emphasizing these aspects of note-taking enhances content coherence and enriches the overall quality of academic writing.

Structuring the Essay

Structuring the essay according to APA guidelines and utilizing the PEC system for paragraphs aids in maintaining clear communication, logical flow, and adherence to established guidelines for academic writing.

When following APA guidelines, writers ensure consistency in formatting, citation, and referencing, which not only adds credibility to the work but also allows readers to easily navigate through the document. The PEC system, incorporating Point, Evidence, and Comment, offers a structured approach to paragraph development, enhancing the coherence and completeness of ideas. By adhering to these principles, writers can effectively convey their arguments, provide evidence to support their claims, and offer critical insights that engage readers and promote deeper understanding.

Body Paragraphs

The body paragraphs of the essay should expound on the chosen methodology, critically assess its strengths and weaknesses, and engage in academic debates to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research approach.

One key aspect of the body paragraphs is to delve into the research methodology selected for the study. This involves detailing the specific tools, techniques, and procedures utilized to gather and analyze data.

It is crucial to evaluate the strengths of the chosen approach, highlighting its effectiveness in achieving the research objectives and generating reliable findings. Conversely, the weaknesses of the methodology must also be addressed, raising questions about potential limitations and biases that could impact the study outcomes.

Engaging in scholarly debates adds another layer of depth to the analysis, allowing the essay to situate the research approach within the broader academic discourse. By considering varying viewpoints and opposing arguments, the essay can present a well-rounded evaluation of the methodological framework.

The essay reflects on the diverse perspectives regarding ethical issues, gender bias, cultural influences, and the ethical dilemmas associated with animal research within the realm of psychology, offering a nuanced and reflective summary of the discourse.

It is evident that ethical considerations play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of psychology research. Ethical dilemmas involving the use of animals raise complex questions about the boundaries of scientific inquiry and the welfare of research subjects. Gender bias, though often subtle, can significantly impact the interpretation of study results and the development of psychological theories. Cultural influences introduce a layer of diversity and complexity that must be navigated carefully to ensure the universality of psychological principles.

Writing the Essay

Writing the essay entails contextualizing the discussion within the established methodology, critically analyzing key components, maintaining structural coherence, and integrating citations and references to support the arguments and claims presented.

In the process of constructing a well-rounded essay, it is crucial to delve deep into the subject matter and convey your arguments with clarity and precision. Adherence to the appropriate methodological alignment , with a keen eye on detail, ensures that your work is academically sound and follows a logical progression.

A thorough critical analysis allows for the exploration of diverse viewpoints and the development of informed perspectives. By ensuring structural coherence , each section contributes seamlessly to the overarching argument. Integrating a range of citations and references not only bolsters the credibility of your work but also acknowledges the existing body of research.

How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement?

Crafting a robust thesis statement involves aligning with APA guidelines, showcasing expertise as a psychologist, highlighting the chosen methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, and presenting a critical stance on the research topic.

One key aspect of developing a compelling thesis statement is the ability to succinctly encapsulate the main argument of your research while adhering to the formatting requirements set by APA. By clearly articulating the central hypothesis, objectives, and rationale within the introductory paragraph, readers can grasp the essence of your study from the outset.

A keen understanding of psychological principles can enrich the thesis statement, especially when discussing intricate human behaviors or phenomena. This depth of knowledge can elevate the scholarly merit of your work and demonstrate your analytical prowess.

How to Use Evidence and Examples?

Utilizing evidence and examples effectively requires integrating storytelling elements, adhering to specific guidelines, and meeting the marking criteria to ensure the content is engaging, well-supported, and meets academic standards.

One key strategy in incorporating evidence and examples in an essay is to contextualize them within a coherent narrative. By weaving these elements into a compelling story, the writer can not only capture the reader’s attention but also convey complex ideas in a more relatable manner. It is essential to select relevant examples that directly support the main arguments of the essay, maintaining a seamless flow of information. This approach increases the credibility of the points being made and enhances the overall persuasiveness of the essay.

How to Cite Sources?

Citing sources involves acknowledging the dichotomy of nature versus nurture, evaluating reductionist and holistic perspectives, and addressing the ethical considerations surrounding gender bias within psychological research to provide proper attribution and academic integrity.

When referencing sources in academic writing, it is essential to delve into the intricate interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences that shape human behavior. While reductionist approaches break phenomena down into smaller components, holistic viewpoints emphasize the interconnectedness and complexity of psychological phenomena. Striking a balance between these contrasting paradigms enriches scholarly discourse and fosters a deeper understanding of human behavior. It is crucial to interrogate the presence of gender bias in research practices, ensuring that studies are conducted ethically and inclusively to uphold the principles of academic rigor and social justice.

Editing and Proofreading

Editing and proofreading the essay involves summarizing key points, evaluating implications, identifying recurring themes, ensuring effective communication, and maintaining structural integrity to refine the content for coherence and clarity.

Once you have completed the initial draft of your essay, it is crucial to dedicate ample time and attention to the editing and proofreading stage. This phase not only entails correcting grammar and punctuation errors but also delving deeper into the content to assess the underlying implications and overall message. By focusing on theme identification, you can ensure that your arguments are cohesive and logically presented throughout the document.

Enhancing communication clarity involves not only polishing individual sentences but also considering the flow of ideas within paragraphs and sections. This process helps in refining the overall coherence of the essay, making it more engaging and understandable for the reader. Structural coherence plays a pivotal role in tying all the elements of your essay together, creating a seamless transition from introduction to conclusion.

How to Check for Grammar and Spelling Errors?

Identifying grammar and spelling errors involves reviewing the context, assessing the alignment with the chosen methodology, evaluating the presentation of strengths and weaknesses, and ensuring clear communication to enhance the overall quality of the essay.

When reviewing the text for grammatical accuracy, it is crucial to pay attention to subject-verb agreement, punctuation usage, and consistent tense throughout. Verifying the spelling of technical terms and names is vital for accuracy.

Ensuring that the content is contextually relevant involves connecting ideas logically, maintaining a coherent flow of thought, and avoiding ambiguous language that may confuse readers. Every sentence should contribute to the overarching argument and support the thesis statement.

Consistency in methodology pertains to adhering to a specific citation style, referencing sources accurately, and applying formatting guidelines consistently throughout the document. This not only showcases academic integrity but also aids readers in following the research journey.

How to Ensure Coherence and Flow?

Ensuring coherence and flow in the essay requires adherence to APA guidelines, implementing the PEC system for paragraph organization, maintaining structural integrity, and incorporating storytelling elements to engage readers and facilitate seamless progression through the content.

APA guidelines serve as the cornerstone of academic writing, providing a standardized format that ensures clarity and consistency in research papers, dissertations, and essays. By following APA rules for citation, referencing, and formatting, writers can establish a cohesive framework that guides readers through the content seamlessly.

The PEC system – Point, Evidence, and Comment – offers a structured approach to paragraph development. This method assists in presenting arguments logically, supporting them with evidence, and providing critical analysis to strengthen the academic discourse.

Structural integrity not only refers to the organization of individual paragraphs but also extends to the overall architecture of the essay. Each section should flow naturally into the next, creating a coherent narrative that leads the reader from introduction to conclusion.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a psychology essay.

A psychology essay is a type of academic writing that explores a specific topic related to psychology. It involves researching, analyzing, and presenting arguments or ideas using psychological theories, concepts, and evidence.

How do I choose a topic for my psychology essay?

When choosing a topic for your psychology essay, consider your interests, the topic’s relevance to your course, and the availability of resources. It is also helpful to narrow down your topic to a specific aspect or question to make your essay more focused and manageable.

What should be included in the introduction of a psychology essay?

The introduction of a psychology essay should provide background information on the topic, outline the main points or arguments you will be discussing, and state your thesis statement. It should also engage the reader and set the tone for your essay.

How do I structure my psychology essay?

A typical psychology essay structure includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The body paragraphs should present your arguments or ideas using evidence and examples from research. You can also use subheadings to organize your ideas and make your essay more coherent.

Do I need to include references in my psychology essay?

Yes, referencing is an essential part of writing a psychology essay. It shows that you have conducted thorough research and accurately cited your sources. Make sure to follow the referencing style specified by your instructor, such as APA or MLA.

What are some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay?

Some common mistakes to avoid in a psychology essay include not following the required format, relying too much on personal opinions instead of evidence, and not proofreading for errors. It is also crucial to avoid plagiarism by properly citing all your sources.

Dr. Sofia Alvarez is a clinical psychologist with over a decade of experience in counseling and psychotherapy. Specializing in anxiety disorders and mindfulness practices, she has contributed to numerous mental health initiatives and workshops. Dr. Alvarez combines her clinical expertise with a passion for writing to demystify psychology and promote mental wellness. She believes in the power of therapeutic storytelling and advocates for mental health awareness in various online platforms and community forums.

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How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays

• Paul Dickerson - University of Roehampton, UK
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“This book is one I wish I had bought at the start of my Psychology degree.” – Five-star review Essay writing is a key part of the Psychology degree and knowing how to write effective and compelling academic essays is key to success.  Whether it's understanding how to implement feedback you receive on essays, how to stop procrastinating or what makes an effective introduction, this book covers it all. Drawing on insights derived from teaching thousands of students over a 25-year period How to Write Brilliant Psychology Essays provides the keys that will unlock your writing potential.

Ace your Assignment  provide practical tips to help succeed

Exercises  help try the theory out in practice

Take away  points highlight the key learnings from each chapter

Online resources  provide even more help and guidance.

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Paul Dickerson, Emma McDonald and Christian van Nieuwerburgh discuss  study skills, wellbeing and employability  and explore   how university lecturers and student welfare teams can better  support Psychology students  through their university journey.

Students enjoyed this text - they found it easy to read and the author's dry sense of humour appealed to many. Not just for psychologists!

A really useful guide for students, breaking down the components of what constitutes a good essay and written from a subject-specific view - highly recommend

I have recommended this to my first year tutorial groups as it provides them with everything they need to know about producing an excellent psychology essay.

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How to Write a Great Psychology Essay

Categories Psychology Education

Writing a great psychology essay takes skill. You need good research skills to provide an adequate empirical background. You also need to put your analytical skills to work to evaluate the research and then build a coherent argument. If you are not used to writing psychology essays, it can be a little challenging at first (especially if you are also learning how to use APA format).

Remember, the skill of writing an exceptional psychology essay lies not only in presenting information, but also in synthesizing and explaining it effectively. If you need to write a psychology essay for a class, here are some tips to help you get started.

Table of Contents

Key Takeaways

• Craft a strong thesis statement highlighting the main points of your psychology essay.
• Incorporate research studies to support arguments and critically evaluate their validity and reliability.
• Structure the essay with a clear introduction, focused body paragraphs, and a compelling conclusion.
• Include critical analysis by evaluating research methodologies, strengths, weaknesses, and ethical considerations.

What to Include in an APA Format Essay

To craft a great psychology essay, it’s important to make sure you follow the right format. While your instructor may have specific instructions, the typical format for an essay includes the following sections:

• The title page
• The abstract
• The introduction
• The main body
• The reference section

Mastering the key components of a psychology essay is vital for crafting a compelling and academically sound piece of writing. To start, a good introduction sets the stage for your essay, providing a clear overview of what will be discussed.

Moving on to the main body, each paragraph should focus on a main theme, supported by evidence from research studies published in peer-reviewed journals. It’s pivotal to critically evaluate these studies, considering their validity, reliability, and limitations to strengthen your arguments.

Incorporating research studies not only adds credibility to your essay but also demonstrates a deep understanding of theoretical perspectives in psychology.

The Structure of a Psychology Essay

Each section of a psychology essay should also follow a specific format:

The Title Page

The title page is the first impression of your essay, and it should be formatted according to APA guidelines. It typically includes:

• The title of your essay : Make sure it’s concise, descriptive, and gives the reader an idea of its content.
• Your name : Place your full name below the title.
• Institutional affiliation : This usually refers to your university or college.
• Course number and name : Include the course for which the essay is being written.
• Instructor’s name : Write the name of your instructor.
• Due date : Indicate the date when the essay is due.

The Abstract

The abstract is a brief summary of your essay, typically around 150-250 words. It should provide a snapshot of the main points and findings. Key elements include:

• Research topic : Briefly describe what your essay is about.
• Research questions : Outline the main questions your essay addresses.
• Methodology : Summarize the methods used to gather information or conduct research.
• Results : Highlight the key findings.
• Conclusion : Provide a concise conclusion or the implications of your findings.

The Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for your essay, providing context and outlining the main points. It should include:

• Hook : Start with an interesting fact, quote, or anecdote to grab the reader’s attention.
• Background information : Provide necessary context or background information on your topic.
• Thesis statement : Clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay.
• Overview of structure : Briefly outline the structure of your essay to give the reader a roadmap.

The Main Body

The main body is the core of your essay, where you present your arguments, evidence, and analysis. It should be well-organized and divided into sections with subheadings if necessary. Each section should include:

• Topic sentences : Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea.
• Evidence : Provide evidence to support your arguments, such as data, quotes, or studies.
• Analysis : Analyze the evidence and explain how it supports your thesis.
• Transitions : Use transitions to ensure a smooth flow between paragraphs and sections.

The Reference Section

The reference section is crucial for giving credit to the sources you used and for allowing readers to locate the sources themselves. It should follow APA format and include:

• Alphabetical order : List all sources alphabetically by the author’s last name.
• Proper citation format : Follow APA guidelines for formatting each type of source (books, articles, websites, etc.).
• Hanging indent : Ensure that each reference entry has a hanging indent.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your psychology essay is well-structured, informative, and adheres to APA format.

Using Research in Your Psychology Essay

To strengthen the arguments in your psychology essay, it’s essential to incorporate relevant research studies that provide credibility and depth to your analysis. Utilizing research studies not only enhances the validity of your points but also demonstrates a deeper understanding of the topic at hand.

When integrating research into your essay, remember to include citations for each study referenced to give proper credit and allow readers to explore the sources further.

It is also important to evaluate the research studies you include to assess their validity, reliability, and any ethical considerations involved. This helps you determine the trustworthiness of the findings and whether they align with your argument.

Be sure to discuss any ethical concerns, such as participant deception or potential harm, and showcase a thoughtful approach to utilizing research in your essay.

Analyzing the Research Critically

When writing a psychology essay, using high-quality research sources and analyzing them critically is crucial. This not only strengthens your arguments but also ensures the credibility and reliability of your work. Here are some guidelines to help you critically analyze sources and use them appropriately:

Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

• Authorship : Check the credentials of the author. Are they an expert in the field? Do they have relevant qualifications or affiliations with reputable institutions?
• Publication Source : Determine where the research was published. Peer-reviewed journals, academic books, and respected organizations are considered reliable sources.
• Date of Publication : Ensure the research is current and up-to-date. In psychology, recent studies are often more relevant as they reflect the latest findings and theories.
• Citations and References : Look at how often the source is cited by other scholars. A frequently cited source is generally more credible.

Assessing the Quality of the Research

• Research Design and Methodology : Evaluate the research design. Is it appropriate for the study’s aims? Consider the sample size, controls, and methods used.
• Data Analysis : Check how the data was analyzed. Are the statistical methods sound and appropriate? Were the results interpreted correctly?
• Bias and Limitations : Identify any potential biases or limitations in the study. Authors should acknowledge these in their discussion.

Synthesizing Information from Multiple Sources

• Comparing Findings : Compare findings from different sources to identify patterns, trends, or discrepancies. This can help you understand the broader context and the range of perspectives on your topic.
• Integrating Evidence : Integrate evidence from various sources to build a comprehensive argument. Use multiple pieces of evidence to support each point or counterpoint in your essay.

Citing Sources Appropriately

• In-Text Citations : Follow APA guidelines for in-text citations. Include the author’s last name and the year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2020).
• Direct Quotes and Paraphrasing : When directly quoting, use quotation marks and provide a page number. For paraphrasing, ensure you rephrase the original text significantly and still provide an in-text citation.
• Reference List : Include a complete reference list at the end of your essay, formatted according to APA guidelines.

Using Sources to Support Your Argument

• Relevance : Ensure each source directly relates to your thesis or the specific point you are discussing. Irrelevant information can distract from your argument.
• Strength of Evidence : Use the strongest and most persuasive evidence available. Prioritize high-quality, peer-reviewed studies over less reliable sources.
• Balance : Present a balanced view by including evidence that supports and opposes your thesis. Acknowledging counterarguments demonstrates thorough research and critical thinking.

By critically analyzing research sources and using them appropriately, you can enhance the quality and credibility of your psychology essay. This approach ensures that your arguments are well-supported, your analysis is thorough, and your work adheres to academic standards.

Putting the Finishing Touches on Your Psychology Essay

Once you have a basic grasp of the topic and have written a rough draft of your psychology essay, the next step is to polish it up and ensure it is ready to turn in. To perfect your essay structure, consider the following:

• Make sure your topic is well-defined: Make sure your essay topic is specific and focused to provide a clear direction for your writing.
• Check that you are highlighting a main point in each paragraph: Commence each paragraph with a topic sentence that encapsulates the main idea you’ll discuss.
• Revise and refine your first draft: Take the time to review and refine your initial draft, guaranteeing that each section flows logically into the next and that your arguments are well-supported. ( Tip: Ask a friend of classmate to read through it to catch any typos or errors you might have missed. )
• Check your APA format : Use the APA publication manual to double-check that all your sources are cited and referenced correctly.

Creating an amazing psychology essay requires a compelling introduction, evidence-based arguments, a strong thesis statement, critical analysis, and a well-structured essay.

By incorporating research from peer-reviewed journals, evaluating studies for validity and reliability, and considering differing viewpoints and ethical considerations, you can craft a powerful and insightful piece that showcases your understanding of the topic.

With attention to detail and logical flow, your psychology essay will captivate and inform your readers effectively.

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How to Write an Introduction for a Psychology Paper

• Writing Tips

If you are writing a psychology paper, it is essential to kick things off with a strong introduction. The introduction to a psychology research paper helps your readers understand why the topic is important and what they need to know before they delve deeper.

Your goal in this section is to introduce the topic to the reader, provide an overview of previous research on the topic, and identify your own hypothesis .

At a Glance

Writing a great introduction can be a great foundation for the rest of your psychology paper. To create a strong intro:

• Research your topic
• Outline your paper
• Introduce your topic
• Summarize the previous research
• Present your hypothesis or main argument

Before You Write an Introduction

There are some important steps you need to take before you even begin writing your introduction. To know what to write, you need to collect important background information and create a detailed plan.

Research Your Topic

Search a journal database, PsychInfo or ERIC, to find articles on your subject. Once you have located an article, look at the reference section to locate other studies cited in the article. As you take notes from these articles, be sure to write down where you found the information.

A simple note detailing the author's name, journal, and date of publication can help you keep track of sources and avoid plagiarism.

Create a Detailed Outline

This is often one of the most boring and onerous steps, so students tend to skip outlining and go straight to writing. Creating an outline might seem tedious, but it can be an enormous time-saver down the road and will make the writing process much easier.

Start by looking over the notes you made during the research process and consider how you want to present all of your ideas and research.

Introduce the Topic

Once you are ready to write your introduction, your first task is to provide a brief description of the research question. What is the experiment or study attempting to demonstrate? What phenomena are you studying? Provide a brief history of your topic and explain how it relates to your current research.

As you are introducing your topic, consider what makes it important. Why should it matter to your reader? The goal of your introduction is not only to let your reader know what your paper is about, but also to justify why it is important for them to learn more.

If your paper tackles a controversial subject and is focused on resolving the issue, it is important to summarize both sides of the controversy in a fair and impartial way. Consider how your paper fits in with the relevant research on the topic.

The introduction of a research paper is designed to grab interest. It should present a compelling look at the research that already exists and explain to readers what questions your own paper will address.

Summarize Previous Research

The second task of your introduction is to provide a well-rounded summary of previous research that is relevant to your topic. So, before you begin to write this summary, it is important to research your topic thoroughly.

Finding appropriate sources amid thousands of journal articles can be a daunting task, but there are several steps you can take to simplify your research. If you have completed the initial steps of researching and keeping detailed notes, writing your introduction will be much easier.

It is essential to give the reader a good overview of the historical context of the issue you are writing about, but do not feel like you must provide an exhaustive review of the subject. Focus on hitting the main points, and try to include the most relevant studies.

You might describe previous research findings and then explain how the current study differs or expands upon earlier research.

Provide Your Hypothesis

Once you have summarized the previous research, explain areas where the research is lacking or potentially flawed. What is missing from previous studies on your topic? What research questions have yet to be answered? Your hypothesis should lead to these questions.

At the end of your introduction, offer your hypothesis and describe what you expected to find in your experiment or study.

The introduction should be relatively brief. You want to give your readers an overview of a topic, explain why you are addressing it, and provide your arguments.

Tips for Writing Your Psychology Paper Intro

• Use 3x5 inch note cards to write down notes and sources.
• Look in professional psychology journals for examples of introductions.
• Remember to cite your sources.
• Maintain a working bibliography with all of the sources you might use in your final paper. This will make it much easier to prepare your reference section later on.
• Use a copy of the APA style manual to ensure that your introduction and references are in proper APA format .

What This Means For You

Before you delve into the main body of your paper, you need to give your readers some background and present your main argument in the introduction of you paper. You can do this by first explaining what your topic is about, summarizing past research, and then providing your thesis.

Armağan A. How to write an introduction section of a scientific article ?  Turk J Urol . 2013;39(Suppl 1):8-9. doi:10.5152/tud.2013.046

Fried T, Foltz C, Lendner M, Vaccaro AR. How to write an effective introduction .  Clin Spine Surg . 2019;32(3):111-112. doi:10.1097/BSD.0000000000000714

Jawaid SA, Jawaid M. How to write introduction and discussion .  Saudi J Anaesth . 2019;13(Suppl 1):S18-S19. doi:10.4103/sja.SJA_584_18

American Psychological Association. Information Recommended for Inclusion in Manuscripts That Report New Data Collections Regardless of Research Design . Published 2020.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Writing in Psychology Overview

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Psychology is based on the study of human behaviors. As a social science, experimental psychology uses empirical inquiry to help understand human behavior. According to Thrass and Sanford (2000), psychology writing has three elements: describing, explaining, and understanding concepts from a standpoint of empirical investigation.

Discipline-specific writing, such as writing done in psychology, can be similar to other types of writing you have done in the use of the writing process, writing techniques, and in locating and integrating sources. However, the field of psychology also has its own rules and expectations for writing; not everything that you have learned in about writing in the past works for the field of psychology.

Writing in psychology includes the following principles:

• Using plain language : Psychology writing is formal scientific writing that is plain and straightforward. Literary devices such as metaphors, alliteration, or anecdotes are not appropriate for writing in psychology.
• Conciseness and clarity of language : The field of psychology stresses clear, concise prose. You should be able to make connections between empirical evidence, theories, and conclusions. See our OWL handout on conciseness for more information.
• Evidence-based reasoning: Psychology bases its arguments on empirical evidence. Personal examples, narratives, or opinions are not appropriate for psychology.
• Use of APA format: Psychologists use the American Psychological Association (APA) format for publications. While most student writing follows this format, some instructors may provide you with specific formatting requirements that differ from APA format .

Types of writing

Most major writing assignments in psychology courses consists of one of the following two types.

Experimental reports: Experimental reports detail the results of experimental research projects and are most often written in experimental psychology (lab) courses. Experimental reports are write-ups of your results after you have conducted research with participants. This handout provides a description of how to write an experimental report .

Critical analyses or reviews of research : Often called "term papers," a critical analysis of research narrowly examines and draws conclusions from existing literature on a topic of interest. These are frequently written in upper-division survey courses. Our research paper handouts provide a detailed overview of how to write these types of research papers.

• Educational and developmental psychology

How to Write a Psychology Paper: An Expert Guide

6. Do the research

Once you have a research question, a well-thought-out research design , and a sample ready, it’s time to do the research. This is the second part of the paper-writing process, the empirical data collecting stage. The first part was purely theoretical when you researched your topic and prepared a literature review. To make sure that everything runs smoothly, follow your research design. It might help you to write down the process in the form of custom step-by-step guidelines to have close at hand.

7. Analyze the results

This stage is when you take the data you’ve collected and try to make sense of it. The ‘Results’ sections of academic articles often look terrifying, but this is rarely the case with student papers. In fact, all you have to do is systematize the data and identify the patterns that are relevant to your research question. For example, if you’re investigating the relationship between goal-setting and self-assurance, you’ll have to compare participants’ self-assurance levels (which you measured using a questionnaire) before and after the intervention.

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• Abraham Maslow
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Newest Psychology Essay Examples

Check out the latest additions to our database.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Causes, Symptoms, and Interventions

Introduction Psychology considers and includes the identification, investigation, and therapeutic confrontation of many disorders and adverse mental health conditions. Of the organic, behavioral, personality, emotional, and other disorders identified, obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the best known, even among laypersons. It is characterized by the notion that it can often...

The Examination of the Self-Reference Effect and Memory

Introduction People are different, and each person perceives information in a unique way. An individual may better memorize a fact or an opinion if they can associate themselves with the presented knowledge. For example, people may have a finer comprehension of a movie if they can relate to situations or...

Meditation: A Path to Mental Well-Being

In the modern world, meditation is becoming more and more prevalent in people’s lives. This practice came from India and China, and if earlier meditation was associated only with religious practices, today scientists are studying the effect of this practice on the brain, productivity, and a sense of happiness, which...

Understanding Procrastination Through Self-Determination Theory

Introduction Procrastination is an issue that affects the motivation of many individuals, reducing their overall feeling of satisfaction, quality of life, and performance in terms of learning and working processes. This phenomenon is complex and influenced by a variety of factors, among which is self-determination. However, while there are many...

Assumptions: Impact on Conclusions

Making correct and informed judgments requires drawing conclusions based on realistic assumptions. Assumptions are the beginning points for any cognitive process or argument, and they significantly impact the conclusion’s outcome. If the assumptions are correct, the decision is likely to be accurate. For example, if someone thinks that all dogs...

Memory: The Key Types and Functions

Memory is essential to human life, as it allows individuals to store. Human life depends on memory, enabling people to store and retrieve information. Memory comes in various forms, and each function differently, including semantic, episodic, and procedural memory. This essay analyzes these types of memory and how they function...

Fear Instinct in Shaping Perceptions of Threats

Introduction An essential part of the perception of reality is played by the instinct of fear, which affects the understanding of the essence of what is happening. The innate fear response may alter how people perceive risk, making it difficult to evaluate the likelihood and consequences of different dangers. The...

Cognitive Psychology: Attention and Its Features

Source: Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), 97–136. Web. Treisman and Gelade (1980) presented a comprehensive theoretical framework for elucidating the mechanisms underlying attention in visual perceptionAccording to the theory of feature integration, the integration of objects in the visual field...

Discussion: Intelligence and Cognition

Definition of Cognition Cognition is a set of mental processes involved in thinking, knowing, learning, and memorizing (Spielman et al., 2020). It includes perception, attention, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognition is linked to the ability to learn and adapt and the capacity to understand and interact with the environment. It...

Cognitive Distortions: Overcoming Catastrophizing with Therapy

Cognitive distortions are biased or irrational patterns of thinking that negatively impact emotions, behaviors, and well-being. One such distortion is catastrophizing, which involves blowing things out of proportion and imagining the worst outcomes (Casabianca, 2022). Therefore, to help a client overcome this distortion, I would use a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)...

Discussion: Memory Functionality

Memory is an integral part of the life of the majority of living species, including humans. In many ways, the extent of its functionality defines individual capabilities, personality, and behavior. Chapter 7 provides a sophisticated overview of what constitutes memory and shares numerous insights into the way it works. Apart...

Cognitive Psychology: Key Aspects

Cognitive psychology is a broad field of science that helps to understand better the thinking process of people and what goes into the problem-solving process. Moreover, this branch assists in determining what is behind the formation of human behavior and ways of interacting with others. Many different theoretical approaches and...

Perception and Sensation as Psychological Processes

A person learns about the world that surrounds him with the help of numerous specialized functions of the body. One of them is perception and sensation, which, despite their apparent similarity, are completely different processes. First, it is necessary to gain an understanding of the nature of these processes. Hence,...

The Work of the Phonological Loop in Stressed People with ADHD

Project Summary Many studies discuss various components and processes of memory, including one of its key categories – working memory. The latter includes the phonological loop, which is the faculty responsible for the temporal rehearsal and memorization of information received verbally or visually. While some researchers explore the relationships between...

The Connection between Memory and the Legal Investigation of Crimes

Strengths The work discusses the connection between memory and the legal investigation of crimes. The author’s central idea is that in extreme stress situations, the general memory process is distorted, complicating the investigation process due to the vague testimonies of victims and eyewitnesses. The primary strength of the work is...

Cognitive Bias: Impact on Information Perception

The aim of this essay is to reflect on the influence cognitive bias has on the perception of information. Bias is an error in interpreting data due to personal inclinations, prejudice, or simplification of knowledge. It exists as a result of the brain trying to make an explanation of the...

Exploring the Phenomenon of Dyslexia

The Role of Text Most people on the planet, as adults, are able to absorb textual information and read and process it correctly. This skill is paramount when the individual is in society. We read information boards, books, and textbooks, correspond on social networks, and write texts ourselves. Text, in...

Stress and Its Impact on Health and Happiness

Introduction Modern research and psychological practice show that stress significantly impacts various aspects of a person’s physical and mental health. In recent decades, stress researchers have begun to focus on the problem of everyday stressors. It was found to have greater exposure to accumulated everyday stress than significant life stressful...

Empirical Article on Depression by Alsubaie et al.

Basic Research Question Depression and depressive disorders are major concerns for university students, given the massive readjustments made in life with the shift to an institution of higher learning. Alsubaie et al., (2019) conducted a study to investigate the impacts of social support on depression and the quality of life...

Suicide Ideation in Foster Care Children

Introduction Suicide poses a substantial challenge for vulnerable demographics, particularly children and adolescents. Both childhood and adolescence serve as crucial periods for mental health development, with traumatic experiences during these stages heightening the risk of suicidal thoughts. This paper delves into the factors contributing to suicidal ideation among foster care...

Anxiety Disorders: Experiences and Impact on Society

Introduction Anxiety disorders are medical illnesses where humans anticipate future concerns that cause reactions to stress. Anxiety comes from the fear of something. Anxiety disorders aren’t the same as having our normal feelings of nervousness. Although it is the most common mental disorder, only about 30% of adults are affected...

Sexual Addiction: Causes and Effects

The target audience for this content is broad and diverse, with a particular emphasis on Professor Larsen and Jill. Psychologists, experts in sexual behavior, and therapists who focus on treating patients with sexual disorders are also members of this audience. These professionals are keenly interested in staying up to date...

Stress Management and Strategies for Well-Being

Introduction Stress is the emotional tension that arises when a person finds himself in situations that are psychologically difficult or that they find intractable. This condition is a part of everyone’s life, and it is normal and harmless when the pressure is moderate. The only type of worry that poses...

Child’s Secure Attachment: Caregiver’s Influence

Care Needs Normally, caregivers are always in touch with the infants and attend to all their possible needs. The care providers, therefore, play a significant role in influencing early childhood development among young ones, especially their emotional and social aspects. Being sensitive to common care needs is crucial and can...

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