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Last updated on August 19, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Defining terrorism is a tedious and confusing task as there is a lack of consensus at the international level. However several efforts have been made in this regard.

Table of Contents

Defining Terrorism

An agreed, comprehensive definition of terrorism has never been created by the international community. The United Nations’ attempts to define the term during the 1970s and 1980s failed mostly because of disagreements among its members over the use of violence in conflicts over self-determination and national liberation. Due to these differences, a conclusion cannot be reached.

According to the FBI: “Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”

Causes of Terrorism

There are many causes such as:

Political causes

Insurgency and guerrilla warfare, a type of organized conflict, were the contexts in which terrorism was first theorized. A non-state army or organization committing political violence. Because they dislike the current system, they pick terrorism. They oppose the current social structure and wish to change it.

Religious reasons

In the 1990s, experts started to claim that a brand-new sort of terrorism propelled by religious zeal was on the increase. They cited groups like Al Qaeda, the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, and Christian identity movements. Religious concepts like martyrdom were viewed as especially hazardous.

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Socio-Economic

According to socio-economic theories, persons who experience different types of deprivation are more likely to turn to terrorism or are more open to being recruited by groups that use terrorist tactics. Lack of political freedom, lack of access to education, and poverty are a few examples.

Types of Terrorism

The following are the various types of terrorism.

Ethno-Nationalist

According to Daniel Byman, ethnic terrorism is the premeditated use of violence by a subnational ethnic group to further its cause. Such violence typically aims at either the establishment of a separate State or elevating one ethnic group above another.

Activities by Tamil nationalist groups in Sri Lanka are an example of Ethno-Nationalist terrorism.

Hoffman claims that those who engage in terrorism who are either wholly or partially driven by religious imperative view violence as a sacramental or heavenly responsibility. Religious terrorism is more destructive because it adopts different justifications and modes of legitimization than other terrorist organizations.

Ideology oriented

Several ideologies have been used to legitimize terrorism. They include:

Left-Wing Extremism

The idea focuses on overthrowing the state through an armed struggle and establishing a communist state.

Right Wing Extremism

Right-wing organizations typically aim to preserve the status quo or go back to a scenario from the past that they believe should have been preserved.

They might compel the government to seize a piece of land or to step in to defend the rights of a minority that is being “oppressed” in a neighbouring nation.

State Sponsored

State-sponsored terrorism and proxy war are as old as organized warfare itself. According to Walter Laqueur, these customs were in place in antiquity in the Eastern Empires, Rome and Byzantium, Asia, and Europe.

Impacts of Terrorism

It seriously jeopardizes global peace and security and undercuts the fundamental principles of growth, peace, and humanity. Terrorist activities not only have a catastrophic human cost in terms of lives lost or permanently changed, but they also endanger political stability and economic and social advancement.

Often, terrorist attacks disregard international boundaries.CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives) materials are used in terrorist attacks that have devastating effects on infrastructure and communities.

Measures To Counter Terrorism

The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) is responsible for leading and coordinating the UN system’s efforts to prevent and combat terrorism and violent extremism worldwide.
Under UNOCT, the UN Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) encourages global collaboration in the fight against terrorism and assists the Member States in putting the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy into practice.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) is a key player in global efforts.
International standards are established by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) , a global organization that monitors money laundering and terrorist funding to prevent these illicit actions and the harm they do to society.

Notable incidents of 21st century

The 21st century has seen several major terrorist attacks that have had profound impacts on global politics, security policies, and international relations. Here are some of the most notable:

September 11, 2001 (9/11) – United States

Details: Coordinated attacks by the terrorist group al-Qaeda, involving the hijacking of four commercial airplanes. Two planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, one into the Pentagon, and the fourth crashed in Pennsylvania after passengers attempted to overpower the hijackers.
Impact: Nearly 3,000 people were killed. The attacks led to the U.S. launching the War on Terror, including the invasion of Afghanistan and later Iraq.

2002 Bali Bombings – Indonesia

Details: Two bombs exploded in a nightclub district in Bali, killing 202 people, most of whom were foreign tourists. Jemaah Islamiyah, a Southeast Asian Islamist terrorist organization, carried out the attack.
Impact: The bombings brought international attention to the threat of Islamist terrorism in Southeast Asia and led to a crackdown on Jemaah Islamiyah.

2004 Madrid Train Bombings (3/11) – Spain

Details: A series of coordinated bombings on the commuter train system during the morning rush hour, killing 193 people and injuring over 2,000. An al-Qaeda-inspired group carried out the attack.
Impact: The bombings occurred just days before Spain’s general elections, influencing the outcome and leading to Spain’s withdrawal of troops from Iraq.

2005 London Bombings (7/7) – United Kingdom

Details: Coordinated suicide bombings on the London public transport system, targeting three Underground trains and a double-decker bus. The attacks killed 52 civilians and injured more than 700.
Impact: The bombings were a stark reminder of the ongoing threat of Islamist terrorism in Europe and led to significant changes in security and counterterrorism policies in the UK.

2008 Mumbai Attacks (26/11)- India

Details: A group of ten terrorists from the Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out a series of shootings and bombings across Mumbai over four days, killing 166 people, including foreign nationals, and injuring hundreds more.
Impact: The attacks strained India-Pakistan relations and led to a major overhaul of India’s counterterrorism and intelligence apparatus.

2015 Paris Attacks – France

Details: Coordinated attacks by the Islamic State (ISIS) on various locations, including the Bataclan concert hall, cafes, and the Stade de France stadium. The attacks killed 130 people and injured hundreds more.
Impact: The attacks led to a state of emergency in France and intensified the global fight against ISIS. It also sparked widespread fear and heightened security measures across Europe.

2016 Brussels Bombings – Belgium

Details: Suicide bombers affiliated with ISIS targeted Brussels Airport and a metro station, killing 32 civilians and injuring over 300.
Impact: The bombings highlighted vulnerabilities in European security and led to increased efforts to combat radicalization and improve intelligence-sharing among European nations.

2019 Christchurch Mosque Shootings – New Zealand

Details: A white supremacist terrorist attacked two mosques during Friday prayers, live-streaming the attack on social media. Fifty-one people were killed, and dozens were injured.
Impact: The attack prompted a global conversation on the rise of white supremacist terrorism and led to significant changes in New Zealand’s gun laws.

A combined effort at the international level is the need of the hour to tackle the perils of terrorism. Terrorism of any form is unacceptable in a civilized society.

Read: Nuclear terrorism

Article written by: Vivek Rajasekharan

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Essay on terrorism

What is terrorism?

In the most comprehensive sense, terrorism is an intentional use of indiscriminate violence as a mechanism to create terror or fear in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological objective. Terrorism is a form of asymmetric warfare. It is the use of violence against innocent civilians or non-combatants. The word terrorism has gained popularity following the attacks on the World Trade Centers New York in September 2001 also referred to as the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

History of terrorism

The nuisance of terrorism is as old as the Roman Empire. The roots and practice of terrorism can be traced back at least to the first century AD. The word terrorism itself was used for the first time to describe the acts of the Jacobin Club during the reign of terror in the French Revolution.

Types of terrorism

State-Sponsored terrorism

It is pursued in order to achieve such clearly stated foreign policy objectives. Massive-scale state-sponsored terrorism reemerged in international politics in the 1960s and 1970s. Now, along with religious terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism has greatly altered the design of terrorist attacks around the world. Since its independence, India has been having the same problems from Pakistan.

Ideology-oriented terrorism

Ideology-oriented terrorism is typically categorized into two: left-wing and right-wing terrorism.

Left-wing terrorism

It is violence against the ruling class, mostly by the lower classes, motivated by leftist ideology. These include the Red Army faction or the Baader Meinhof Gang in former West Germany, the Red Brigades in Italy, the Maoist groups in India and Nepal.

Right-wing Terrorism

Right-wing groups tend to seek to protect the status quo or to return to some past situation that they feel should have been preserved. Examples of this include: fascism in Italy, nazism in Germany, white supremacist movements in the USA known as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK).

Religious terrorism

Terrorist groups are notably motivated by religion. Religious terrorism is more destructive in nature. These groups are motivated either in whole or in part by a religious imperative that considers violence as a sacred duty. The theology of ISIS is in accordance with the Wahabi theological ideology.

Criminal Terrorism

Terrorist activities are used to aid in crime and criminal profit. For instance, in narco-terrorism, narcotics traffickers attempt to influence the policies of the Government by systematic threat or use by violence.

Ethnic terrorism

It is deliberate violence by a subnational ethnic group to advance its cause. Such violence usually focuses either on the creation of a separate state or on the elevation of the status of one ethnic group over others. Tamil Nationalist groups in Sri Lanka, insurgent groups in North East India, and the Khalistan movement are examples of ethnonationalism terrorist activities.

Reasons behind the terrorism

There are many reasons which make people or a group terrorist. Those reasons are political, religious, poverty, and lack of education.

The main cause of terrorism is perceived socio-political or historical injustice and a belief that violence will lead to change. People who choose this path when they have been stripped off their land or rights are denied the same. Examples- Hamas group of Palestine, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam ( LTTE), Maoists and the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA)

Terrorist groups use a specific religious ideology to inspire people to join terrorist groups. For example, ISIS and Al-Qaeda use Islamic ideology making people follow them.

Socio-e conomic

Many people who join terrorist groups are illiterate and poor. Terrorism can spread like a virus in vulnerable and marginalized communities. These people can easily be pursued by terrorism groups.

A lack of employment and unequal growth encourages unemployed youth to indulge in criminal acts and narcotics.

However, the above arguments are partially true. Of the 9/11 conspirators, eight were engineers by education. Osama bin Laden’s father owned the largest construction company in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. So, terrorism is not always a result of illiteracy and poverty.

Intolerance

Because of the increasing population and decreasing resources, intolerance is growing in society. Increasing globalization of the society come to transcend national boundaries spreading terrorism.

The ineffective anti-terrorism legislation and misplaced judicial activism are somehow also responsible for growing terrorism.

Structural issues

There are structural inadequacies in the state apparatus namely weaknesses in the intelligence structure -human as well as technical, inadequate modernization of police paramilitary forces and the Armed Forces, unimaginative media management and coverage, reactive response, and slow government decision-making lack of clear strategy and policy on internal security.

In the Indian context, the reasons over the past few years have been numerous. Our consolidation as a secular, federal, and democratic state is still evolving and the fundamentalist forces often exploit a diversity of our multi-ethnic and multi-religious society.

Role of technology Terrorism is spreading fast in the modern era as technology is now available to conduct acts of terror and the targets of terrorism are more widespread than ever before. Sophisticated means of communications such as electronic media, print media, social media, and the Internet help terrorists to quickly promote their ideology and hate campaign and exploit cyber terrorism. There are secure and encrypted messaging apps like Telegram. It is the very messaging platform at Isis used to claim responsibility for attacks. For instance, the PlayStation primarily is a gaming device. Experts believe that ISIS terrorists use PlayStation to communicate. One can send private messages via the PlayStation Network. The FBI and the CIA believe that potential terrorists have been communicating via these networks. In the case of 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the terrorists came armed not just with guns and grenades but also carrying cell phones, GPS devices, and other high-tech gear. This level of sophistication is worrying. In the Christchurch massacre of New Zealand, the attack was not reported by bystanders or by security cameras at mosques. This had been live-streamed by the shooter himself on Facebook.

Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2019

This report is annually released by the Sydney-based Institute for Economics and Peace. As per this report, India as the seventh-worst terrorism affected the country. Jammu & Kashmir is India’s most affected region by terrorism in 2018. Most of these attacks were perpetrated by the Hizbul Mujahideen (HM), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), and Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). 8,437 Indians have lost their lives since 2001 at the hands of terrorists.

Why is India a victim of terror?

India is suffering from ethno-nationalist, religious, left-wing, and narco-terrorism. Some well-known examples of terrorist activities in India are Mumbai attacks of 26/11, 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blasts, attack on Akshardham temple in 2002, Mumbai train blasts 2006, Parliament attacks of 2001 attacks on Armed Forces camps in Pathankot and Uri.

India is geographically located between Asia’s two principal areas of illicit opium production -the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. This leads to a heavy influx of drugs and arms.

Pakistan and China

India has a hostile neighbor in the form of Pakistan with a land border of 3,400 kilometers. Pakistan sponsors state terrorism and fundamentalist forces, particularly through its inter-services intelligence, also known as ISI.

Also, India has unresolved border issues with China. And China has active military and nuclear cooperation with Pakistan.

Porous border

India shares a contiguous and porous border with smaller SAARC nations such as Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. Accompanying problems such as illegal migration and smuggling in the border belt and resulting social tensions create a conducive environment for terrorism.

India has a long sea border of more than seven thousand kilometers prone to pirating and smuggling. During the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, terrorists had used sea routes to enter the country.

Terrorism has no religion Another troubling trend is that the so-called war on terror is seen as a war against Islam. This is irrational and dreadful for Muslims, as they now face religious discrimination and are socially disadvantaged. The Koran clearly says, ‘let there be no compulsion in religion’. Nothing could be more explicit than this. So, the entire mythology of the spread of Islam through the sword is unjustified. There is no sanctity of the Koran to spread the faith with the sword. If it was about religion, Christchurch would not have happened. Brenton Tarrant was a white supremacist and part of the alt-right. The dark face of terrorism neither has religion nor nationality. The religious interpretation is idiosyncratic. There are other political and social factors. These things are complex and this is where nuance is necessary.

Impact of terrorism

According to ourworldindata.org , over the past decade, terrorists killed an average of 21,000 people worldwide each year. Terrorism accounted for 0.05% of global deaths in 2017.

Schools have been bombed and burned in Gaza, Syria, Somalia, Nigeria, and elsewhere across the world in the last decade. Teachers were killed, and students were recruited as child soldiers.

Foreign investment

Terrorism affects FDI in many ways. Terrorism leads to insecurity and uncertainty in the country. This causes a lack of trust in foreign investors, forcing them to divert their resources from the host country to other, peaceful countries. Costly security measures decrease the returns on FDI. Terrorism also harms local infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and communications. It prohibits foreign investment by raising the costs of doing business.

Domestic investment

Terrorism also reduces domestic investment as it becomes difficult for domestic investors to invest in a panic-ridden environment. In addition, public investment is also severely damaged as government projects such as roads, highways, canals, dams, bridges, highways, hospitals, and school construction also brought to an end in the presence of terrorist activities.

Tourists usually avoid visiting the city that has been attacked. For tourism-dependent economies, terrorist attacks can hit even harder.

A recent example is Sri Lanka (Easter bombing). Sri Lanka has made significant progress thanks to a tourism boom post 25-year civil war ended. However, the Easter bombing changed the picture. Among those killed in bombings were 45 foreigners. Tourists fled: the number of arrivals dropped. For several days following the attack, many businesses remained closed. A huge share of jobs was lost in the tourism sector.

Similarly, in Kashmir, tourism is the biggest source of livelihood in the state. But, terrorism ruined the tourism industry. The owners of hotels, guest houses, and houseboats, whose business is entirely dependent on the influx of tourists, suffer huge economic losses. By threatening visitors from visiting Kashmir, the terrorists are strangling a major source of jobs and making those who have become unemployed potential recruits to Pakistan-inspired separatism by violence.

Government spending

Terrorist attacks also increase defense and security spending and this reduces economic growth. If the cost of terror decreases, more money could be allocated to spending on infrastructure and that would lead to higher growth.

Steps already taken to combat and end terrorism

India has already achieved progress on various institutional and legislative mechanisms aimed at combating terrorism.

After the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, a national investigation agency also known as the NIA was formed to counter terrorist acts in the future.

The National Intelligence Grid also known as NATGRID is an integrated intelligence grid. It will link the databases of several departments and ministries of the government of India. NATGRID aims to gather detailed intelligence patterns that intelligence agencies can readily access. It collects and collates a variety of data from government databases such as tax and bank account information, credit card activity, visa and immigration records, and itineraries of train and air travel.

India has a multi-agency center also known as MAC for counterterrorism with a mandate of sharing terrorism-related intelligence inputs on a day-to-day basis.

Various legal frameworks are created such as the Terrorist And Disruptive Activities Act and the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002, along with the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act and the NIA Act of 2008.

How to overcome terrorism?

From the understanding of the nature of international terrorism that we are facing today, it is clear that a long term strategy is required to fight against terrorism. It has to be comprehensive on all fronts.

Core strategy

The strategy needs to be evolved to protect core values. These core values are to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity, to consolidate as a secular, federal, democratic state with freedom of speech, equality, and justice, to promote socio-economic growth and development.

Socio-economic dimension

Socially, India must continue to promote liberal and secular polity by media, intelligentsia, and religious institutions.

There is a need to develop all regions more evenly throughout the country with greater development effort in the remote weaker sections of the society. Economic empowerment of the poor especially in areas like J&K and the Naxal belts would automatically drive out the extremist elements and their ideologies would be abandoned.

Education reforms

Education is the antidote against terrorism. Education provides the confidence and analytical skills youngsters need to condemn hatred and violence. We must teach values of peace, non-violence, fraternity. So, no one will be able to brainwash young minds.

Also, there is a tendency to brand students from madrasas as terrorists. This further, alienate Indian madrasas. There is an urgent need to de-stigmatize madrasas as a breeding ground for terrorism and address the outdated education system in the Madrasahs by modernization.

Upgrading communication systems

There is also a need to develop our communication networks so that television and telecommunication can spread to remote and border areas which are currently under the constant reach of Pakistani propaganda.

Military strategy

India should clearly spell out a counterterrorism doctrine. This should address the causes and not the symptoms alone. The aim of military operations is to create a secure and suitable environment so that social, economic, and political issues can be addressed effectively.

Effective border surveillance and management is also required to check infiltration. This should be achieved through technical means of surveillance backed by highly mobile specialized forces the other than the present system which is manpower intensive.

Foreign-based terrorists must be targeted at the bases, training camps, and sanctuaries to end the surrogate terrorism or the proxy wars.

India must leverage its improved ties with the first world countries. Platforms of multinational bodies like the UN, G20, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization should be utilized to further India’s agenda of anti-terrorism.

International cooperation

International terrorism can not be confronted alone successfully as has been our experience so far. All nations must join hands to combat it. Countries have to cooperate by intelligence exchange, joint operations, and investigations.

Pakistan sponsored proxy war

It must be further exposed and international pressure should be applied. We have to convey more vigorously the justness of our cause and Pakistan’s support for terrorism by both state and non-state actors, as well as trying to isolate Pakistan within the international community. A strong message must be conveyed to Pakistan.

Lessons from other nations

We have to learn from the experiences of other nations. However, at the same time, we need to realize clearly that a situation is particular to us and there are no direct lessons to learn except a revaluation of our own experience.

A strategy must be pragmatic and cannot be similar to the US model of global capacity or the Israeli strategy of massive and immediate retaliation, as the respective environment and capabilities are different.

Dr. Salman Farsi was said to have been involved in the Malegaon blasts. He was acquitted eight years later. By this time, he had nothing to fall back upon. He is a qualified Unani doctor. But, he even took to rearing goats to meet his needs. These outcomes can be easily avoided. The media, instead of calling each accused a terrorist, may perhaps restrict itself to calling them only an accused, and avoid displaying their photographs as if they have been convicted.

Other steps

There is a need to adopt proactive policies to confront the terrorists at the roots of the ideology of fundamentalists social evils and sources of terror funding like narcotics and drug trade.

India also needs to strengthen its anti-terrorism laws. There is a need to modernize and enlarge intelligence networks, State Police and paramilitary forces in training equipment and ethos.

There should be enough preventive measures against nuclear biological and chemical attacks as well as cyber terrorism.

This unconventional war can not be won by conventional methods. It can only be won by showing that our values are stronger, better, fairer, and more humane than the alternative. The values that will rule the future of humanity are those of peace, tolerance, liberty, respect for diversity, and not those of reaction, discord, and hatred.

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Home » Security Issues » Terrorism » Reasons for rise of Terrorism

Terrorism has been a threat not only to India’s democracy but countries worldwide affecting the enjoyment of rights of people. Terrorism has slammed and affected almost every sphere of human life, be it economic or political or social life .
Broadly, terrorism is the antithesis of independence, development and human rights. The frontier regions of India, especially regions bordering Pakistan are the worst affected regions by terrorism .
Terrorism, in all its form, is the greatest violator of human rights . The ruthless, barbaric, inhuman killing of innocent people is carried out by the terrorists with a view not only to challenge the authority of the Government , but also to put the security and sovereignty of the country in jeopardy.
Terrorism in India is characterized by communist, Islamists and separatist groups. Communist terrorist groups are by far the most frequent perpetrators and the main cause of terrorism deaths in India.
India continues to face a number of terror attacks from Islamic groups in Kashmir, Sikh separatists in Punjab, and secessionist groups in Assam.
The most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is physical destruction. Terrorists destroy existing plants, machines, transportation systems and other economic resources. On smaller scales, acts of terrorism may blow up different public places, markets or religious places. The impact of terrorism is always negative for the economy.
Productive resources that might have generated valuable goods and services are destroyed, while other resources are almost invariably diverted from other productive uses to bolster the military and defense. None of these create wealth or adds to the standard of living.
The best strategy to isolate and defeat terrorism is by respecting human rights, fostering social justice, enhancing democracy and upholding the primacy of the rule of law.

Trends in Terrorism:

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Q. Analyse the complexity and intensity of terrorism, its causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus. Also suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism. (250 Words)

Introduce with giving general about terrorism.
Discuss causes, linkages and obnoxious nexus of terrorism.
Suggest measures required to be taken to eradicate the menace of terrorism

Introduction

Terrorism can be defined as the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

Causes of terrorism

Lack of political legitimacy and continuity, as well as a lack of integration for the political fringes, encourages ideological terrorism.
Perceptions of deprivation and inequality, especially amongst culturally defined groups. This can lead to civil violence, of which terrorism may be a part.
Terrorist tactics are used not out of a random desire to fire rockets at civilians but to leverage violence to gain specific concessions.
Socio-economic explanations of terrorism suggest that various forms of deprivation drive people to terrorism, or that they are more susceptible to recruitment by organisations using terrorist tactics. Poverty, lack of education or lack of political freedom are a few examples.
Extreme ideologies may sometime result in hatred towards other sections of society and may lead to terrorism. Examples of terrorist groups motivated by ideology include the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamal Eelam (LTTE).

The linkages and obnoxious nexus of terrorism include:

Terrorism and organised crime aid each other to thrive and survive. The financial proceeds of organised crime such as extortion/kidnapping are made legal through money laundering and then used to fund terrorist activities.
Terrorist groups levy taxes on drug traffickers to provide security to criminals in their controlled area.
Terrorist groups act as proxies of enemy governments which in turn provide them funding and shelter.

The measures undertaken to combat terrorism are:

Adoption of a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.
Strengthening national coordination mechanisms to promote inter-agency participation and
information exchange, facilitating joint monitoring, threat assessment.
Updating national legislation to ensure that terrorist and organised crime offences are precisely defined.
Awareness generation and deradicalization of the youth to wean them away from the clutches of their influencers.

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Essay on Terrorism and World peace

September 27, 2019 by Sandeep

800+ Words Essay on Terrorism and World peace

G.W. Bush was right when he said, “We do not create terrorism by fighting it, we invite terrorism by ignoring it.” It’s high time to pay attention on this menace and act for it’s permanent solution.

The scourge of terrorism has cast it’s malevolent influence across the world and is a major threat to all of us. It is a global menace and the world needs to come together to fight against it.

Be it terror group like AL-Qaeda, Boko Haram, Deccan Mujahedin or individuals inspired by their barbaric ideology, the terrorist threat has never been so high. The phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters and the massive use of the Internet and social media for recruiting, financing or calling for action has also added a new dimension to the threat.

Origin and People involved

Though the exact origin of terrorism is unknown due to multiple definitions it has been assigned till date, the first use in English of the term ‘terrorism’ occurred during the French Revolution’s Reign of Terror, when the Jacobin, who ruled the revolutionary state, employed violence to win their cause.

Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and anti-monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with terrorism in the earlier days of it’s origin.

If we talk of the present times, there are multiple terror outfits like Al-Qaeda, Quetla Shura, Lashkar-e-Taiba operating at global level propagating their ghastly ideologies of terror and killings in the name of religion, cultural and economic differences. The question that needs to be addressed is who are the people involved?

There are leaders of terror groups who influence poor, disheartened and inhumane people among general public to join them by luring them and making promises to take care of their families after they, ‘the defenders of religion’ (as these terrorists are referred by them)die for their cause.

Present Scenario

The number of terror attacks is surging day by day. The severities of World Trade centre attack, 26/11 Mumbai attacks , and the recent Pulawama attack in India are unforgettable. These terrorist groups plan attacks targeting populated cities and crowded areas to cause large scale destruction.

Such groups don’t only include active terrorists who perform such heinous acts in action, but also have sleeper cells that are women and men placed in different cities who work for these terror outfits secretly to provide them with all the relevant information for planning attacks. Most surprising and depressing is the inclusion of young children in these acts of severe cruelty.

Severities involved

It is obvious that the problem such terror attacks result into are immense. The large scale loss of lives and infrastructure, the social problems that emerge and the undermining of national interests of developing countries dismantle the very base of peace and development.

Investors shun war zones, traders are wary of markets that might explode at any time , tourists do not travel to hotels that might be commandeered by crazed terrorists. These are all serious hazards for a country seeking to grow and flourish in a globalising world economy. In the Indian context, terrorist unions in Pakistan not only aim to kill and destroy, but also pull down India’s growth, tarnish it’s success story and darken it’s lustre in the world.

If we look at the legal and political aspect of this menace, we find that there has been tensions among nations regarding this for ages. Be it US and Iran or India and Pakistan, terrorism is the cause as well as effect that leaves no room for cooperation in fight against terrorism . Also, these terrorists don’t get caught easily.

Countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan have been a hub of terrorist outfits like ISIS and Al-Qaeda for a long time. The governments present there are either incapable or are not willing to catch and punish them which serves as another motivating factor for these cruel and uncivilised outfits of terror to flourish and spread their illogical ideas among the general public who get influenced and start volunteering them.

Indian Context

The main terrorism threat to India is posed by it’s neighbouring Islam extremist nations of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Ever since Independence, Pakistan’s relations with India have been bedevilled by a dispute over the divided territory of Kashmir.

The resort by Pakistan to the sponsorship of militancy and terrorism within India as an instrument of state policy since the 1980’s has made relations nearly as bad as in the immediate aftermath of independence.

Both the militancy and the response to it by Indian security forces have caused a great loss of life, damaged property and has wrecked the Kashmiri economy which is largely dependent on tourism and sale of handicrafts. Both the countries have suffered gravely by the casualties of terror wars.

Another disturbing concern regarding 26/11 and Pulawama attacks is that they not only caused death and destruction but showed up the limitations of India’s security apparatus too. They dented the worldwide image of India as an emerging economic giant and instead presented it as an insecure and vulnerable ‘soft state’.

Countering Terrorism

There is a need of building international pressure on Pakistan which requires China and Saudi Arabia’s roles as allies of Pakistan. China’s importance to Pakistan is increasing with the gradual American disengagement , and the world knows that friendship with China shields Pakistan against the negative global fallout from its anti -India actions.

Though keeping in mind China’s strategic concerns in supporting Pakistan to balance relations with India makes it difficult to gain their support in rooting out terrorism bases in Pakistan, we can at least give it a try.

Also, there’s a need to close down the training camps, genuinely banning these organisations , cutting off their finances by closing their bank accounts, arresting known inciters of hatred and violence and declaring more filthy minds as of Jaish -e- Mohammad as International terrorists.

The terrorism ideology that blatantly ignores all the ethics and morals is completely a ruthless and inhumane notion that needs to be nipped in the bud.

Some organisations, therefore have come up with the ‘Deradicalization programme’ where a person showing signs/ behaviour of radicalism and is suspicious of joining a terror group in future is made to have deradicalization sessions with counsellors who try to convince them about the negative aspects of the devastating choice they might make and why they should avoid it.

Though it is being supported by governments of various nations, this solution is on the level of general public.Various national governments try to deal with the problem by having discussions with other nations on how to build peace and security together and collaborating with United Nations peacekeepers wing.

Military of nations like US and India also try frequently to pull out the roots of this trouble by attacking the training camps of these terrorists and focusing on strengthening of border security.

United Nations also plays important role. It is being increasingly called upon to coordinate the global fight against terrorism. Eighteen universal instruments against international terrorism have been elaborated within the framework of the United Nations system relating to specific terrorist activities.

In September 2006, UN Member States adopted the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. This was the first time that Member States agreed to a common strategic and operational framework against terrorism.

I personally feel that there’s a need to bring these perpetrators to justice and to dismantle the infrastructure of terror. The disturbing fact about the terrorists involved is that they are so much brainwashed that they have no thoughtfulness or meaning left in their lives.

The reason behind the havoc they create is not any political objective, not asking for a change in government or not seeking anything other than to cause as much damage and death and destruction as possible. Those among them who pretend to be standing up for the cause of Islam end up killing Muslim Civilians too.

It is difficult to escape the conclusion that this kind of terrorism- terrorism as an end in itself, not as a means to something larger, can only be confronted implacably. It just has to be nipped in the bud, ideally before it starts, and if that is not possible, it should be dealt firmly if and when it actually comes.

It’s high time to act together and it’s quite visible that the global forces are coming together and boycotting those nations who let terror outfits build up and flourish. Nations are turning united against this threat, and are conjointly cutting funding for terrorism through decreasing various purchases of oil and other items from organizations aiding terrorist groups.

It’s an old adage that ‘Rome was not built in a day’ that means good things take time and so will take the establishment of world peace. What we need to focus upon is standing united against terrorism and wiping out hatred from this world.

There might be few terrorists who have lost their mind and feelings and lending a helping hand to whom won’t do any good but there might be few innocents among them who out of helplessness and poverty have become a follower of illogical terror ideas.

It’s those innocents for whom we need to show a light of help and love, whom we have to snatch out of this black hole of blind beliefs and injustice, for whom we have to make this idea of universal love, brotherhood and world peace meaningful so that the insane and inhumane ones are unable to find followers , fall down on their knees and give up.

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Funding Source of Terrorism

Extortion and taxation: Local extortion and taxation fund most north-eastern insurgencies. Drug, weapon, and counterfeit currency trafficking supplement this. Maoist, North-East, and J&K insurgents use this source.
Smuggling: These groups then use the funds collected to smuggle weapons, explosives, and technology-based equipment, like satellite radios, from open, porous borders.
Looting: In Iraq and Syria, ISIS has generated revenue through extortion of local businesses, kidnapping for ransom, and looting.
State-sponsored terrorism: J&K exemplifies state-sponsored terrorism finance. Drug money, gifts, and Gulf funds are used by the ISI.
Drug trafficking: It poses a highly entrenched threat to India. Much of the trafficking of narcotics and other illegal drugs in Asia traverses South Asia.
Hawala: In South Asia, hawala, or international money laundering networks, pose risks. Hawala networks emerged due to rural banking inadequacies.
Counterfeiting of Indian currency: Pakistan funded terrorism and utilised it to hurt India's economy. Pakistan and India produce Fake Indian Currency Notes Information System (FICN).

Money Laundering And Funding For Terrorism

Aim: The laundering of criminal funds aims at giving a legal appearance to dirty money, whereas the laundering of terrorist funds aims at obscuring assets of a legal origin (such as public funding or so-called charities). Profitable crime is the focus of criminal organizations.
Erase the link between the crime and the money.
Erase the link between the money and its new owner, and finally
Shelter the profits from possible confiscation.
Deposit of illicit funds in banks.
To deceive investigators, monies entering the financial system are put through a series of financial activities. Money laundering uses offshore techniques. Financial havens and money launderers mislead investigators with fake invoices, loans, and other methods.
Finally, money laundering entails legalising the funds. Consuming luxury goods to "burn" ill-gotten cash; investing in common assets like stocks, real estate, etc.; and investing in sustainable economic entities.

Steps Taken to check Terror Funding

Strengthening UAPA: The provisions in the UAPA, 1967 to combat terror financing by criminalizing the production or smuggling or circulation of high-quality counterfeit Indian currency as a terrorist act.
Terror Funding and Fake Currency (TFFC) Cell: New cell has been constituted in the National Investigation Agency (NIA) to conduct a focused investigation of terror funding and fake currency cases.
Renewed focus on currency Counterfeit: An advisory on terror financing has been issued in April 2018 to States/ UTs. Guidelines have also been issued in March 2019 to States/ UTs for investigation of cases of high-quality counterfeit Indian currency notes.
Coordination Group: FICN Coordination Group (FCORD) has been formed by the Ministry of Home Affairs to share intelligence/information among the security agencies of the states/centre to counter the problem of circulation of fake currency notes.
Security at the international Borders: new monitoring equipment, 24/7 staff, observation posts along the international border, border barrier, and intensive patrolling have strengthened it.

HYBRID TERRORIST

Hybrid terrorists are individuals who are not classified as ultras but are radicalized enough to carry out a terror attack and then return to normal life, according to security services and intelligence agencies in Kashmir. In other words, they are the sleeper cells.
Security agencies describe these terrorists as “boys next door” who are kept on standby mode by terror groups.

Main Challenge Posed by Hybrid Terrorists:

Identification: Finding the hybrid terrorists' presence or whereabouts is extremely challenging. Additionally, it is challenging to stop, capture, or neutralize them through encounters.
Threat on Multiple Levels : By combining conventional terrorist techniques with contemporary technical skills, hybrid terrorists in India constitute a threat on multiple levels.
Digital radicalization: To radicalise people and promote extremist ideology, hybrid terrorists take advantage of social media and online platforms.
Cyberattacks: To stop the country from running smoothly, hybrid terrorists launch cyberattacks against vital infrastructure, administrative systems, and financial networks.
Cross-Border Infiltration: Hybrid terrorists sneak into India through porous borders and security lapses, frequently by taking advantage of local sympathisers and support networks.
Networks of funding: To fund their operations, hybrid terrorist organisations set up intricate networks of funding that include illegal trades in drugs, counterfeit money, and money laundering.
Sleeper Cells: In India, hybrid terrorists maintain sleeper cells made up of people who blend in with society as they wait for orders to launch strikes.
Technology weaponization: Hybrid terrorists use technological advances to create and use high-tech weaponry, such as drones, remote-controlled gadgets, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs).
Coordinated assaults: Hybrid terrorists plot and carry out simultaneous coordinated assaults in several places, hoping to maximise casualties and promote panic and anarchy.

Overground Workers

Overground workers (OGWs) are people who help militants, or terrorists, with logistical support, cash, shelter, and other infrastructure with which armed groups and insurgency movements such as Hizbul Mujahideen and Jaish-e-Muhammad in Jammu and Kashmir can operate. OGWs play a crucial role in militant attacks, providing real-time information and support to the tactical elements.

Role of Overground Workers:

Instrument For Communication: In places impacted by insurgency, OGWs have developed into a crucial instrument for strategic communication and recruiting by their operators.
Recruitment: Potential recruiters can flourish among those detained under the Public Safety Act (PSA) in J&K and other insurgency-affected regions since they share prisons with committed terrorists.
Attackers: The process usually starts with kids being employed to attack security people with stone-throwing for money, escalates to more serious vandalism, and concludes with being an OGW who provides logistical support for strike squads.
Training: Before joining the mainstream groups for more serious actions, the more resilient and driven youth are first given jobs of a more serious nature, such as grenade throwing and weapon snatching.
Brainwashing: It is widely recognised that OGWs can continuously strive to instil unfavourable feelings in the minds of the so-called "grey population" or "decision-makers" in an insurgency.
Helps Infiltrators: The terrorist attack by Pakistani nationals at Sunjuwan leaves no doubt that OGWs helped the group infiltrate months earlier.
Infrastructure Provider: OGWs support insurgent infrastructure and operations. They help with supplies, weapons, shelter, and movement.
Sleeper Cells: Thus, moving without a weapon has become the norm. As a result, a modern terrorists might be difficult to spot since they operate in an intersection between OGWs and terrorists.
Protestors: To demoralize and delegitimize the security forces, they are encouraging people to protest over unimportant issues.

Measures to counteract Overground Worker's influence:

Effective funding control through greater monitoring.
Adding more intelligence and police officers.
The time spent behind bars needs to be watched to stop inmates from talking to hardcore fundamentalists and terrorists.
Can enlist the assistance of Community leadership to combat OGW's militant propaganda.
Ensuring inclusive growth to combat alienation sentiments.

Steps to Counter Terrorism

Intelligence gathering and analysis: Intelligence is essential in countering terrorism, in diminishing terrorism’s tactical effects and strategic importance.
Law enforcement and investigations: To prosecute terrorists, law enforcement must conduct criminal investigations that allow the prosecution to present the case. Investigators and prosecutors must collaborate and be experienced investigators to do this.
Border and transportation security: Effective border security and management are essential to preventing and combating the movement of suspected terrorists and Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) across land, air, and maritime borders, as well as the cross-border movement of licit and illicit cargo like drugs, weapons, arms, and munitions that may be used for terrorism.
Cybersecurity and information sharing: In cyber security, everything that is done in countering terrorism has to be based on intelligence, often gathered from local sources who have intimate knowledge of the area and populations in which terrorist operatives hide.
Counter-radicalization and community engagement: In recent years, domestic terrorism and radicalization have compelled governments to reassess their counterterrorism methods and focus on "soft" approaches that tackle violent extremism's intellectual and ideological foundation.
Military action and operations: A military is authorised to use lethal force and weapons to defend its nation state and its population. Terrorism and state reactions affect politics differently.
Financial and economic measures: UN Security Council resolution 2462 (2019) urges States to prevent and suppress terrorism financing by criminalising the intentional provision or gathering of monies for terrorist purposes and creating efficient mechanisms to freeze and prevent terrorists from accessing funds.
Diplomacy and international cooperation: By cutting off the terrorists' access to the resources they require to survive, diplomacy aids in bringing the conflict to the terrorists.
Legal frameworks and judicial cooperation: Various laws have been passed in India to combat terrorism such as Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 {as amended by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004} and the National Security Act, 1980.
Hot pursuits and surgical strikes: "Hot Pursuit" and "Surgical Strikes" counter terrorism. Since the military's cross- LoC counter-terror campaign, India has used these phrases. June 2015 saw India's new counter-insurgency (CI) strategy.

Institutional Framework to Deal with Terrorism

It was part of the radical overhaul of the security and intelligence apparatuses of India. To track potential terrorists and stop terrorist attacks, NATGRID will use technologies like big data and analytics to analyse vast volumes of data from various intelligence and law enforcement organizations.
Functions: It is a counter-terrorism measure that collects and collates a host of information from government databases including tax and bank account details, credit card transactions, visa and immigration records and itineraries of rail and air travel. This combined data will be made available to 11 central agencies.

Multi Agency Centre (MAC)

After the Kargil war, the Intelligence Bureau (IB) established a common counterterrorism grid, which became operational in 2001.
It is in Delhi, while state capitals have subsidiary MACs (SMACs), where daily meetings are held to review contributions received over the preceding 24 hours.
Its mandate is to share terrorism-related intelligence inputs on a day-to-day basis.
All organisations that are involved in the fight against terrorism in any way are members of this centre.

National Investigation Agency

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) was constituted under the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act, 2008.
affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, security of State, friendly relations with foreign States.
against atomic and nuclear facilities.
smuggling in High-Quality Counterfeit Indian Currency.
It implements international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organisations.

Conference on Counterterrorism Financing Known as "No Money for Terror"

The French government launched the conference "No Money for Terror" (NMFT) in 2018, with the goal of concentrating on international collaboration to stop funding for terrorism.
Establish a comprehensive monitoring structure incorporating all intelligence and investigative agencies in cooperation, coordination, and collaboration.
The "Trace, Target, and Terminate" approach should be used to combat both minor and more sophisticated organised economic crime.
Enhancing and harmonising the legal frameworks governing the financing of terrorism, and creating a strong system to prevent the abuse of next-generation technology.
Strengthening the basis for legal and regulatory asset recovery.

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Essay on Terrorism in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Terrorism in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Understanding terrorism.

Terrorism is a grave issue in India. It’s a violent act to create fear, often for political reasons. Terrorists use threats and violence to intimidate or coerce.

Impact on India

India has suffered a lot due to terrorism. Many innocent lives have been lost, and property destroyed. It has also affected India’s image internationally.

Root Causes

The reasons for terrorism are complex. Some are political, others are religious or social. Often, it’s a mix of these factors.

Combating Terrorism

India is fighting terrorism with law enforcement, intelligence, and military power. Education and social development are also key in preventing terrorism.

250 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Introduction.

Terrorism in India is a complex and multifaceted issue, deeply rooted in sociopolitical, economic, and religious contexts. It’s a threat that has undermined the country’s security and stability, causing widespread fear and disruption.

Types of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, and left-wing terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is predominantly seen in the northeastern states and Punjab, driven by demands for secession or autonomy. Religious terrorism, often linked to communal tensions, has caused significant unrest. Left-wing extremism, primarily from Naxalite groups, poses a considerable threat in central and eastern India.

Impact on Society and Economy

Terrorism has a profound impact on India’s social fabric and economic development. It not only causes loss of lives and property but also instigates fear and insecurity among the population. Economically, terrorism disrupts business operations, deters investment, and diverts resources from development to security.

Counter-Terrorism Measures

India’s counter-terrorism strategy involves a combination of legal, administrative, and security measures. The government has enacted stringent laws like the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and established specialized agencies like the National Investigation Agency. However, the challenge lies in effectively implementing these measures without infringing upon human rights.

Addressing terrorism in India requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond security-centric measures. It involves addressing underlying socio-economic disparities, fostering communal harmony, and strengthening regional cooperation. Only through such a holistic approach can the menace of terrorism be effectively tackled.

500 Words Essay on Terrorism in India

Historical context.

Terrorist activities in India can be traced back to the pre-independence era, but the intensity and frequency have escalated dramatically in recent decades. The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 triggered communal tensions, which have since been exploited by various extremist groups. The Kashmir issue, which arose following the partition, has also been a significant contributor to terrorism in the country.

Forms of Terrorism

Terrorism in India manifests in various forms, including ethno-nationalist terrorism, religious terrorism, left-wing terrorism, and narco-terrorism. Ethno-nationalist terrorism is primarily driven by separatist movements, like those in Punjab and the Northeastern states. Religious terrorism, on the other hand, is often linked to communal tensions between different religious groups. Left-wing terrorism, mainly represented by Naxalism, is a significant concern in central and eastern India. Narco-terrorism, which involves the use of drug trafficking to fund terrorist activities, is another emerging threat.

India has taken numerous measures to counter terrorism. These include legislative actions, like the enactment of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act and the National Investigation Agency Act, and operational measures, like the establishment of specialized counter-terrorism forces. India also engages in international cooperation against terrorism through platforms like the United Nations and SAARC.

Challenges and the Way Forward

Despite these efforts, India faces significant challenges in countering terrorism. These include issues related to intelligence gathering, inter-agency coordination, and legal complexities. Moreover, addressing the root causes of terrorism, like socio-economic disparities and communal tensions, is a daunting task.

Terrorism in India is a grave concern that requires comprehensive and concerted efforts to tackle. While the journey is challenging, a resilient India stands firm in its resolve to eradicate terrorism and ensure a peaceful and prosperous future for its citizens.

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Essay on Terrorism in India for Students and Children

500 words essay on terrorism in india.

Terrorism in India has a long history. It is a cowardly act by the terrorist groups who wish to disturb the peace of the country. It aims to create a state of panic amongst the people. They want to keep the people in a constant state of fear to stop the country from prospering.

Time to time, they carry out terrorist acts to remind people of the fear they want them to live in. Consequently, there are roughly 100 terrorist cells that are operating in India. They have to an extent successfully created an atmosphere of tension amongst the citizens. Terrorism impacts the country gravely and has dangerous repercussions.

Impact of Terrorism in India

As discussed earlier, terrorism has a major impact on any country. When we look at a developing country like India, it is all the more harmful. Firstly, it creates a state of panic amongst the citizens. The bomb blasts or firing impacts the mental health of people. This causes the untimely death of various citizens or leaves them handicapped. The anxiety and fear one has to live in restrict their way of living to a great extent.

Moreover, terrorism has a major impact on the tourism industry. As tourists avoid visiting places that are vulnerable to terrorist attacks, the tourism industry faces a blow. India is a country that earns a lot of its revenue from tourism. When these attacks happen, they cause fear amongst the tourists as well. The ones planning to visit cancel their trips. Similarly, the ones staying presently shorten their trip and leave.

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Furthermore, terrorist attacks create a sense of doubt in the foreign investors of India. After all, who would want to invest in a country prone to terrorism? They avoid the risk and instead opt for safer alternatives. This causes a huge blow to the business of India depending on them.

Thus, it damages the economy. As terrorist attacks cause loss of life and property, the replenishment takes up a lot of capital. It also results in people leaving the country to settle abroad for a safer environment. This makes India lose a lot of potential doctors, engineers, artists and more.

Major Terror Attacks in India

India has faced a number of terror attacks over time. The worst of them is definitely the 26/11 terror attack which took place in Mumbai. The terrorists captured renowned places like Nariman House, Hotel Oberoi Trident and Hotel Taj. They killed almost 170 people and injured around 300 people. All these victims were police officers, security personnel, or tourists.

The Mumbai Train Blasts were also very deadly. They took place in the local trains of Mumbai and happened at seven railway stations. It claimed 210 lives and injured 715 people.

The Indian Parliament Attack was also very surprising. As the parliament is one of the safest buildings. The terrorist managed to kill three parliament staff members and six police officers. It remains shocking as one wonders how such a safe place could come under attack. In short, terrorism in India needs to be eradicated to safeguard the country and help it prosper.

FAQs on Terrorism in India

Q.1 How does terrorism impact India?

A.1 Terrorism in India has a deep impact on the people and economy of the country. It causes panic amongst people and affects the tourism industry. Furthermore, it also has adverse effects on the economy of the country and its foreign investments.

Q.2 Name some of the most deadly terrorist attacks in India.

A.2 India has had some of the most dangerous terrorist attacks. The major ones include the one on Hotel Taj known as the 26/11 attack. The Mumbai serial bomb blasts were also very deadly where more than 1,000 people were injured. Moreover, the Indian Parliament attack was also quite dangerous.

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Essay on Terrorism

By Sathyavathi

Terrorism- The word ‘terrorism’ refers to the intentional acts of violence that leads to the harming and killing of innocent people and creating an atmosphere of fear in the society. The ultimate aim is to bring a political change using forceful attacks.

History of terrorism

The present day nature of terrorism, international terrorism, ecoterrorism/ bioterrorism, religious terrorism, terrorism in india.

In the 1790s, the French revolutionaries coined the term terrorism. Maximilien Robespierre was the government head in France during this period. This period saw the mass execution of people and was known as the Reign of terror. He believed that violence could bring in a better system. Long before the French revolution, brutal killings of traitors took place in Jerusalem, the Roman empire, etc. Terrorism was a legal policy during the Nazi period in Germany. Under the rule of dictatorial leaders like Joseph Stalin, millions of citizens were killed in the Soviet Union. Top

Today, terrorism is not a state-supported act. It is a lethal instrument to attack an existing political system. Terrorist groups have extreme nationalist fervor but engage in forms of attack that harm masses, and shake the public’s sense of security. They involve in hijackings, kidnappings, hostage-takings, and bombings. They plan their activities carefully and ensure that the number of casualties is high. The terrorist organizations try to brainwash people such that their fighters do not fear death. They have a strong feeling of fighting for the right cause, and they can do any harm to society. It is worse than guerrilla warfare. The guerrilla fighters aim at a military victory and do not rely on fear generation like terrorism. Top

Revolt against the state and its ideologies existed in every part of the world. For instance, the Irish republican army wanted an independent status for Ireland. The Kurds in Turkey, Syria, Iran, and Iraq fought for autonomy of a Kurdish state. The battle of the LTTE group in Sri Lanka and the Sinhalese majority government was highly atrocious and led to large scale devastation. The terrorist groups gain ground when a few countries support and others oppose their movement of liberation. That is, a terrorist for one person becomes another person’s freedom fighter. State-sponsored terrorism could lead to wars among various countries. The hijackings of international flights, the killing of people in global events like the Olympics are a few tactics of the terror groups to jitter people across the world. Top

It refers to the destruction of the environment. Threats and ideas to contaminate, deploy biological agents, and destroy energy sources like oil fields also fall under this category. Presently, this form of terrorism is declining among large terrorist groups but continues in the domestic circles. Top

Terrorism based on religion has become the norm of the day in the 21st century. Several terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah exist as extremist groups due to the religious bias among the people. Religious terrorism is a menace for the progress of humanity. The attack on the twin towers was deadly and led to the policing role of the United States in the world. Leaders across the world have pledged to decimate these groups. Unfortunately, religion is one of the most significant causes of terrorism and often results in war. Top

Terrorism has existed in India ever since the formation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The terrorists are extremists. They attack places like Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, etc. They take revenge from the entire nation. Our neighboring country of Pakistan is the breeding ground for many terror groups. It gets support either from the USA or China. We also face cross-border terrorism. One of the reasons could be the long borders that India shares with other countries. Our borders are easy to cross and are not guarded regularly.

To solve the issue of terrorism, we not only require trained human resources but also a change in the mindset of the people. People are not born as terrorists; they are made one in the name of religion, ethnicity, and nationality .

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10 lines Essay on “Terrorism: Causes, Effects & Way Out” for Students of Class 10, 11, 12.

10 lines on terrorism: causes, effects & way out.

Terrorism is the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political or ideological goals.
The causes of terrorism are complex and varied, but often include a desire to bring about political change, a sense of injustice or oppression, or a desire to spread fear and disruption.
The effects of terrorism can be wide-ranging and long-lasting, affecting not only the immediate victims, but also communities and societies as a whole.
Terrorism can have economic effects, such as damage to infrastructure and decreased tourism, as well as psychological effects, such as fear and mistrust among people.
One way to address terrorism is through the use of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to disrupt and dismantle terrorist networks.
International cooperation is also important in the fight against terrorism, as terrorists often operate across national borders.
Addressing underlying grievances and injustices that may drive terrorism is also critical.
Some governments have used military force to try to eliminate terrorists and their safe havens, but this approach can also have negative consequences and may not be effective in the long term.
Alternative approaches, such as conflict resolution and reconciliation, may be more effective in addressing the root causes of terrorism.
Education and awareness-raising can also play a role in reducing the appeal of terrorism and in promoting peace and tolerance.

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UPSC MAINS: SYLLABUS AND ANSWER WRITING TIPS

The article given below consists of the syllabus of the UPSC mains exam as per the official notification of UPSC and some tips and strategies for answer writing in the mains exam.

UPSC CSE is one of the toughest and the most challenging exam of the country. UPSC exam has a vast syllabus which is a bit difficult to cover if not studied strategically. Every year lakhs of students appear for the UPSC CSE exam but only few of them are able to clear the prelims and make it to mains exam, and very few of them pass the mains exam. This is because the candidates who clear the exam firstly understand the syllabus in detail and then start preparing according to it. So before starting the preparation for the UPSC one must go through the detailed structure of syllabus and thoroughly understand the exam pattern of UPSC Mains.

The UPSC CSE exam is conducted in three phases:

1- THE PRELIMS- a preliminary examination which consists of two objective-type papers

2- MAINS- a main examination that consists of nine papers that include essay writing, in which two papers are qualifying and only marks of seven are counted

3- An interview round

UPSC Mains Exam Pattern-

• After clearing the Prelims the candidate is eligible to appear for the main exam which is the second phase of the UPSC exam.

• The Mains examination constitutes of total 9 papers

• Two papers of language out of 9 are the qualifying papers of 300 marks each

• These two qualifying papers are English Language Papers and Any Indian Language

• The papers on General Studies, Essay and Optional Subjects of only those candidates are evaluated who get 25% marks in both language exam papers. If a candidate fails to do so the marks are not counted.

Paper	Subject	Marks
Paper-I	Essay (can be written in the medium of the candidate’s choice)	250
Paper-II	General Studies – I (Indian Heritage & Culture, History & Geography of the World & Society)	250
Paper-III	General Studies – II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice & International Relations)	250
Paper-IV	General Studies – III (Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Security & Disaster Management)	250
Paper-V	General Studies – IV (Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude)	250
Paper-VI	Optional Subject – Paper I	250
Paper-VII	Optional Subject – Paper II	250

Qualifying Papers on Indian Languages and English

Structure of the language papers:

The types of questions asked are –

1. Essay – 100 marks

2. Reading comprehension – 60 marks

3. Precise Writing – 60 marks

4. Translation:

• English to compulsory language (e.g. Hindi) – 20 marks

• Compulsory language to English – 20 marks

Grammar and basic language usage – 40 marks

The rest of the seven papers can be written in any of the languages mentioned under the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India or in English.

The pattern of the papers is as follows-

English Language:

• Comprehension of given passages.

• Precise Writing.

• Usage and Vocabulary.

• Short Essays.

Indian Languages:

Translation from English to the Indian Language and vice-versa.

II. Paper-I: Essay

Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics.

They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. The more exact and efficient the writing is the better you score.

General Studies -1 Syllabus

Also known as Paper-II of UPSC Mains. The syllabus here includes- Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society.

Let us have a look at the detailed syllabus of General Studies-1:

The topic Indian culture includes Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times.

• Modern Indian History

• The Medieval History

• The Indian Freedom Struggle, Freedom fighters and their contributions.

• India Post-independence

• History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.

• Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.

• Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues

• Poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

• Effects of globalization on Indian society.

• Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

• Salient features of world’s physical geography.

• Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).

• Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone. etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.

Mains GS-II (Paper III) Syllabus

1. Indian Constitution- a detailed study

2. Federal Structure

3. Distribution of Power

4. Comparison between other nations and Indian Constitution

5. Parliament and State legislatures

6. Indian Executive and Indian Judiciary

7. Representation of People’s Act.

8. Responsibilities of various Constitutional Bodies

9. Various quasi-judicial bodies

10. Government policies and implementation

11. The role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders

12. Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections

13. Issues relating to the development and management of Social Sector Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources

14. Issues relating to poverty and hunger

15. Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures

16. Role of civil services in a democracy

17. India and its neighbourhood- relations

18. Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests

19. Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests

20. Important International institutions and agencies.

Mains GS-III (Paper IV) Syllabus

1. Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment

2. Inclusive growth and issues arising from it

3. Government Budgeting

4. Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, – different types of irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of farmers

5. Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- objectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of animal-rearing

6. Food processing and related industries in India- scope and significance, location, upstream and downstream requirements, supply chain management

7. Land reforms in India

8. Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth

9. Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways and others

10. Investment models

11. Science and technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life

12. Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and development of new technology.

13. Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights

14. Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment

15. Disaster and disaster management

16. Linkages between the development and spread of extremism

17. Role of external state and non-state actors in creating challenges to internal security

18. Challenges to internal security through communication networks, the role of media and social networking sites in internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; money laundering and its prevention

19. Security challenges and their management in border areas – linkages of organized crime with terrorism

20. Various Security forces and agencies

Mains GS-IV (Paper V) Syllabus

1. Ethics and Human Interface: Essence, determinants and consequences of Ethics in human actions; dimensions of ethics; ethics – in private and public relationships. Human Values -lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators; the role of family society and educational institutions in inculcating values

2. Attitude: content, structure, function; its influence and relation with thought moral and political attitudes; social influence and persuasion

3. Aptitude and foundational values for Civil Service, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship, objectivity, dedication to public service, empathy, tolerance and compassion towards the weaker-sections

4. Emotional intelligence concepts, and their utilities and application in administration and governance

5. Contributions of moral thinkers and philosophers from India and the world

6. Public/Civil service values and Ethics in Public administration: Status and problems; ethical concerns and dilemmas in government and private institutions; laws, rules, regulations and conscience as sources of ethical guidance; accountability and ethical governance; strengthening of ethical and moral values in governance; ethical issues in international relations and funding; corporate governance

7. Probity in Governance: Concept of public service; Philosophical basis of governance and probity; Information sharing and transparency in government, Right to Information, Codes of Ethics, Codes of Conduct, Citizen’s Charters, Work culture, Quality of service delivery, Utilization of public funds, challenges of corruption.

Mains Optional Paper (VI & VII) Syllabus-

It is very necessary to choose an optional subject which is right for you and helps you score better marks. Many candidates do their graduation in fields that they wish to choose their optional subjects in the UPSC exam or even you can choose the subject which you are most familiar to. Choose a subject which you feel is easy for you and has less syllabus to cover. Many applicants adopt the overlapping technique, in which they select an optional subject that is also a significant component of General Studies. Optional choice should be made correctly as this can boost your marks in the final exam.

Here is a list of total 48 optional subjects in the UPSC Mains exam, which includes 25 core subjects and 22 Literature optional.

• Agriculture

• Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science

• Anthropology

• Botany

• Chemistry

• Civil Engineering

• Commerce and Accountancy

• Economics

• Electrical Engineering

• Geography

• Geology

• History

• Management

• Mathematics

• Mechanical Engineering

• Medical Science

• Philosophy

• Physics

• Political Science and International Relations

• Psychology

• Public Administration

• Sociology

• Statistics

• Zoology

Literature-

• Assamese,

• Bengali,

• Bodo,

• Dogri,

• Gujarati

• Hindi,

• Kannada,

• Kashmiri,

• Konkani,

• Maithili,

• Malayalam,

• Manipuri,

• Marathi,

• Nepali,

• Oriya,

• Punjabi,

• Sanskrit,

• Santali,

• Sindhi,

• Tamil,

• Telugu,

• Urdu,

• English.

The candidate needs to choose any one of the optional subject from the above given list. You can also analyze the success rate of different optional subjects and then make a choice.

TIPS AND STRATEGIES FOR BETTER ANSWER WRITING IN THE UPSC MAINS-

1- basic things to keep in mind before starting the preparation –.

➢ It is very necessary to develop good answer writing skills, because no matter what you learn, memorize, practice, and gain knowledge at the end what matters is the answer you have written on the answer paper.

➢ The answer should be written in an effective manner in order to impress the examiner.

➢ The candidate needs to make sure that the answers written by him/her are illustrative, readable, neat and clean.

➢ The answers should be precise and accurate. Do not make up the stories accurately answer what has been asked in the question.

➢ Generally, mains questions contain certain key terms called ‘directional words’ in them which work as a clue for figuring out how the questions are to be answered.

➢ In optional subjects, try to be more illustrative, explain the topics or headings thoroughly. This is the subject you have chosen for yourself; the expectations of the examiner are more in this subject.

➢ Time Management is a very important thing; many candidates fail to complete the paper. Practice of answer writing is crucial for time management so you need to start early.

➢ Analyze the syllabus deeply so that you can start preparing accordingly. To write good answers it is necessary to have a very basic to detailed knowledge of the topics.

➢ The practice of answer writing is very important; please focus on your writing skills. If you do not practice regularly you would never be able to write good answers on the day of examination. Good writing skills cannot be inculcated in a single night before exams.

➢ Initiating answer writing practice early will prove advantageous as it allows ample time for skill development.

➢ Try to express your opinions effectively with examples, evidences scientific figures etc.

2- Read the question carefully-

Before you begin writing your answer, ensure a clear understanding of the question to stay focused and prevent veering off-topic. Do not make unnecessary stories answer accurately what has been asked. Reading the question properly is also important so that you do not give the wrong answer. Giving a wrong answer and realizing is later will kill you time. This will only be done when a candidate understands the syllabus well. The syllabus is explained above for more details you can refer to the official notification issued by the UPSC.

3- Good Presentation is necessary-

It is necessary to write answers that are presentable and very effective. The structure should be understandable.

➢ Your answers should be written in a neat and clean handwriting. Give headings and subheadings wherever necessary. Also, maketables and figures if the answer requires them.

➢ Always use keywords to highlight important and scoring points in your answers. Try to underline the keywords.

➢ Use examples for explaining if required, this will show your deep knowledge in the subject.

➢ Crafting the answer in a readable and well structured format is important.

➢ Always start the answer with an effective introduction.

➢ After introduction, frame the main body of the answer; provide examples and evidences in support of your answers.

➢ At the end summarize all the important points, conclusion is very necessary.

➢ A lot of aspirants have get confused whether to write in points or paragraphs. It depends on your comfort level. If you feel you can write better in points, continue doing so; and if you are comfortable expressing yourself in paragraphs, you should follow that practice.

➢ Make a logical structure that is easy to understand.

➢ When you switch to a new topic, make sure you change paragraphs.

4- Use Simple Language-

You must opt for simple language. Avoid using very difficult and fancy words. Avoid using jargon and flowery language. Your writing should be easily understandable. Always write in a simple and error-free language. Your content should be easy to read and understand. Carefully check the answers before you submit it. Avoid grammatical and punctuation mistakes. Avoid complicated words and language.

5- Substantiate your answers-

Having an opinion and conveying it in a right and understandable manner is necessary. There will be questions in the exam which would require your opinion and point of view. Only making assertions or statements would not work in this exam, you need to provide evidences and examples. This will support your answer and impress the examiner.

6- To the point-

Write accurate and to the point answers instead of writing down unnecessary stuff. Avoid using unnecessary technical terminology in your UPSC Mains answers. Always keep in mind that quality is more important than quantity. Divide your answers into paragraphs to make them more presentable and interesting. Also, avoid excessively long writing paragraphs.

7- Stick to the word limit-

Most of the questions have a required word limit do not exceed it. Exceeding the word limit will only waste your time and can also lead to loosing marks. Be precise and stick the word limit. Adhering to the word count is important. Do not write unnecessarily long answers this will never benefit you. Do not make stories, write accurately and precisely what the question demands.

8- Solve the previous year’s question Papers

Solving previous year’s questions is crucial in making your concept strong. After you have acquired a thorough understanding of the topic through standard books and NCERT, the next stage is to solve the past five years’ question papers. It will assist you in answering practice questions, but it will also provide you with a good understanding of the test pattern and allow you to analyze the pattern of questions.

9- Enroll in the UPSC Mains test series

Enrolling in the UPSC Mains test series and analyzing your preparation level is the most critical as well as important step. The test series mainly helps students practice answer writing and understand the exam format. Still, it also provides a good idea of the likely questions and, most significantly, allows you to receive feedback from highly qualifiedprofessionals. Accept you mistakes and start working on them. This will improvise your answer writing skills.

10- Practice is the key to success-

“Practice makes a man perfect” is a very true saying we have always been told since childhood. You cannot develop good writing skills, time management skills etc. in one single day. If you don’t practice the answer writing daily you will never be able to write effective answers on the day of examination. Before 3-4 months of the mains exam the aspirant must start the answer writing practice. This will help you managing your time on the main exam day.

Current affairs and events make up most of the parts of the question paper; one must read newspapers and magazines. The Indian Express and Hindu are the two most widely published newspapers in India. Then there are sources like Lok Sabha TV, Rajya Sabha TV, editorials, AIR News, current affairs collection, economic surveys and budget to keep up with current events.

Gather as much knowledge you can from reliable sources this will help you very much in the answer writing.

Conclusion-

Only after you clear your mains exam you will be called for the personal interview round. Along with self study right guidance is very necessary to pass any examination. A candidate must inculcate positive attitude and mindset which is really very necessary before one starts to prepare for an exam. Self discipline is must. One should consider all the subjects and then choose the optional subject. It is very necessary to make right choice of the optional subject so it helps you in scoring better marks and gives you an overall good ALL INDIA RANK. The right guidance and a proper schedule can help a person to crack an examination with flying colors. Along with hard work it is very necessary to do smart work. One must not waste time on unnecessary topics or easy topics. Hard work and dedication can help in achieving every dream in life. Also it is very necessary to keep yourself motivated throughout the journey. If you stay focused and prepare thoroughly you will definitely succeed. Stay delusional and highly optimistic. By regular practice and dedication for your dream you can master the art of writing good answers.

ALL the Best! Hope you achieve your dreams.

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Terrorism - paragraph writing, terrorism – paragraph writing.

Points : [ What is terrorism – manifestations in India and abroad – social damage – prevention.]

The term terrorism itself has its definition inherent in it. An act of terrorism is intended to arouse fear through violence. The ultimate goal is to terrorise society and the Government and thus force them to give in to the demands made by the terrorists. These demands can be of different nature i.e., political, religious or ideological, but the target of the terrorist attacks are, more often than not, the civilians. Terrorism is a global phenomenon that makes its presence felt in India from time to time. The memories of many horrific incidents of terrorism in India and abroad are ever alive in our minds. This abominable act is getting more and more devastating with the rapid progress in technology. This was evident in the incident of the World Trade Centre in New York which stupefied the entire world. There too it was the innocent civilians who were the victims of a terrorist act by some religious extremists with the aim of settling an old score with the American Government. Today we live in the grip of the constant fear of terrorist attacks that can take place anywhere at any time. Security measures have been multiplied in every sphere of society and the living of people is obstructed by all kinds of restrictions. The function of a democratic society cannot thrive on such circumstances. The Government and people should make concerted effort to combat terrorism. The respective intelligence departments of the affected countries have the most important role in prevention of terrorism.

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