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Compare and contrast is a common form of academic writing, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs which compare or contrast. This page gives information on what a compare and contrast essay is , how to structure this type of essay, how to use compare and contrast structure words , and how to make sure you use appropriate criteria for comparison/contrast . There is also an example compare and contrast essay on the topic of communication technology, as well as some exercises to help you practice this area.
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To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ. A compare and contrast essay therefore looks at the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences. This essay type is common at university, where lecturers frequently test your understanding by asking you to compare and contrast two theories, two methods, two historical periods, two characters in a novel, etc. Sometimes the whole essay will compare and contrast, though sometimes the comparison or contrast may be only part of the essay. It is also possible, especially for short exam essays, that only the similarities or the differences, not both, will be discussed. See the examples below.
There are two main ways to structure a compare and contrast essay, namely using a block or a point-by-point structure. For the block structure, all of the information about one of the objects being compared/contrasted is given first, and all of the information about the other object is listed afterwards. This type of structure is similar to the block structure used for cause and effect and problem-solution essays. For the point-by-point structure, each similarity (or difference) for one object is followed immediately by the similarity (or difference) for the other. Both types of structure have their merits. The former is easier to write, while the latter is generally clearer as it ensures that the similarities/differences are more explicit.
The two types of structure, block and point-by-point , are shown in the diagram below.
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Compare and contrast structure words are transition signals which show the similarities or differences. Below are some common examples.
When making comparisons or contrasts, it is important to be clear what criteria you are using. Study the following example, which contrasts two people. Here the criteria are unclear.
Although this sentence has a contrast transition , the criteria for contrasting are not the same. The criteria used for Aaron are height (tall) and strength (strong). We would expect similar criteria to be used for Bruce (maybe he is short and weak), but instead we have new criteria, namely appearance (handsome) and intelligence (intelligent). This is a common mistake for students when writing this type of paragraph or essay. Compare the following, which has much clearer criteria (contrast structure words shown in bold).
Below is a compare and contrast essay. This essay uses the point-by-point structure . Click on the different areas (in the shaded boxes to the right) to highlight the different structural aspects in this essay, i.e. similarities, differences, and structure words. This will highlight not simply the paragraphs, but also the thesis statement and summary , as these repeat the comparisons and contrasts contained in the main body.
Title: There have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionised the way we communicate with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those which were used in the past.
Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general form , they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available . One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly , people nowadays use both of these forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging. In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services. However , there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast , an email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take some time to circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately. Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By comparison , there are a vast array of communication methods available today. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as WeChat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication , there are significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication tools available . There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which we use today may one day also become outdated.
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Below is a checklist for compare and contrast essays. Use it to check your own writing, or get a peer (another student) to help you.
The essay is a essay | ||
An appropriate is used, either or | ||
Compare and contrast are used accurately | ||
The for comparison/contrast are clear | ||
The essay has clear | ||
Each paragraph has a clear | ||
The essay has strong support (facts, reasons, examples, etc.) | ||
The conclusion includes a of the main points |
There is a downloadable graphic organiser for brainstorming ideas for compare and contrast essays in the writing resources section.
Find out how to write cause & effect essays in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about persuasion essays .
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Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 08 January 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
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A compare and contrast essay, as the name suggests, is used to analyze the similarities and differences between two or more congruent topics. Contrary to popular belief, a compare and contrast essay doesn’t simply list out the similarities and distinctions between two subjects. Rather, it analyzes these similarities or distinctions and explains their significance.
Do you have difficulty writing a compare and contrast essay? In this article, we will walk you through the basics of this essay and how to write it. To give you a gist of how these essays are written, we will also provide plenty of compare and contrast essay formats and examples.
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Let’s start with the basics: What is a compare and contrast essay?
A compare and contrast essay is a type of essay in which the similarities and differences between two or more corresponding subjects are highlighted and analyzed. The main goal of this essay is to come up with an original argument based on the breakdown of two or more topics.
1. Comparing two subjects that can be better analyzed as a pair.
A compare and contrast essay can be used to highlight the similarities or differences between two subjects that cannot be explained on their own. For instance, comparing the marketing strategies of two competing fast-food chains can uncover similarities in their advertising techniques and consumer appeal. In this way, a compare and contrast essay can help you analyze two subjects that cannot be explained on their own.
2. Highlighting differences between two seemingly identical subjects.
You can use this essay to highlight the distinction between two subjects that are often confused. For instance, poisonous and venomous are two terms often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings and implications. Your compare and contrast essay could highlight the differences between these two kinds of organisms.
3. Highlighting similarities between two seemingly unrelated subjects.
You can also use the compare and contrast essay to point out similarities between seemingly dissimilar subjects. For instance, the 1970s and the 2020s are separated by several decades and have distinct characteristics. However, both these eras have been marked by significant sociopolitical activism.
To guide you further, we’ve included additional topics for compare and contrast essays.
While choosing an essay topic, it is important enough to pick topics that are comparable yet not too similar. The goal is to find dissimilarities to analyze the assets and drawbacks of each subject. However, the subjects should still be analogous enough to be compared.
To better understand this let’s take a look at a few good compare and contrast essay topics:
Now that we’ve got the gist of standard compare and contrast essay topics, let’s move on to the tricky part of actually writing compare and contrast essays.
Before you begin writing your compare and contrast essay, it is important to make sure that you are using the same metrics to compare both your subjects. For instance, you cannot make a comparison by stating that an apple is red or green while a papaya produces a large number of seeds!
You must use identical metrics for comparison. For instance:
Let’s take a look at writing a comparative essay in a bit more detail:
If you’re still debating how to start a compare and contrast essay, you can follow this simple step. You can create two or more columns for your subjects and note down their major characteristics. You can then compare their characteristics and note down any similarities or differences.
Here’s an example:
Now that we’ve listed the characteristics of each bird, let’s note down the similarities and differences between the two:
If you are more of a visual learner, you can also make use of a Venn diagram. You can simply draw two circles with an overlapping portion. Note down the characteristics unique to each subject in the portion that does not overlap, and note down the similarities in the overlapping portion. Here’s an example:
A thesis statement explains the reason why two subjects need to be compared. It establishes the significance of their comparison. Although developing a meaningful thesis statement can be tricky, you can figure it out by asking yourself “So what?”.
For instance, if you’re comparing the lifestyle of the royal families in the Eastern and Western civilizations, you must have a reason to choose those particular subjects. One reason could be to study the impact of these civilizations on modern-day society. Here’s an example thesis statement based on this premise:
The contrasting lifestyles of royal families in Eastern and Western civilizations, rooted in cultural traditions and historical developments, have shaped their roles as figureheads and influencers, impacting modern-day society through ceremonial symbolism, media presence, cultural preservation, and fashion trends.
If you’re still contemplating how to start a compare and contrast essay, you can create a flow for all your ideas with the help of an essay structure. This structure or outline divides your essay into three basic sections:
Most school and college essays consist of an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, this is not a hard and fast rule. You can certainly extend the number of body paragraphs of your essay depending on the topic and complexity of your essay. However, the number of paragraphs in the introduction and conclusion remains the same.
An essay introduction consists of an opening line, relevant background information, and the thesis statement. The body paragraphs are arranged according to different topic sentences. Relevant explanations, facts, and statistics are provided to substantiate the claims made in these topic sentences. The conclusion, like the introduction, also consists of three facets. It includes an updated version of your thesis statement, a summary of the main points of your essay, and a conclusion.
The outline for your compare and contrast essay serves as a base you can build upon. You can use it as a guide while writing your essay. We will take a closer look at compare and contrast essay outlines in the next section of the article.
After constructing a well-structured outline, you can start building your essay with the help of the key points that you’ve jotted down. The comparisons that you’ve noted down earlier can provide the talking points in your essay. Each paragraph consists of three main aspects:
Since you’ve already created a rough outline, your job becomes much easier. You can elaborate on the main talking points of your essay by data collated from various reputed sources. This can include facts, statistics, experiments/studies conducted, or even expert opinions. To make your argument stronger, you can also include tables, figures, or diagrams.
Here’s an example of how you can build on your basic outline:
Topic sentence : A comparison of the Aztecs and Mayans reveals distinct differences in their social structures shedding light on the unique characteristics of these two Mesoamerican civilizations.
Explanation: The Aztecs and Mayans, two prominent Mesoamerican civilizations, displayed striking disparities in their social structures, religious beliefs, and artistic expressions. The Aztecs established a centralized empire with a powerful government headed by an emperor, wielding supreme authority. This hierarchical society comprised nobles, commoners, and slaves, offering limited social mobility. In contrast, the Mayans organized themselves into independent city-states, each with its own ruler and governing system. Their social structure encompassed rulers, nobles, priests, merchants, farmers, and artisans, allowing for some degree of social mobility.
Translation statement: Along with the social structure, the Mayans and Aztecs also had very different everyday routines.
After completing the first draft of your essay, take a break for a day or two before getting back to it. This not only helps you look at your work from an objective point of view but also makes room for new ideas.
In case you notice an abundance of errors while revising your essay, don’t fret, it’s a part of the process. You may need two or three revisions, but make sure to tweak and revise your essay until it is up to the mark. If required, you can also get help from friends, seniors, or even family members.
Once you’re satisfied with the structure and content of your essay, you can start with the editing process. The editing process involves everything from making major structural adjustments for the sake of clarity to correcting mechanical and typesetting errors for the sake of readability.
If the deadline is drawing closer and there’s not enough time, you can also consider working with an essay editing service . These services help you avoid the convoluted and time-consuming process of editing your essay.
Although the introduction and conclusion paragraphs of a compare and contrast essay format remain the same, there are three main methods by which body paragraphs can be arranged. They are:
Depending on the purpose and topic of your essay, you can make use of any of the three formats. Let’s take a closer look at the outlines of each of these compare and contrast essay formats:
In the block outline, the analysis of the characteristics of one subject is completed before moving on to the next. Although this method discusses a subject in its entirety and creates a flow, it’s often difficult to draw parallels between the two subjects.
Let’s understand this outline with the help of an example. The following comparative essay block outline example analyzes the positive effects of the color green and the drawbacks of the color red on the human mind.
The Impact of Colors on Your State of Mind
I. Introduction
A. Engaging opening statement about the impact of colors on human perception
B. The significance of colors and their effects on emotions
C. Main argument stating that green is more soothing to the eye than red and should be implemented more often
A. Discussion of Green
1. Characteristics of green and its association with nature and tranquility
2. Examples, statistics, or research findings that demonstrate the soothing effects of green on the human eye
3. Positive impact of green on mental well-being and stress reduction
B. Discussion of Red
1. Characteristics of red and its association with intensity and stimulation
2. Examples, statistics, or research findings that show the potentially overwhelming or agitating effects of red on the human eye
3. Negative impact of red on mental state and a potential increase in stress levels as a result
C. Comparison of Green and Red
1. Visual contrast between the calming effect of green and the stimulating effect of red
2. Emotional responses elicited by green and red, that emphasize the soothing nature of green and the potentially disruptive nature of red
3. Surveys or studies that indicate a higher preference for green in various settings
III. Conclusion
A. Updated main argument: Green is more soothing to the eye than red and should be implemented more often
B. Summary of the key points from the body paragraphs: The benefits of green and the drawbacks of red
C. Using green in various environments, such as interior design, healthcare facilities, and urban planning, to promote a soothing visual experience for individuals
D. Impactful ending sentence: The importance of color choices for a harmonious environment
If you want to establish a stronger connection between your different points of comparison, consider using the alternating outline. In this type of outline, the comparison between subjects is much more blatant as both of the subjects are evaluated against a particular metric. However, the alternating outline can result in two disjointed sections.
Each body paragraph consists of a single metric against which both subjects are measured. Let’s better understand the alternating essay outline with the help of the same example:
A. Captivating hook about the influence of colors on human perception
B. Overview of the significance of colors and their impact on emotions
C. Thesis statement stating that green is more soothing to the eye than red and should be implemented more often
II. Body Paragraph 1: Comparison of Green and Red
A. Visual Characteristics
1. Green: Associated with nature, calmness, and tranquility
2. Red: Associated with intensity, excitement, and stimulation
B. Emotional Impact
1. Green: Elicits feelings of relaxation, harmony, and rejuvenation
2. Red: Evokes emotions like passion, energy, and even agitation or stress
C. Effects on Eye Fatigue
1. Green: More restful for the eyes due to its position in the color spectrum
2. Red: Prolonged exposure to red can strain the eyes and potentially lead to eye fatigue
III. Body Paragraph 2: Benefits of Implementing Green
A. Psychological Well-being
1. Green: Promotes a sense of calmness, reduces stress, and improves overall mental well-being
2. Red: Excessive exposure to red can potentially increase stress levels and negatively impact psychological health
B. Environmental Impact
1. Green: Incorporating green elements in urban environments, interior design, and healthcare facilities can create a soothing atmosphere
2. Red: Potential disruptive effects of excessive red usage in certain settings and its contrasting impact on visual comfort
IV. Conclusion
A. Updated thesis statement: Green is more soothing to the eye than red and should be implemented more often
B. Summary of key points in body paragraphs: Difference between green and red, emphasizing the soothing qualities of green and the potential drawbacks of red
C. Implementation of green in various contexts, and its positive impact on well-being and creating visually comfortable environments
D. Impactful concluding statement: The significance of color choices and their influence on our daily lives
If you want the focus to be on the comparison between the two topics, it is a good idea to implement the similarities and differences outline. This format bears a resemblance to the alternating outline.
However, the metrics of comparison are the similarities and differences between the two subjects, as opposed to certain characteristics. A single paragraph lists all the similarities between the two topics, followed by a paragraph that lists all the distinctions.
Here’s an example outline for a compare and contrast essay using the similarities and differences method:
A. Intriguing statement about the impact of colors on visual perception
B. Brief overview of the significance of colors and their effects on emotions
II. Body Paragraph 1: Similarities between Green and Red
1. Green: Visual characteristics of green, such as its association with nature and tranquility
2. Red: Visual characteristics of red, such as its association with intensity and stimulation
1. Green: Both green and red can evoke emotional responses, such as calmness or excitement, albeit to different degrees
2. Red: Both green and red can elicit emotions, but red tends to evoke more intense and stimulating feelings
III. Body Paragraph 2: Differences between Green and Red
A. Soothing Qualities
1. Green: Green is inherently soothing to the eye due to its position in the color spectrum and its association with nature
2. Red: Red, on the other hand, can be visually intense and potentially overwhelming, making it less soothing
B. Psychological Effects
1. Green: Green promotes relaxation, reduces stress, and enhances mental well-being
2. Red: Prolonged exposure to red can potentially increase stress levels and negatively impact psychological health
C. Eye Fatigue
1. Green: Green is considered more restful for the eyes, as it requires less eye strain and can reduce eye fatigue
2. Red: Excessive exposure to red can strain the eyes and potentially lead to eye fatigue
IV. Body Paragraph 3: Benefits of Implementing Green
A. Environmental Impact
1. Incorporating green elements in various environments, such as interior design, urban planning, and healthcare facilities, can create a soothing atmosphere
2. Potential positive effects on mental well-being and overall quality of life
V. Conclusion
B. Summary of key points in body paragraphs: Similarities and differences between green and red, that emphasize the soothing qualities of green and the potential drawbacks of red
C. Need for the implementation of green in different settings, and its positive impact on visual comfort and well-being
D. Thought-provoking statement: Significance of color choices and their influence on our daily lives
Now that we’ve understood the three basic outlines for compare and contrast essays let’s take a look at compare and contrast essay examples for these three formats.
There are three main formats that you can use to write a compare and contrast essay. You can select one of these formats depending on what you’d like to convey to the reader. We will provide example essays for all three formats and pick a topic best suited for each essay format.
Let’s take a look:
The following compare and contrast essay example is based on the comparative analysis of two of Edgar Allan Poe’s greatest works.
A Comparative Analysis of The Raven and The Tell-Tale Heart
Edgar Allan Poe, a master of Gothic literature, created two captivating and chilling tales, The Raven and The Tell-Tale Heart . While both stories delve into the realms of madness, guilt, and obsession, they differ in their narrative structures, character portrayals, and themes. Take a closer look at and uncover the unique elements that make these literary masterpieces enduring classics in the world of dark fiction.
The Raven is a narrative poem composed of eighteen stanzas, employing a rhyming scheme of ABCBBB. It follows a straightforward linear progression, recounting the narrator’s interaction with the mysterious raven, which repeatedly utters the word “nevermore.” The narrator is a grieving man consumed by sorrow and melancholy, haunted by the loss of his beloved Lenore. The raven assumes a symbolic role, representing an otherworldly and ominous presence that fuels the narrator’s descent into madness. The poem primarily explores themes of grief, loss, and the inability to escape from painful memories, while also delving into the supernatural, the macabre, and the fragility of the human mind when faced with the unknown.
On the other hand, The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story narrated in the first person by an unnamed protagonist who is determined to prove their sanity. The story follows a non-linear structure, with the narrator recounting the events leading up to and after the murder of the old man with a “vulture eye.” The protagonist is an unnamed and unreliable narrator whose intense obsession with the old man’s eye leads to murder. The old man, with his “vulture eye,” becomes a symbol of the narrator’s guilt and paranoia, fueling the story’s suspense. The Tell-Tale Heart explores themes of guilt, paranoia, and the dark recesses of the human mind. It delves into the thin line between sanity and insanity, highlighting the overwhelming power of a guilty conscience.
The Raven and The Tell-Tale Heart , both masterpieces by Edgar Allan Poe, showcase his profound understanding of the human psyche. While The Raven takes the form of a narrative poem and focuses on grief, loss, and the supernatural, The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story with an unreliable narrator, delving into guilt, paranoia, and the blurred boundaries of sanity. Despite their structural and thematic differences, both works captivate readers with their exploration of the darkest aspects of the human soul. Through their masterful storytelling, Poe leaves an indelible mark on literature, inviting readers to confront their own fears and delve into the depths of the human psyche.
The following compare and contrast essay example highlights the stark contrast between life during the 1800s and the present day.
Contrasting Life During the 1800s and Life Today
Society during the 1800s and present-day society are characterized by stark differences in technological advancements, societal norms, and overall quality of life. There have been significant developments areas of communication, transportation, healthcare, and social dynamics between the two eras. By examining the contrasting aspects of life during the 1800s and present-day life, we can gain a deeper insight into how society has evolved.
In the 1800s people relied primarily on written letters, which often took weeks or even months to reach their destination. The introduction of the telegraph provided a faster means of long-distance communication but remained limited in accessibility. Today, communication is instant and global, thanks to the widespread use of smartphones, social media platforms, and the internet. People can connect through video calls, messaging apps, and social networking sites, bridging distances and facilitating real-time conversations.
People in the 1800s primarily relied on horse-drawn carriages, ships, and railways as modes of transportation. Long-distance travel was slow and arduous, often taking weeks or even months to complete, while local transportation was limited to walking or horseback riding. In contrast, modern transportation is characterized by the advent of automobiles, airplanes, and high-speed trains. These advancements enable swift and efficient travel across the globe. Air travel has become commonplace, allowing people to reach distant locations in a matter of hours, while cars provide individual mobility and flexibility.
Healthcare in the 1800s was marked by rudimentary medical knowledge and practices. There was often a lack of scientific understanding and proper sanitation measures, resulting in limited and ineffective medical treatments. This led to high mortality rates for common illnesses and diseases. In recent times, advances in medical science, technology, and research have revolutionized healthcare. Cutting-edge treatments, vaccines, and surgical procedures have significantly increased life expectancy and improved overall well-being.
The 1800s were characterized by strict social hierarchies, class divisions, and limited opportunities for social mobility. Gender roles were rigidly defined, with limited rights and opportunities for women. However, contemporary society has made significant strides toward equality and inclusivity. Movements advocating for gender, racial, and LGBTQ+ rights have pushed for social progress. Social mobility and opportunities for personal and professional growth have expanded, promoting a more diverse and inclusive society.
In conclusion, life during the 1800s and life today differ significantly in terms of communication, transportation, healthcare, and social dynamics. Technological advancements, scientific progress, and societal changes have transformed the way we live and interact with the world. While the 1800s were marked by limitations and hardships, the modern era offers unprecedented convenience, connectivity, and opportunities for personal growth. By examining these contrasting aspects, we gain a deeper appreciation for the advancements that have shaped our lives today and a better understanding of the progress humanity has made over time.
The following example of a compare and contrast essay studies the similarities and differences between amphibians and reptiles.
Exploring the Fascinating Worlds of Amphibians and Reptiles
Amphibians and reptiles are two distinct groups of animals that belong to the larger classification of vertebrates. While they share some similarities, they also exhibit significant differences in their physical characteristics, life cycles, habitats, and reproductive strategies. Let’s take a closer look at both these species by highlighting their unique features and adaptations to their respective environments.
Although different species, amphibians, and reptiles share several similarities. Both groups are cold-blooded, or ectothermic, which means their body temperatures are regulated by the environment. This characteristic influences their behavior and activity levels, as they rely on external heat sources to warm their bodies. Both species also lay eggs for reproduction. The eggs of both groups are covered by protective membranes, which provide a suitable environment for development outside the parent’s body. Additionally, amphibians and reptiles have a similar general body plan, characterized by a backbone, four limbs (or remnants of limbs), and a well-developed skull.
Despite these similarities, there are notable differences between the two species. Amphibians have a dual life cycle, which involves an aquatic larval stage and a terrestrial adult stage. They typically lay their eggs in water and undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larvae, into terrestrial adults with lungs. A frog is one classic example of an amphibian. In contrast, reptiles have a direct life cycle, with offspring hatching from eggs that are laid on land. They bypass the aquatic larval stage and are born as miniature versions of the adults, equipped for a terrestrial existence. Alligators and crocodiles are the most commonly known reptiles.
Another significant difference lies in their respective habitats. Amphibians are often associated with moist environments, such as swamps, rivers, and ponds, as they require
water for breeding and maintaining skin moisture. They are highly adapted to live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Reptiles, on the other hand, have evolved to inhabit a wider range of environments. They can be found in various habitats, including deserts, forests, grasslands, and even oceans. Reptiles have developed strategies to conserve water, such as the ability to excrete uric acid instead of urea, allowing them to thrive in arid conditions.
Physiologically, amphibians and reptiles differ in their skin structure and respiration. Amphibians have moist and permeable skin that serves multiple functions, including gas exchange and water absorption. This unique characteristic allows them to respire through their skin, particularly during their larval stage. In contrast, reptiles have dry and scaly skin that acts as a protective barrier against water loss. They rely on lungs for respiration and have more efficient respiratory systems compared to amphibians.
In conclusion, while amphibians and reptiles share some similarities, such as being ectothermic and laying eggs, they have distinct differences in their life cycles, habitats, and physiological characteristics. Amphibians undergo metamorphosis and have a dual life cycle, adapting to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Reptiles, on the other hand, have a direct life cycle and are adapted to a wide range of habitats. Understanding these similarities and differences helps us appreciate the diverse adaptations that have allowed these fascinating creatures to thrive in different ecosystems across the world.
We hope that these examples of compare and contrast essays guide you in acing your essay assignment! As editing and proofreading experts, we realize the importance of submitting error-free essays.
To help you minimize errors, we have created detailed resources about several important aspects of essay writing. Go through the following resources to enhance your essay-writing skills!
How to write an introduction paragraph for a compare and contrast essay, how to write a conclusion paragraph for a compare and contrast essay, how to title a compare and contrast essay, what is a good title for a compare and contrast essay, what is a good topic sentence for a compare and contrast essay.
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A compare and contrast paper discusses the similarities and differences between two or more topics. The paper should contain an introduction with a thesis statement, a body where the comparisons and contrasts are discussed, and a conclusion.
Because this is a compare and contrast paper, both the similarities and differences should be discussed. This will require analysis on your part, as some topics will appear to be quite similar, and you will have to work to find the differing elements.
Just like any other essay, a compare and contrast essay needs a thesis statement. The thesis statement should not only tell your reader what you will do, but it should also address the purpose and importance of comparing and contrasting the material.
Transitions are important in compare and contrast essays, where you will be moving frequently between different topics or perspectives.
For more information, check out our transitions page.
Consider how you will present the information. You could present all of the similarities first and then present all of the differences. Or you could go point by point and show the similarity and difference of one point, then the similarity and difference for another point, and so on.
It is tempting to just provide summary for this type of paper, but analysis will show the importance of the comparisons and contrasts. For instance, if you are comparing two articles on the topic of the nursing shortage, help us understand what this will achieve. Did you find consensus between the articles that will support a certain action step for people in the field? Did you find discrepancies between the two that point to the need for further investigation?
When drawing comparisons or making contrasts, be sure you are dealing with similar aspects of each item. To use an old cliché, are you comparing apples to apples?
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Writing effective comparison/contrast essays.
Recall that a comparison/contrast essay serves the purpose of examining the similarities and/or differences between two subjects. When you compare things, you show their similarities; when you contrast things, you show their differences.
The first step in writing a comparison/contrast essay is to brainstorm ideas and decide upon a topic. It's important that you find two things that have enough similarities or differences in order to be able to effectively compare or contrast them. If you choose two things that are too similar, you’ll struggle to find meaningful differences. If you choose two things that are too different, you’ll struggle to find meaningful comparisons.
During the brainstorming stage of the writing process, you can use a variety of activities to help you generate ideas for your topic. It can be helpful to make a list of similarities and differences between your two subjects, then choose the ones that are most important to use in your comparison/contrast essay.
This will help you to see the multitude of similarities and differences, and then focus in on the most important ones to use in your essay:
Similarities | Differences |
---|---|
Both are cold-blooded reptiles. | Crocodiles are larger than alligators. |
Both eat a similar diet. | Crocodiles have a pointed snout, and alligators have a rounded snout. |
Both can move quickly on land. | Crocodiles live in saltwater, and alligators live in freshwater. |
Both live in a water environment. | Alligators live only in the U.S. and part of China, while crocodiles live across the globe. |
Clustering, or mapping, is another way to generate ideas using words, shapes, and lines that show the connections between those ideas.
As you narrow your focus, you will need to determine which points of comparison or contrast are most important. The number of points of comparison or contrast that you settle on will be driven by the topic you choose. However, for the comparison/contrast essay you’ll be writing for this course, you will need to focus in on two or three main points of comparison or contrast.
As you know, an outline can be a useful tool during prewriting to help you further develop the ideas and organization of your essay. Creating an outline will help you plan the way in which you want to organize your body paragraphs, and which details you want to include in each. This will help you to produce a sort of roadmap for your essay.
A good thesis statement is the cornerstone of any academic essay. During the brainstorming and prewriting steps, you will have selected a topic and chosen your strongest main points to either compare or contrast within your essay. This will help you further develop your thesis statement.
A good thesis statement should convey the main points of your essay and should avoid being overly generic.
Instead, a good thesis statement should provide more information on which points of comparison or contrast will be discussed in the essay. Below are some templates you can consider as you begin to draft your thesis statement. A good thesis statement is not required to follow one of these patterns, but as a beginning writer, you may find that they provide a helpful starting point.
For an essay contrasting two subjects, your thesis statement may look something like this:
{Subject 1} and {Subject 2} may appear similar, but they differ in {first point of contrast}, {second point of contrast}, and {third point of contrast}.
Or, if you are comparing two subjects, your thesis statement might look something like this:
{Subject 1} and {Subject 2} do not appear to have a lot in common, but they are very similar in {first point of comparison}, {second point of comparison}, and {third point of comparison}.
A thesis statement might meaningfully contrast two subjects using the template above, like this:
Paris and Tokyo are both large metropolitan cities, but they differ in terms of their job opportunities, average income, and living expenses.
Notice how the primary emphasis in the above thesis is about how the two cities differ based on the three points the author chose to focus on: job opportunities, income, and living expenses. This thesis statement gives the reader a clear idea of the specific points of contrast that will be covered within the body of the essay.
Now that you have your working thesis statement, you’re ready to begin thinking about how to organize the body paragraphs within your essay.
You may also consider your particular approach to the subjects as well as the nature of the subjects themselves; some subjects might better lend themselves to one structure or the other.
The point-by-point method, also known as the alternating format method, is one method of paragraph development and organization for a comparison/contrast essay.
When you use the point-by-point method, you are choosing one point of comparison and then writing one paragraph about each of your subjects that shows how they are similar or different.
IN CONTEXT If you are comparing two fast-food restaurants, McDonalds and Burger King, you would first determine your points of comparison. Let’s say you're going to focus on similarities in costs, menus, and taste. Your first body paragraph would consider the costs at McDonalds, and your second body paragraph would consider the costs at Burger King. Your third and fourth body paragraphs would consider the menus at McDonalds and Burger King, and your final two body paragraphs would consider the taste of the food at both restaurants.
This method of organizing is usually easier for the reader to follow, as the main points of the body paragraphs alternate in sequence between subjects.
To demonstrate this method, let’s take the thesis statement, "Paris and Tokyo are both large metropolitan cities, but they differ in terms of their job opportunities, average income, and living expenses." In this case, the author is focusing on the differences between the two cities in regard to three main points.
The block method, also known as the subject-by-subject method, is another method of paragraph development and organization in a comparison/contrast essay.
As the name implies, if you choose the block method, you will consider all of your points of comparison or contrast for one subject in the first two or three body paragraphs of your essay, and then discuss the same main points for the second subject in the remaining body paragraphs.
IN CONTEXT If you're contrasting your local grocery store with the giant superstore outside of town, you would first determine your points for contrast. You might choose to focus on the differences in prices, convenience, and atmosphere. You would begin the body of the essay by devoting one paragraph each to these three points about your local grocery store; then, you would write three paragraphs that show how the superstore is different according to those same points.
hint If you choose this method, pay special attention to transition use to help guide your reader.
To demonstrate this method, let’s again take the thesis statement, "Paris and Tokyo are both large metropolitan cities, but they differ in terms of their job opportunities, average income, and living expenses."
Given that comparison/contrast essays analyze the relationship between two subjects, it is also helpful to have some transitions on hand that will cue the reader to such analysis.
These words and phrases help to highlight the points you are trying to make by signaling the relationships between the subjects in a clear way.
Below are some sample transitional words and phrases that you may use to indicate a comparison or contrast.
Comparison Words/Phrases | Contrast Words/Phrases |
---|---|
Both | Alternatively |
Similarly | In contrast |
Likewise | One difference/another difference |
One similarity/another similarity | Conversely |
In comparison | Whereas |
Like | Nevertheless |
Similar to | Unlike |
In the same way | On the other hand |
Also | Despite |
Compared to | However |
In a similar fashion | While |
summary In this lesson, you learned how to begin putting your comparison/contrast essay together by first starting with brainstorming and prewriting, then moving on to drafting a thesis statement . There are two methods of organization for the body of a comparison/contrast essay that you can choose from: the point-by-point method and the block method . The specific way in which you organize your body paragraphs will be largely determined by your topic and subjects, your audience, and your purpose. Whichever method you choose, using transitions effectively can help readers follow along with your main points. Best of luck in your learning!
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Compare And Contrast Essay Guide
Compare And Contrast Essay Examples
Last updated on: Mar 22, 2024
By: Barbara P.
Reviewed By: Jacklyn H.
Published on: Mar 22, 2023
Are you ready to challenge your critical thinking skills and take your writing to the next level? Look no further than the exciting world of compare and contrast essays!
As a college student, you'll have the unique opportunity to delve into the details and differences of a variety of subjects. But don't let the pressure of writing the perfect compare-and-contrast essay weigh you down.
To help guide you on this journey, we've got some great compare-and-contrast essay examples. It will make the writing process not only manageable but also enjoyable. So grab a pen and paper, and let's get started on this exciting adventure!
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A compare and contrast essay is all about comparing two subjects. Writing essays is not always easy, but it can be made easier with help from the examples before you write your own first. The examples will give you an idea of the perfect compare-and-contrast essay.
We have compiled a selection of free compare-and-contrast essay examples that can help you structure this type of essay.
SAMPLE COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY INTRODUCTION EXAMPLE
BOOK COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
CITY COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
CATS & DOGS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
SCIENCE & ART COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
E-BOOKS & HARDBACK BOOKS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
HOMESCHOOLING BOOKS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
PARENTING STYLES COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY
Don't know how to map out your compare and contrast essay? Visit this link to learn how to perfectly outline your essay!
Compare and contrast paper is a common assignments for university students. This type of essay tells the reader how two subjects are the same or different from each other. Also, show the points of comparison between the two subjects.
Look at the example that is mentioned below and create a well-written essay.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE UNIVERSITY
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE COLLEGE
Compare and contrast essays are often assigned to high school students to help them improve their analytical skills .
In addition, some teachers assign this type of essay because it is a great way for students to improve their analytical and writing skills.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE HIGH SCHOOL
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE 9TH GRADE
Check out the video below to gain a quick and visual comprehension of what a compare and contrast essay entails.
In middle school, students have the opportunity to write a compare-and-contrast essay. It does not require an expert level of skills, but it is still a way to improve writing skills.
Middle school students can easily write a compare-and-contrast essay with a little help from examples. We have gathered excellent examples of this essay that you can use to get started.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE MIDDLE SCHOOL
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLES 5TH GRADE
The perfect way to inform readers about the pros and cons of two subjects is with a comparison and contrast essay.
It starts by stating the thesis statement, and then you explain why these two subjects are being compared in this essay.
The following is an example that you can use for your help.
LITERARY ANALYSIS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY EXAMPLE
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The conclusion of an essay is the last part, in which you wrap up everything. It should not include a story but rather summarize the whole document so readers have something meaningful they can take away from it.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY CONCLUSION EXAMPLE
Struggling to think of the perfect compare-and-contrast essay topic ? Visit this link for a multitude of inspiring ideas.
A compare and contrast essay presents the facts point by point, and mostly, the argumentative essay uses this compared-contrasted technique for its subjects.
If you are looking for some easy and simple tips to craft a perfectly researched and structured compare and contrast essay, we will not disappoint you.
Following are some quick tips that you can keep in mind while writing your essay:
Create captivating essays effortlessly!
In conclusion, writing a compare and contrast essay can be an effective way to explore the similarities and differences between two topics. By using examples, it is possible to see the different approaches that can be taken when writing this type of essay.
Whether you are a student or a professional writer, these examples can provide valuable insight to enhance your writing skills. You can also use our AI-powered essay typer to generate sample essays for your specific topic and subject.
However, if you don’t feel confident in your writing skills, you can always hire our professional essay writer.
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How do i write a compare and contrast essay.
Here are some steps that you should follow and write a great essay.
When writing a compare and contrast essay, it is important to have an engaging introduction that will grab the reader's attention. A good way to do this would be by starting with a question or fact related to the topic to catch their interest.
Here are some good topics for compare and contrast essay:
Usually, a compare and contrast essay would consist of five paragraphs but there are no hard and fast rules regarding it. Some essays could be longer than five paragraphs, based on the scope of the topic of the essay.
The two ways to organize and arrange your compare and contrast essay. The first one is the Point-by-Point method and the second one is the Block method.
Dr. Barbara is a highly experienced writer and author who holds a Ph.D. degree in public health from an Ivy League school. She has worked in the medical field for many years, conducting extensive research on various health topics. Her writing has been featured in several top-tier publications.
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Before you begin to draft a compare and contrast essay, you should brainstorm by creating a Venn diagram or a chart to list the pros and cons of each subject you are comparing to another.
The first paragraph of your compare and contrast essay should contain references to both sides of your comparison. This paragraph should end with a thesis sentence that sums up your overall purpose or results, like this:
While city life brings many social opportunities, country life can provide the best of both worlds.
Comparison essays can be constructed in two ways. You can focus on one side of your comparison at a time, describing the pros and cons of one topic first and then moving on to the next topic, like the example here:
You could instead alternate your focus, covering one after the other in a back-and-forth pattern.
Make sure that each paragraph contains a smooth transition statement , and end your essay with a sound conclusion.
Country Life or City Life?
theaters, clubs | festivals, bonfires, etc. | |
museums | historic places | |
restaurants | produce |
Some ideas for your compare and contrast essay might make your work easier. Think about the following topics and see if one feels right for you.
If the list above doesn't appeal to you, it may spark an original idea that fits your situation. This type of essay can be a lot of fun!
Essay assignment: compare/contrast essay—final draft.
For this assignment, review the feedback from your peer review, work your way through the revising and proofreading stages of the writing process, then submit your final version of the essay.
Ideas | The paper demonstrates outstanding or above average idea development demonstrating comparison and contrast between ideas. | The writer sufficiently defines the topic, even though development is still basic or general. | __/30 pts |
Content | The paper demonstrates outstanding or above average evidence of supporting the main point. Paragraphs are well-developed and clear, showing how things are similar or different, and why. | The writer demonstrates sufficient support of the main point, but could use more supporting details. | __/30 pts |
Organization | The organization is clear and showcases the central theme. The presentation of information is compelling. | The organizational structure is strong enough to move the reader through the text without too much confusion. | __/30 pts |
Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions | The writer demonstrates an outstanding word choice selection, flow and cadence, with well-built sentences and strong grasp of standard writing conventions. | The writer demonstrates sufficient selection of words. The text tends to be more mechanical and contains some errors of standard writing conventions. | __/10 pts |
Writing the discussion for a lab report can be tricky. You’ve gathered all the pieces—your data, results—but now comes the hard part: making sense of it.
Did your results align with your hypothesis, or did they take an unexpected turn? How do your findings fit into the bigger picture? Imagine you’ve conducted an experiment that didn’t go exactly as planned. What does that mean for your hypothesis? How do your results compare with what others have found?
These are the kinds of questions you’ll need to answer to write a compelling discussion.
In this article, we’ll walk you through the essential steps for crafting a lab discussion that’s both clear and insightful:
Below, we’ll break down each step with examples to guide you through the process.
Lab reports are among the most commonly written documents and can contribute up to 25% of the overall course grade. But there is often insufficient focus on teaching students how to write them effectively.
A lab report discussion section is where you thoroughly explain what your experiment's results really mean. This is where you connect the dots between your report findings and the big questions you set out to answer.
You'll assess whether your results line up with your hypothesis or if they throw a curveball at your expectations. It’s your opportunity to explain the 'why' and 'how'—why your results turned out the way they did and how they fit into the larger picture of your field.
This section is about the data, your interpretation, and the story the data tells.
Get expert guidance on writing clear and insightful lab reports and discussions. Make your research shine with professional help!
Typically, the discussion section should take up about 1 to 2 pages . Within these pages, you'll interpret the data, answer the questions you started with, and explore the nuances that make your experiment stand out. It’s the perfect amount of room to connect your data to your hypothesis, consider any surprises, and place your findings within a broader scientific context.
So, what is the purpose of a discussion in a lab report? Essentially, it's to communicate the significance of your work.
Imagine you've just wrapped up an experiment testing different types of light on plant growth. Here's how you might structure the discussion in your lab report, keeping it engaging and insightful:
If you're thinking, "I need someone to help me write an essay ," EssayPro’s essay writing service is here to assist.
The lab report doesn’t end with data and results. You can also add more layers—methodological reflections, theoretical integration, and personal insights—that extend your experiment’s reach:
Writing the discussion for a lab report is your opportunity to evaluate whether your results support your hypothesis or if they’ve taken you in a different direction. It’s all about explaining why things turned out the way they did and how they fit into the larger context of your field.
By the end, you’ll give your professor a clear understanding of what your results mean and why they matter.
Let’s go through the lap report format to make sure your discussion is as clear and insightful as possible.
Start your lab discussion by laying out the main results of your experiment, focusing on what really matters to your hypothesis.
Let's say your project was testing out a new AI program to improve online learning. Here’s how you can break it down:
After you've summarized the key findings in your discussion lab report, it’s time to interpret what they mean. This is where you explore the “why” behind the data.
Ask yourself, why did the AI program boost the test scores by 15%? Is it because it offered personalized feedback that traditional methods didn’t? Or could it be that the AI made learning more interactive, keeping students focused longer?
Think about these possibilities and how your results support or contradict existing theories or studies in the field.
An extra tip: If something unexpected happened—like the AI increased engagement but didn’t improve scores as much as expected—explore why that might be. Perhaps the tool worked better for some students than others.
Once you’ve interpreted your results, it’s important to see how they line up with what others have found in the field.
This step helps you place your findings in context and shows that your work adds something valuable to the field.
Is there something that went wrong? Something else that you wish you had included?
It’s fine, no experiment is flawless, and it’s important to be upfront about any limitations in your study when writing a discussion lab report. This just shows that you understand the scope of your work and where there might be room for improvement.
If your study on the AI program for online learning was conducted with a relatively small group of students, mention that. A small sample size might mean your results aren’t as widely applicable as you’d like. Similarly, if the study was short-term, it might not capture long-term effects.
Discussing these limitations doesn’t weaken your findings—it actually strengthens your discussion. It shows that you’re aware of the study’s boundaries and where further research might be needed.
Speaking of…
The final step in your discussion is to think ahead and suggest areas for future research. This is your chance to point out where your study could be expanded or where new questions might arise. Let’s take a look at the findings we discussed before:
By suggesting these future research areas, you’re helping to push the field forward and guiding where future studies might go.
If you need assistance crafting a thoughtful discussion, you can rely on EssayPro's discussion writer service to guide you through the process.
Whether it’s an essay or a lab report discussion, our experts are here to assist. Let us help you craft top-quality academic work.
When it comes to writing the discussion section of a lab report, knowing what to include and what to steer clear of can make a big difference.
Here’s a guide to help you get it right:
Do's | Don'ts |
---|---|
✅ Talk about your completed research using the past tense. For instance, say, " " | ❌ Skip the dull summary. Instead of, " " explain what makes your findings interesting and relevant. |
✅ Make sure your discussion loops back to what you introduced at the start. If you started with a problem, show how your results tackle that. | ❌ Don’t just focus on theory. Avoid saying, " " |
✅ Suggest what to do next based on your findings. For example, " " | ❌ Instead, summarize the key points directly in your text, like, " " |
✅ Talk about any hiccups you encountered, like, " " | ❌ Avoid discussions that don’t connect back to your initial research questions: " " |
Let's now take a look at a practical example of a discussion section from a lab report to illustrate how you can effectively craft your own:
Whether your results matched your hypothesis or threw you a curveball, the discussion in a lab report is where you make sense of it all. You'll interpret your findings, compare them with existing research, discuss any limitations, and suggest ideas for future studies.
And if you’re still wondering, “How do I write my lab report ?”, check out EssayPro’s lab report writing service for expert help.
How do you start a discussion sentence in a lab report, what should be included in a lab report discussion.
is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.
Adapted from the University of Toronto Writing Advice. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2024, from https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-writing/lab-report/
Sara Swann, PolitiFact Sara Swann, PolitiFact
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This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact .
Republican vice presidential nominee and Ohio Sen. J.D. Vance sought to negatively frame the 24-year military career of newly minted Democratic vice presidential candidate Tim Walz, Minnesota’s current governor.
“When the United States Marine Corps, when the United States of America, asked me to go to Iraq to serve my country, I did it,” Vance said Aug. 7 at the Shelby, Michigan, police department. Vance served as a combat correspondent for the U.S. Marine Corps from 2003 to 2007 and deployed to Iraq for six months in 2005 but did not experience combat .
Vance continued, “When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, do you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him. … I think it’s shameful.” At a different event, Vance used the phrase “ stolen valor ” to describe his accusations against Walz.
On X, Rep. Ronny Jackson, R-Texas, made a claim similar to Vance’s, writing, “Tim Walz TURNED HIS BACK on the soldiers in his unit because he was TOO afraid to deploy to Iraq!!”
READ MORE: Democrats defend Walz’s military record as Vance, GOP begin attacks
Walz retired from the Minnesota National Guard in May 2005. He had submitted retirement paperwork five to seven months beforehand, Fox News reported , citing the Minnesota National Guard.
In March 2005, Walz’s battalion had been notified about a possible deployment to Iraq within two years, Walz’s congressional campaign said in a news release that month, citing the National Guard Public Affairs Office. The Minnesota National Guard said the battalion then received an official order about mobilizing for deployment to Iraq in July 2005, after Walz retired.
Vance’s statement misleads by distorting the timeline. Walz had not been “asked by his country to go to Iraq,” as Vance said. He had been given a two-year window for a potential, not definite, deployment. And the official deployment notice came after Walz’s retirement.
Walz has said since before his Army retirement that he left to run for Congress. He filed his candidacy paperwork in February 2005, before the March 2005 notification about the potential deployment.
This is not a new line of attack. When Walz ran for a second term as Minnesota governor in 2022, his Republican opponent, who did not serve in the U.S. military, criticized Walz for leaving the National Guard before his unit deployed to Iraq.
Two retired Minnesota National Guard command sergeant majors also penned a paid letter to a Minnesota newspaper in 2018 claiming Walz “embellished and selectively omitted facts” about his military service. This letter resurfaced on X after Vice President Kamala Harris tapped Walz as her running mate. Other guard members who served with Walz have defended him.
Walz’s spokesperson in the Minnesota governor’s office did not respond to a request for comment, and the Harris-Walz campaign declined to comment.
When reached by The New York Times , a Harris-Walz campaign spokesperson didn’t provide new details about Walz’s retirement timeline and instead highlighted Walz’s record advocating for veterans and their families.
When contacted for comment, Vance’s campaign spokesperson sent links to the 2005 Walz campaign news release about the potential deployment and several news stories that quote former members of Walz’s battalion who were upset with him for not deploying to Iraq.
Walz enlisted in the Nebraska National Guard on April 8, 1981, two days after his 17th birthday. In 1996, Walz transferred to the Minnesota National Guard, where he served in the 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery until he retired May 16, 2005, Army Lt. Col. Kristen Augé, Minnesota National Guard’s state public affairs officer, told PolitiFact in a statement.
During his service, Walz responded to floods and tornadoes, specialized in heavy artillery and was recognized for his proficiency in sharpshooting and hand grenades, Minnesota Public Radio reported .
On Aug. 3, 2003, Walz and his battalion were deployed to Italy to support U.S. operations in Afghanistan under Operation Enduring Freedom. Walz returned to Minnesota in April 2004, Augé said.
WATCH: A look at Walz’s record and how he could bolster Democratic support in the Midwest
In May 2005, Walz, then 41, officially retired from the Minnesota National Guard to campaign for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional District. He filed his statement of candidacy paperwork with the Federal Election Commission on Feb. 10, 2005. Walz was elected to Congress in November 2006.
Al Bonnifield, who served with Walz in the Minnesota National Guard, told Minnesota Public Radio in 2018 that Walz weighed his retirement from the guard and congressional run “very heavy.” Bonnifield reiterated this to The Washington Post on Aug. 7.
“Would the soldier look down on him because he didn’t go with us? Would the common soldier say, ‘Hey, he didn’t go with us, he’s trying to skip out on a deployment?’ And he wasn’t,” Bonnifield said in 2018.
Doug Julin, who served as a more senior command sergeant major in Walz’s battalion, said Walz went over his head to get retirement approval before the unit’s deployment was official, because Julin would have “analyzed it and challenged him,” the New York Post reported Aug. 8.
Others who served in Walz’s battalion have said he “ditched” them and his actions were “dishonorable,” Fox News reported .
Walz’s unit received an “alert order” for mobilization to Iraq on July 14, 2005, Army Lt. Col. Ryan Rossman, Minnesota National Guard’s director of operations, told PolitiFact in a statement.
The unit received the official Department of the Army mobilization order Aug. 14, 2005, and mobilized Oct. 12, 2005, Rossman said.
The unit deployed to Iraq in March 2006 and was deployed for 19 months, according to an October 2007 congressional resolution .
The two retired Minnesota National Guard command sergeant majors who wrote the 2018 letter said the battalion received a “warning order” in early 2005 “to prepare to be mobilized for active duty for a deployment to Iraq.” They did not specify the warning letter’s date. Augé of the Minnesota National Guard told PolitiFact the agency doesn’t have information about any unofficial orders that might have been sent to the battalion.
An archived March 20, 2005, press release from Walz’s congressional campaign website said the National Guard Public Affairs Office announced March 17, 2005, “a possible partial mobilization of roughly 2,000 troops from the Minnesota National Guard.” The announcement said a portion of Walz’s battalion could be mobilized to serve in Iraq within the next two years.
Walz said in his campaign’s press release, “As Command Sergeant Major I have a responsibility not only to ready my battalion for Iraq, but also to serve if called on. I am dedicated to serving my country to the best of my ability, whether that is in Washington, D.C., or in Iraq. I don’t want to speculate on what shape my campaign will take if I am deployed, but I have no plans to drop out of the race.”
Although Walz had been promoted in 2004 to command sergeant major, he retired in 2005 as a master sergeant, one rank below command sergeant major, “for benefit purposes because he did not complete additional coursework at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy,” Augé said.
Joseph Eustice, a 32-year military veteran who served in and led the same guard unit as Walz, told The New York Times and NewsNation in Aug. 7 interviews that when Walz decided to retire in May 2005, their unit had heard rumors of a potential deployment to Iraq, but had not received official orders.
Vance said, “When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, do you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him.”
Vance’s statement ignores that Walz’s unit was not officially ordered to go to Iraq until July 2005, two months after Walz officially retired.
After 24 years of military service, Walz said he retired from the Minnesota National Guard in May 2005 to run for Congress. He had submitted retirement paperwork five to seven months beforehand. He filed candidacy paperwork in February 2005.
READ MORE: 5 things to know about Tim Walz, Kamala Harris’ VP pick
There’s an element of truth in Vance’s statement because in March 2005, before Walz officially retired, his battalion was notified of possible deployment to Iraq within two years. Walz was aware at the time of his retirement that deployment could be possible and one of his fellow guard members described Walz’s retirement decision as “very heavy.”
But the March 2005 notification gave a time frame of two years for a possible — not definite — deployment that would not occur immediately, which is the way Vance’s statement framed it.
At PolitiFact, the burden of proof is on the speaker, Vance, who did not provide details to support his statement. We rate it Mostly False.
PolitiFact Researcher Caryn Baird contributed to this report.
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He was irreverent, absurdist and ahead of his time. Here’s the best of the best by the groovy pied piper who made poetry fun.
Credit... Alice Ochs/Michael Ochs Archives, via Getty Images
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By Elisabeth Egan
If you were lucky enough to be read to as a kid, you probably found yourself face to face with Shel Silverstein, whose iconic bald head appears on the backs of most of his books.
He sports a chipped front tooth on “The Giving Tree" and bare feet and a guitar on “Where The Sidewalk Ends.” By “Falling Up,” Silverstein’s beard contains more salt than pepper. His pose changes, his wardrobe evolves — poet’s blouses making way for shirts open one button too far — but, over three decades of stories and poetry collections, the intensity of Silverstein’s gaze remains the same.
To appreciate his laser focus on the full gamut of kids’ lives, these pictures are a good place to start. But to understand how Silverstein became what Leonard S. Marcus described as the “troubadour king” of children’s literature, we need to zoom out a bit.
“Shel Silverstein is more or less divided into three parts,” Richard R. Lingeman wrote in a 1978 profile . “There is the part known as Uncle Shelby, Playboy magazine cartoonist, versifier and perverse fabulist. There is Shel Silverstein, singer-composer, who writes songs for such country music performers as Loretta Lynn and Johnny Cash (who recorded Mr. Silverstein’s biggest hit, ‘ A Boy Named Sue ’). Then there is Shel Silverstein, children’s book author.”
By the time Silverstein died in 1999 , at 68, his songs had been recorded by Judy Collins, Marianne Faithfull and Waylon Jennings. He’d written a number of plays and movies, including one with David Mamet. He’d cartooned not only for Playboy but for Stars and Stripes, the official newspaper of the U.S. military.
Tempting as it might be to deify him — creative genius! gone too soon! — Silverstein won’t allow it. Spend some time between the covers of his books and the man will remind you, again and again, that he was the sum of his era and his imagination: witty and wacky, quixotic and melancholic, equal parts jaded and hopeful and louche. Remember that friend of your parents’ who treated you as if you had something interesting to say? Who spoke in a way you understood, with a tantalizing hint of the inappropriate? That’s how Silverstein wrote for kids.
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Joint luminance-saliency prior and attention for underwater image quality assessment.
2.1. underwater image enhancement algorithms, 2.2. underwater image quality assessment, 3. the proposed method, 3.1. backbone, 3.2. luminance feature extraction module, 3.3. saliency weight learning module, 3.4. attention feature fusion module, 3.5. regression, 4. experimental results and analysis, 4.1. experimental settings, 4.1.1. datasets, 4.1.2. implementation details, 4.1.3. evaluation criteria, 4.2. performance comparisons, 4.3. ablation experiment, 5. further discussion, 6. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Method | UIQE | UWIQA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-air IQA | Traditional | DIIVINE [ ] | 0.1278 | 0.1084 | 0.0997 | 0.4399 | 0.2915 | 0.3724 |
BRISQUE [ ] | 0.7278 | 0.5000 | 0.7507 | 0.3456 | 0.2562 | 0.3669 | ||
BMPRI [ ] | 0.6152 | 0.4167 | 0.6020 | 0.6815 | 0.4964 | 0.6875 | ||
DL-based | CNN-IQA [ ] | 0.7840 | 0.5849 | 0.7765 | 0.6158 | 0.4711 | 0.5327 | |
TReS [ ] | 0.8721 | 0.6924 | 0.8845 | 0.6720 | 0.5365 | 0.6817 | ||
HyperIQA [ ] | 0.7114 | 0.5841 | 0.7288 | 0.6501 | 0.5040 | 0.6799 | ||
Underwater IQA | Traditional | UIQM [ ] | 0.1556 | 0.1984 | 0.3112 | 0.6180 | 0.4730 | 0.6080 |
UCIQE [ ] | 0.3254 | 0.2248 | 0.4551 | 0.6220 | 0.4740 | 0.5950 | ||
CCF [ ] | 0.2556 | 0.1517 | 0.3010 | 0.4790 | 0.3510 | 0.4090 | ||
FDUM [ ] | 0.2343 | 0.1685 | 0.3030 | 0.6830 | 0.5300 | 0.6380 | ||
UIQEI [ ] | 0.8568 | 0.6456 | 0.8705 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
NUIQ [ ] | 0.4433 | 0.3067 | 0.4023 | 0.4651 | 0.3766 | 0.4702 | ||
UIQI [ ] | 0.7131 | 0.5157 | 0.7270 | 0.7423 | 0.5912 | 0.7412 | ||
CSN [ ] | 0.7265 | 0.5258 | 0.7422 | 0.7423 | 0.6014 | 0.7648 | ||
DL-based | Twice-Mixing [ ] | 0.5690 | 0.4142 | 0.5506 | 0.4727 | 0.3501 | 0.4422 | |
Uranker [ ] | 0.8188 | 0.6504 | 0.8172 | 0.5289 | 0.3992 | 0.5135 | ||
Proposed |
Method | UID2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-air IQA | Traditional | DIIVINE [ ] | 0.6112 | 0.4363 | 0.6264 |
BRISQUE [ ] | 0.4689 | 0.3192 | 0.4794 | ||
BMPRI [ ] | 0.5455 | 0.3823 | 0.5524 | ||
DL-based | CNN-IQA [ ] | 0.6257 | 0.4766 | 0.6039 | |
TReS [ ] | |||||
HyperIQA [ ] | 0.8022 | 0.6073 | 0.7864 | ||
Underwater IQA | Traditional | UIQM [ ] | 0.5349 | 0.3785 | 0.5689 |
UCIQE [ ] | 0.5892 | 0.4340 | 0.6335 | ||
CCF [ ] | 0.4577 | 0.3314 | 0.5371 | ||
FDUM [ ] | 0.6406 | 0.4589 | 0.6464 | ||
NUIQ [ ] | 0.7168 | 0.5293 | 0.7266 | ||
UIQI [ ] | 0.6921 | 0.5093 | 0.6794 | ||
CSN [ ] | 0.7210 | 0.5157 | 0.7157 | ||
DL-based | Twice-Mixing [ ] | 0.6952 | 0.5113 | 0.7060 | |
Uranker [ ] | 0.7279 | 0.5448 | 0.7261 | ||
Proposed | 0.7467 | 0.5509 | 0.7353 |
Method | SWLM | LFEM | AFFM | UIQE | UWIQA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | ✔ | ✔ | 0.9049 | 0.7412 | 0.9213 | 0.7542 | 0.6074 | 0.7698 | |
(b) | ✔ | ✔ | 0.9017 | 0.7356 | 0.9200 | 0.7309 | 0.5929 | 0.7591 | |
(c) | ✔ | ✔ | 0.8989 | 0.7382 | 0.9163 | 0.7375 | 0.5935 | 0.7708 | |
(d) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
Method | UIQE | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cosine Similarity | 0.9051 | 0.7291 | 0.9218 |
SSIM | 0.8759 | 0.6879 | 0.8991 |
Histogram Similarity Distance | 0.8841 | 0.7088 | 0.9125 |
pHash | 0.7405 | 0.9223 | |
JLSAU | 0.9102 |
Dataset | Method | SROCC | KROCC | PLCC |
---|---|---|---|---|
UIQE | W/O conv network | 0.9072 | 0.7383 | 0.9068 |
W/ conv network | ||||
UWIQA | W/O conv network | 0.7610 | 0.6166 | 0.7724 |
W/ conv network |
Method | PLCC | KROCC | SROCC |
---|---|---|---|
GPONET [ ] | 0.9162 | 0.7364 | 0.9113 |
PEEKBOO [ ] | 0.9171 | 0.7407 | 0.9149 |
PGNet [ ] | 0.9167 | 0.7204 | 0.9018 |
ADM [ ] | 0.9210 | 0.7370 | |
(Proposed) VSFs [ ] | 0.9102 |
Method | UIQE | UWIQA | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 0.8933 | 0.7247 | 0.9069 | 0.7455 | 0.6031 | 0.7648 | |
(2) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 0.9045 | 0.7300 | 0.9095 | 0.7632 | |||
(3) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 0.9085 | 0.7326 | 0.9068 | 0.7455 | 0.6004 | 0.7824 | |
(4) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | 0.7669 | 0.6193 |
Method | DIIVINE | BRISQUE | BMPRI | CNN-IQA | TReS | HyperIQA | UCIQE | UIQM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time/s | 2.0374 | 0.2068 | 0.0572 | 0.0758 | 0.1677 | 0.0186 | 0.0500 | |
Method | CCF | FDUM | UIQI | CSN | Twice-Mixing | Uranker | Proposed | |
Time/s | 0.1060 | 0.2550 | 0.2358 | 0.0328 | 0.1065 | 0.0786 | 0.0733 |
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Lin, Z.; He, Z.; Jin, C.; Luo, T.; Chen, Y. Joint Luminance-Saliency Prior and Attention for Underwater Image Quality Assessment. Remote Sens. 2024 , 16 , 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163021
Lin Z, He Z, Jin C, Luo T, Chen Y. Joint Luminance-Saliency Prior and Attention for Underwater Image Quality Assessment. Remote Sensing . 2024; 16(16):3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163021
Lin, Zhiqiang, Zhouyan He, Chongchong Jin, Ting Luo, and Yeyao Chen. 2024. "Joint Luminance-Saliency Prior and Attention for Underwater Image Quality Assessment" Remote Sensing 16, no. 16: 3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16163021
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Learn the essential steps and tips on how to write a compelling comparison essay that effectively compares and contrasts two or more subjects to help you excel in your academic writing.
Learn how to write a stronger-than-ever compare-and-contrast essay, with tips and examples to help you organize your ideas.
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Here they are explained below: 1. Essay Planning. First, I recommend using my compare and contrast worksheet, which acts like a Venn Diagram, walking you through the steps of comparing the similarities and differences of the concepts or items you're comparing. I recommend selecting 3-5 features that can be compared, as shown in the worksheet:
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Compare and contrast essays examine topics from multiple viewpoints. This kind of essay, often assigned in middle school and high school, teaches students about the analytical writing process and prepares them for more advanced forms of academic writing. Compare and contrast essays are relatively easy to write if you follow a simple step-by-step approach.
Write the perfect compare and contrast essay with the help of our guide which contains relevant topics, essay outlines, and compare and contrast essay examples.
A compare-and-contrast essay analyzes two subjects by either comparing them, contrasting them, or both. The purpose of writing a comparison or contrast essay is not to state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or unexpected similarities between two subjects.
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In this lesson, you will learn how to begin drafting your comparison/contrast essay by utilizing the writing process to brainstorm and prewrite, as well as draft an effective working thesis and organize the rest of your essay.
Don't know how to write a compare and contrast essay? Here are some great compare and contrast essay examples that can help you to write your own essay.
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Essay Assignment: Compare/Contrast Essay—Final Draft For this assignment, review the feedback from your peer review, work your way through the revising and proofreading stages of the writing process, then submit your final version of the essay.
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