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Detect and resolve unintentional plagiarism with the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker, so you can submit your paper with confidence.

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Scribbr's citation generator is an awesome, free tool. I love that it's free. It is modestly accurate on picking up the correct source details, but I usually need to edit at least one citation detail after entering the source's link (translation: the details that the citation generator picks up is not 100% accurate). I always proof-read and revise the citation details, as needed, before using one of Scribbr's auto-generated citations. Regardless, once details are correct, Scribbr's tool is an excellent way to form correct citations and references. I will always recommend and use Scribbr (I've used it for at least three years now).

This has saved my academic rear-end in…

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It is a great help and I like this one

It is a great help and I like this one. Though it does not do everything I need, I still like its simplicity.

Thank you for a complete job and good…

Thank you for a complete job and good review

The editing was very good

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It is a great resource - with a few issues

It is a great resource, there are some occasional glitches in formatting the compiled data appropriately, but overall, it's a fantastic product! The small gripe I mentioned is a reminder of why I never rely on any AI-generated citation without question. Always look over the citations and manually edit any errors. It's a tool to save time and it works wonders when used correctly, but it shouldn't be a crutch or a replacement for understanding how to compose a proper citation.

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Great citation tool

This is an amazing tool to save time…

This is an amazing tool to save time and headaches. I am currently in graduate school and this has saved me so much time in finishing papers with all the helpful features. I love how is give you the options for in text citation after you get the full citation. The website is very is easy to navigate as well.

Most reliable and up-to-date

Most reliable and up-to-date. This app has surpassed my expectations compared to other citation platforms. It is user-friendly and helpful for my study. Love it so much.

Invaluable tool for APA citations

This has been an invaluable tool for getting the correct format for citations. Thank you very much.

Excellent help

This has been my lifesaver for my…

This has been my lifesaver for my degree, post-grad, and my Masters. Easy to use, making life so simple to add in references offering top tips for writing.

Very helpful and saves me time with my…

Very helpful and saves me time with my referencing, with only occasional errors. I intended to give a 4.5 rating.

This is the most reliable and easiest…

This is the most reliable and easiest online tool that I have found for citations.

great resource

Helpful; does some capitalization wrong but great resource overall!

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Best Essay Writing services: A review of Top 7 websites in 2024

This is a comprehensive review of the best custom essay writing websites for this year and research paper writing sites for students. In this review, we explored many websites and selected 7 of the best. We placed orders and handed them for grading. In addition, we will be updating each of their services every month and recommend the best.

Our Review plan

• A review of GradeBees – the best essay writing website we found online.
• Reviewing EssayLot.com
• A full CustomEssaysPro.com review,
• Reviweing NerdyWriters.
• CustomEssaysPro.com review – the best custom Writing website in the US
•  A review of BoldEssays.com – home of the most friendly essay writers online.
• EssayDad review. 

Best essay writing service reviews: top 10 websites to consider

In this comprehensive review, we present the 7 most reliable essay writing websites in the academic writing industry and the reasons why we rate them as indicated above. To do this, we will summarize the reviews we received from students and reveal the experience we had when we practically made orders on all of them. Coupled with customer testimonials, our review lists the best to the least and the unique features that make each website legit and trustworthy.

GradeBees.com – The overall best essay writing service

GradeBees.com is the best custom essay writing service we found from our extensive review that involved making actual orders and gathering comments from students. It is a trusted service that focuses mainly on the grades the customers get after making orders with them. They rank highly among the students seeking for research papers and essays to be done for them. Here is an example of a review we found.

Here is one of the sampled student testimonials

I loved the customer service. That was very nice and patient with the questions I had and the tough research needed. I will definitely come back here. Thank you for yours service.

Several reviews from different customers suggest that GradeBees.com serves its clients with dedication and honesty. They handle a wide range of topics from various disciplines, which explains their versatility. Furthermore, they offer extra support to enhance your understanding of the topic.

Besides, this GradeBees.com support team handles your work with a great work ethic. The customer does not have to worry about personal data since they do not disclose your details to any third party. For example, your details are safe due to their no-name policy.

Another outstanding aspect about GradeBees.com’s services is that they believe in the refund policy. If you go through their work and think they performed below par, you are free to ask for a refund from the concerned management. They will be willing to refund your money.

Finally, the entire work is always authentic. You can disapprove when you subject it to any anti-plagiarism software like Turnitin and so. They strive to produce original work from scratch.

They know the importance of producing original work since plagiarism is a vice that can destroy the reputation of any student and complicate the academic life of such a person.

Is GradeBees Friendly?

Availability of customer care services that cater to your need is critical to the success of any institution. For this case, this firm has an effective customer care service that will act on your request promptly.

Gradebees have Top and Expert Writers

The writers in this firm has extensive experience to enable them to work on different orders without delay. These writers hold high academic degrees to help them tackle any area of specialization with confidence and precision. Once you issue a request to process your order, you will not have to worry about the quality since it is upbeat.

All the writers are native English speakers meaning they have a great command of the used language. That means that this company has the best writers who will process your work as with a reliable output for you to pass your exams well.

EssayLot.com Best essay writing service highly rated by Students for research papers

EssayLot.com is another top-rated custom essay writing website that is popular with students because for original term papers and excellent research papers. One unique reason why Essay Lot is their zero tolerance to plagiarism. All their work is 100% original and no paper we ordered had any slight plagiarism.

Have a look at one testimonial of a nursing student:

Perfection is the word to describe the paper you guys provided me. I had no time but you pulled through the deadline. Thank you for your service.

Essay Lot has many positive reviews from clients on the internet. Since this site has been in the writing business for a while, it won clients’ confidence by producing quality work that can procure better grades.

This website site has a pool of writers from different disciplines, which will offer you professional assistance. They range from mathematics, engineering, information technology, accounting, and others. You only need to harmonize with them concerning the given instructions and showcase their skills to produce the required output.

Among the pointers for their competence and professionalism is confidentiality. They have a clear privacy policy of not disclosing your details to any other party. All the transactions with their clients remain anonymous as a way of protecting your data.

Do EssayLot offer revisions?

EssayLot has a professional routine of allowing customers to request revisions of their work. Encouraging one to bring limitless revisions is a step forward. What they treasure is to perfect your work to your satisfaction.

What is the process to order from EssayLot

The process of placing an order at EssayLot.com is simple and procedurally straightforward. You begin by filling an online form. Here, you have to provide the necessary details such as the deadline, the essay topic, and the academic level. 

Next, you will have to pay for the assignment. Once through, you will have to control the assignment. There is an online writer who will be updating and answering your questions concerning the progress. Later, you will get your assignment before the deadline.

CustomEssarsPro.com – The Cheapest essay writing service.

CustomEssaysPro is an excellent essay help website that provides a wide range of services to different customers. There is an efficient team that will craft your work from scratch. Before they deliver your work, they must check it for plagiarism to establish its originality. 

Have a look at the testimonial of Drake, an architecture student:

Your writers rock. You guys provided me with the perfect dissertation. That was very nice and patient with the questions I will definitely come back here.

At CustomEssaysPro.com, the process of hiring writers is foolproof that it is a serious writing service firm. The quality begins in the hiring stage. They will employ those writers who passed the test successfully. Furthermore, they follow the writer’s achievements by checking the progress of their work every day.

When you want to communicate with this company management, the process is never hard. There are 24/7 customer care assistants who will be answering all your questions concerning their services. You can use the messaging system in your profile to reach out to them. You can still use the live chat to pass your message.

CustomEssaysPro.com has been in operation for more than ten years while handling tasks beyond 60 disciplines. More so, the site has a user-friendly interface that enables clients to interact with the concerned team effectively.

NerdyWriters.com is a Timely essay writing service. The shortest turnaround.

NerdyWriters.com is a reliable homework help site that is famous for quality essays, graded term papers and A-level research papers. They also provide excellent thesis and dissertations. They handle all your assignments and provide excellent essay help if you are struggling in this area.

The site boasts of many years of experience in writing service. As such, you do not have to worry about their competence in any area of study.

Vey good service. I will be happy to order again.

NerdyWriters.com ranks above similar writing firms because you do not need to make it upfront. That does not mean that they are scammers since the reviews from many customers prove that they offer genuine service. You will pay for the value that you get in your paper.

Once you give instruction for your order, a suitable writer over that particular field will be assigned to you. You will have a chance to chat with your writer and establish if he is on the right track. The company expects you to control the process from the beginning to the end.

Also, you have the chance to ask the writer to preview the work. Here, you will have an opportunity to gauge if that kind of writing style suits you. You can still make some more recommendations if you believe the writer ought to change some elements.

Is NerdyWriters.com free of plagiarism?

More importantly, NerdyWriters.com strives to ensure that the output is plagiarism-free. There are strict measures to counter such a vice. The built-in plagiarism check will help you to handle any pending issues about originality. They will ensure that the output is perfect.

How good is NerdyWriters customer service

Besides, the clients can talk to customer care any time of the day, depending on your timeline. This customer assistance service is there to dispel any doubts concerning their services. You can reach out to them via live chat, email, and phone calls.

CustomEssayHub.com is the Best Essay writing service in the USA .

CustomEssayHub.com is among the top essay writing services in the US. This site has been offering writing services for more than 15 years. And has the most seasoned essay writers in the country. With a keen look at the quality of work from their support team, you are assured of no plagiarism in any of the papers.

Here is a testimonial of a student:

The perfect mix of expertise and student-like language. The paper was awesone

One great aspect is it specializes in more than 80 disciplines. You can always fill the form and put the details of your area of study and any other description as you would want them to appear. After that, they will assign a suitable writer who is a specialist in that area.   CustomEssayHub.com always works on urgent orders, provided you issue the correct instruction. It has a four-hour urgent order service, although you must be ready to dig deeper into the pocket. Their vast year of experience in such elements makes them trusty worth.   You will get your paper 100% original. The customers who use their services rate it high on this aspect. Before they polish it to the end, the writer will use anti-plagiarism software to establish its originality and make it authentic.   Suppose you want a competent essay writing firm, then you should look no further than the CustomEssayHub.com. If you are not happy with their work, you can issue further instruction to revive the work.   Support team at CustomEssayHub.com will listen and implement your recommendations. They will try to customize it to your needs until you are satisfied with the final output.

BoldEssays.com serves all your ‘Write my Essay and my Paper’ needs .

BoldEssays.com is the friendliest and affordable essay writing website popular to students for its informal approach to academic writing. We can say that BoldEssays.com is worth your attention if you want to get an efficient service that will upgrade your academic life. You will not have to struggle with deadlines since they will ensure your product is ready before time. As such, you will get a chance to assess it before submitting the draft to the college.

Have a look at a student testimonial

I loved the customer service I would really like defini you guys provided me. That was very nice and patient with questions I had. I would really like definitely come back here. Thank you for yours service.

They charge affordable fees which are within the pocket-friendly range. For example, you will be handling a Ph.D. level assignment, then you will not pay the same as an undergraduate task. Typically, site5 is a reliable firm that can process your orders to fetch better grades.

If there is a website that is most popular to students is BoldEssays.com. We discovered that this site is accessible through an efficient customer care service. You can contact them any time and inquire about any aspect that concerns you. The good news is that they have an interactive platform where you can reach out to them via live chats. Also, you can use an email or a phone call.

There is no complaint about confidentiality. That is a positive review from many customers, which proves that they will keep your transaction private. They will not disclose any details to any person apart from the one they are dealing with.

EssayDad.com will Write your Essays and papers with No Plagiarism .

EssayDad.com is a good essay writing website that focuses mostly on essays and short research projects. The quality of work they produce remains outstanding. This site does not tolerate plagiarism, poor paraphrasing, and other grammatical issues in the content.

As a result, EssayDad.com has many positive reviews from clients on the internet. Since this site has been in the writing business for a while, it won clients’ confidence by producing quality work that can procure better grades.

Have a look one testimonial

Students like EssayDad.com because it responds well by sticking to time deadlines. Once you specify the deadlines, they will do their best to fit into the given timeline while matching your work with quality.

In addition, they have excellent customer care support, which acts to dispel your fears about any pressing issue. You can call or participate in a live chat. Also, you can reach out to them via email if you want to get a response on some technical issues.

Why students need essay Help in Assignments

Some students struggle with tons of homework hence finding it hard to complete it at the right time. Such enormous tasks can steal your personal life, especially if you have to handle such stuff alone. Fret not. CustomEssayHub.com is here to eliminate such frustrations from you. 

Multitasking can be a frustrating event. It can cause your brain to lose focus, drain the energy and lead to fatigue. As a human being, you need ample time to work and relax to refresh your memory to come up with error-free content. CustomEssayHub.com can eliminate the possibilities of burnout by offering professional help to relieve you of such burdens. 

Are essay writing services cheap

No. They do not come cheap. However, you can get cheaper pricing by requesting part of a challenging paper. Here, you will only be asking for specific extracts of your essay and not the entire document. In this deal, you will get lower prices. They always listen to your concerns about pricing and settle for a win-win situation. 

Are essay writing services legit?

Using essay writing services is completely legit and safe because they uphold the highest level of privacy. Besides, they will hold your engagements with 100% confidentiality.

There is a great online technology backed by an efficient cyber-security system that will keep your personal data safe. For example, no party will know anything concerning your payments transactions.

Do custom essay services provide revisions

One great aspect is that you can even ask for a revision if you feel the quality is below your expectations. Ensure that you give proper instructions when asking for revisions. The concerned writer will eliminate all the flaws and customize the final draft to your needs.

 The websites we reviewed allow revision services for customer works or their own papers. If the final revisions disappoint you, then you should expect them to refund your money back. However, there is no evidence that one client ever asked for a refund from the given reviews.

Our Recommended Top Essay Writing Service for this year

GradeBees.com is our recommended website for essay writing. Students love this site because it responds well by sticking to time deadlines. Once you specify the deadlines, they will do their best to fit into the given timeline while matching your work with quality.

Why we Recommend Grade Bees writers

1. free revisions.

These sites implement a free revision policy whereby suppose you need some amendments on the submitted work; you are free to recommend those changes at no cost. If you want to add new items, you will not have to pay for them again.

2. Plagiarism Free Content

The site as a team that writes original content no matter the type of requirements that you have. After completing assignments, they scan every paper and essay using anti-plagiarism software to ensure that their contents are original.

More reasons why Grade Bees are legit

3. purely confidential.

Site2 is a renowned firm that has a strict privacy policy. They ensure your data is safe by not enclosing the details of your transactions to unauthorized personnel. For instance, the clients’ identities will remain anonymous. 

4. Expert Writers 

There is a team of well-trained writers with many years of writing experience. These writers have vast knowledge’s in varying niches, so you don’t have to worry about your course. The management will assign a suitable writer who understands your field well. 

Why our reviews are open and transparent

Why rely on our best essay writing service reviews.

We understand your time is precious, and we know you don’t have time to search for the best essay writing service reviews. That is why we focus on offering you the best essay writing services at affordable prices.

We are constantly updating our databases with new features so our customers can benefit from them even after they leave our website.

Our experts are experienced in writing essays for all types of students, from high school students to college students and even graduates. We also offer custom essays for those who want something different from the usual essay format.

Our team of expert essay writers has a wide range of skills and experience. Depending on your needs, they can write essays from scratch or adapt existing content. We also have a team of proofreaders who check all the work submitted by our writers before it is sent to you.

We use only the best equipment, software, and services to carry out our business. We have a strict quality control system ensuring that only high-quality content is sent to our customers.

Our company is committed to providing professional services that help you score high in exams, improve grades and succeed in your academic endeavors.

Tips to find the best essay writers

How to find the best essay writing service.

Finding the best essay writing service is not an easy task. Many companies claim to provide academic help, but it is important to distinguish between good and bad companies. The following tips will help you choose the best essay writing service for your needs:

1. Read Other Students’ Reviews

If you need help with your essay, it’s a good idea to look at other students’ reviews to get some ideas of what they’ve experienced with their previous essays. This can help you decide on an essay writing service that is right for you.

At the same time, it is also important for them to have many negative reviews because this shows there are problems with their services and how they handle customer complaints.

If there are no negative ones, this might be something that should be investigated further before signing up for their services.

2. Beware of Fake Review Platforms

It is not easy to find a good essay writing service. There are a lot of fake review platforms that claim to be authentic and reliable essay writing services.

But, it is not easy to find the best essay writing service. You need to do some research before you book your paper.

You can compare the services and check their reviews on different review websites. You can also ask your friends who have used the company before. They can give you a list of their favorite writers, and you can choose one from this list.

One thing to do when looking for an essay writing service is to check their website. You can do this by going through their website’s review section to get feedback from other customers who have used them before.

This way, you will be able to know whether they are reliable or not and if they have been able to provide quality services in the past.

It is also important to look at what other people say about these companies online to know whether they are good or not. You can do this by checking out social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, where many people share their experiences with other people by posting reviews about companies or products which they have tried using before.

3. Chose essay writing website with money-back Guarantee

When looking for an essay writing service, it is important to find a company that offers a money-back guarantee.

This means that if you are not satisfied with their services, they will refund your money.

You will also want to ensure that the company has good reviews on various websites. Many sites offer reviews of different companies and their services.

Using these sites gives you a better idea of how good the service is and if it is worth paying for.

The best way to find an essay writing service is by reading through their website.

This will give you an idea of what type of things they do, how long it takes them to complete each paper and whether or not they have had any complaints from clients in the past.

Suppose there are no complaints on their website. In that case, this should be taken as a positive sign since most companies do not like having problems with their customers and would rather avoid them by taking care of everything themselves instead of letting others deal with it.

4. Choose Essay writing that offer Plagiarism Report

You can choose any company to write your essay. But if you want the best result, then it is very important to choose a company that provides plagiarism reports and other services.

This will help you avoid any unnecessary issues during the writing process. You should also ensure that the writer has enough experience writing such essays.

Many companies offer these services, and you do not need to worry about anything as long as they have enough experience and knowledge about writing essays on any topic. Select

5. Chose homework help with Experience

Another thing you should look for in an essay writing service is its reputation. The best companies have been around long, and clients can trust them.

You should choose a company that has been in business for at least five years or more, as this shows that it is reliable and has enough experience to offer quality services.

The best essay writing service will be able to satisfy your academic requirements by providing you with high-quality work. This is why choosing a company with many years of experience in this field is important.

6. High-Quality Customer Support

Again, another thing to look at in customer support is how quickly you get replies to your emails and whether or not they are relevant.

If you are asking questions about the quality of papers or what it will take to get started, you should be able to get an answer within 24 hours or even quicker.

If not, this might signal that your writer isn’t taking their job seriously and just ignoring customers concerned about their work.

The firm should have the right channels to allow the customer to communicate with them well.

For instance, it should have an active live chat, emails and phone number for better communication. 

Safety Tips when buy essays from essay writers

How to use essay writing services safely.

There is a kind of sense in which writing an essay is brainwork. It is not something that you can do with your mind shut off. You have to be in the right mood, and you have to be engaged with the subject at hand.

That’s why it’s so important to find the right essay writer. But how do you do that? Here are some tips on how to use essay writing services safely:

1. Avoid the Cheapest or free essay Services

The best essay writing services usually have been around for a long time, have plenty of reviews, and offer affordable prices.

However, if all you want is a cheap essay writer who will get your work done quickly, then there is no need to worry about finding a good writer because plenty of them are available online.

It would be difficult for one to find an affordable essay writing service that does not offer low-quality work because they all want to make money from customers like you!

Some cheap essay writing services give you an okay paper and then charge you a lot of money for revisions. If you don’t have time to spend on revisions, this is not the right choice.

These companies only want your money and will not do any additional work for free. If you want high-quality paper, it is better to pay more than low prices.

However, we recommend choosing a reputable essay writing service if you need to save money.

2. Don’t submit essays better than your previous

Avoid submitting an essay that appears better than your previous tasks to prevent suspicion. This is a common mistake made by students.

They treat writing an essay as a piece of cake, and they submit their best work for it.

However, when you do this, you will get an essay of the best quality and that may bring doubts about your ability based on your previous assignments.

The best approach is to allow the writing firm to copy your writing style. The purpose of this is to form an impression that you are the one who did it.

When writing an essay, you want to make sure that it’s not only well-written but also unique. As a result, you might have to write several essays to get one that stands out from the rest.

The only requirement is that you should be able to write clearly and accurately. If you want to avoid any suspicion or doubt from your professor, you need to ensure that everything looks perfect before submitting the essay.

3. Subject the essay to a Plagiarism checker 

Another step is to subject your paper to a plagiarism checker before sending it out to any professional writer.

This is because many websites allow students to buy essays online, and they will hide their identities behind fake names and profiles while promoting plagiarism. 

Plagiarism is a common academic problem. It happens when someone steals someone else’s work and passes it off as their own.

The consequences can be severe, including a failing grade and expulsion from school.

If you use these sites, then chances are that your work will be copied without asking for permission.

To avoid such situations, you must subject your paper to a plagiarism checker before sending it out to your tutor.

4. Protect Your Privacy

The privacy of your academic documents is important. It’s a good idea to use a trustworthy essay writing service to ensure your work’s confidentiality.

The best way to do this is by choosing a company that offers paper writing services with good reviews. You can also find out more about their reputation by researching online.

The best essay writing service will give you all the information on how they handle confidentiality and privacy issues. They will also provide you with an option for submitting the order online if possible instead of asking for your address or phone number over the phone or via email.

5. Proofread the essay written for you

Proofreading is one of the most important steps in finding the best essay writing service. It is crucial because without it, your paper will be marked with low grades, and you won’t be able to get into a good university or college.

You want to ensure that your essay has no spelling or other errors. If you want to pass exams in the future, you need to check your work before submitting your paper. There are different ways of doing this:

You can use spell check software, which works well but often identifies only some of the issues in your text. You can ask someone who knows English well to read your essay and point out any mistakes they find while reading it. This method is better than software because you will get feedback from someone who knows what they are doing.

Legality of essay help services

Are essay writing services legal is it safe to use them.

Essay writing services are legal because they do not break any laws in most countries. While homework help services are not illegal, the legality of these services varies based on how you use the files. However, there is an ethical question involving the morality of paying for essays to be done for you.

In this light, it is good to note that the average person may not be familiar with the laws of their country and how they apply to essay writing services.

There are several different types of essay writing services that you can use. Some offer custom essays, while others will only write essays for specific companies or institutions.

However, it’s important to note that many different types of writers work for these services.

There is no guarantee that any writer will meet your expectations or complete your order on time.

If they are legal, then it will be safe to use them because they will provide high-quality essays and do not charge you too much money for the same thing.

But if they are not legal, it will be unsafe for you to use them as there is no guarantee about their quality of service delivery.

Feel free to make a choice of the services we reviewed.

EssayRev.com offers objective reviews of the best custom essay writing services and reliable research paper writing websites this year.

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Home ➔ How to Write an Essay ➔ Review Essay

Review Essay Guide

Review essays are fundamental to academic and professional fields, offering more than just summaries of existing literature. They provide critical analysis, synthesize various viewpoints, and evaluate the contributions of scholarly works to a particular field. In this introductory section, we’ll outline what review essays are, their purpose, and their importance:

• Definition : Review essays are analytical writings that go beyond summarizing existing research. They involve a comprehensive assessment of scholarly works, discussing their strengths, weaknesses, and contributions to a particular field of study.
• Purpose : In academic settings, review essays are crucial for fostering deep engagement with subject matter, developing critical thinking, and enhancing scholarly discourse. Professionally, they can influence policy decisions, guide research directions, and impact industry practices.

We aim to provide a thorough guide on crafting effective review essays. This includes understanding their key elements, exploring various approaches, and offering practical advice for writing, structuring, and refining your work.

This guide will serve as a comprehensive resource, whether you’re a student, researcher, or professional, offering insights into the art of writing impactful review essays.

Key Elements of a Review Essay

When crafting a review essay, understanding its key components is crucial. A well-structured review essay not only showcases the writer’s comprehension of the subject but also provides valuable insights into the field of study. Below are the essential elements that should be included in a review essay:

• The essay should demonstrate a deep understanding of the topic under review. This includes grasping the core issues, problems, or debates that the subject encompasses.
• A critical part of the review essay is briefly summarizing the main arguments and conclusions of the sources under review. This summary should capture the essence of the authors’ viewpoints and findings.
• An effective review essay goes beyond summarizing by critically analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the reviewed material. This analysis evaluates the arguments’ validity, the evidence’s sufficiency, and the conclusions’ soundness.
• The essay should also discuss how the reviewed works contribute to the broader field of study. This involves analyzing the significance of the research, its impact on existing knowledge, and potential implications for future research.

To further clarify these elements, the following table provides a breakdown of each component and its significance:

By incorporating these elements, a review essay provides a comprehensive, analytical, and insightful look into the subject matter, offering both a summary and a critical evaluation of the existing literature.

Approaches to Writing a Review Essay

Selecting the right approach is pivotal when writing a review essay. The approach you choose should align with your essay’s objective and the nature of the subject matter. Here are some of the common approaches to writing a review essay and guidelines on how to choose the most suitable one:

• State of the Art Review : This approach focuses on the most current research in a given area. It’s ideal when your objective is to offer new perspectives or highlight areas needing further research in rapidly evolving fields.
• Historical Review : A historical review explores the development of a particular field of study over time. This approach suits essays aiming to provide context, trace the evolution of thought, or understand the historical progression of a subject.
• Comparison of Perspectives Review : This method contrasts different viewpoints on a topic. It’s particularly effective when there’s a debate or various perspectives on the subject matter. It helps in illustrating contrasting research and introducing new viewpoints by comparison.
• Synthesis of Two Fields Review : Useful when different fields intersect on a common problem or topic, this approach brings together literature from multiple disciplines, providing a comprehensive view and uncovering insights that might not be apparent within a single field.
• Theoretical Model Building Review : Involves examining literature to develop new theoretical assumptions or models. This is apt for essays that propose new theories or conceptual frameworks based on existing research.

Choosing the Right Approach

The choice of approach largely depends on your essay’s objective and the subject matter’s nature. Consider the following when deciding:

• Purpose of the Essay : Are you aiming to provide a comprehensive overview, challenge existing theories, introduce new perspectives, or trace historical developments? Your purpose will guide the choice of approach.
• Nature of the Subject Matter : Some subjects might be better suited to particular approaches. For instance, rapidly advancing scientific fields might benefit more from a state of the art review.
• Available Literature : The amount and type of literature available on your topic can also influence your approach. A rich historical body of work lends itself to a historical review, while a topic with diverse viewpoints might be better suited for comparing perspectives.
• Your Expertise and Interest : Your academic background and interests can also guide your choice. An area you are more familiar with might lend itself to a more complex approach, like theoretical model building.

By thoughtfully selecting the appropriate approach, your review essay can effectively achieve its objectives and make a meaningful contribution to understanding the topic.

Preparation for Writing

Adequate preparation is crucial for writing a well-organized review essay. This involves thorough reading of the primary sources and engaging critically with the material. Here are key steps and strategies for preparing to write a review essay:

• Reading and Understanding Primary Sources : Begin with a comprehensive reading of your primary sources. This includes not just the main content but also supplementary sections like prefaces, introductions, and conclusions, which often provide valuable insights into the author’s intentions and the scope of the work.
• Engaging in Critical Thinking : As you read, engage in critical thinking. Ask yourself questions about the author’s arguments, the evidence presented, and the overall coherence of the work. This critical engagement will help in forming a deeper understanding of the material.
• Formulating Questions During Reading : Develop questions as you read through the material. These questions can range from inquiries about the author’s perspective to the implications of their arguments. This practice helps identify gaps, contradictions, or areas that need further exploration.
• Read Prefaces and Introductions : These sections often set the tone of the work and provide a roadmap of the content.
• Review Each Chapter : After reading each chapter, take a moment to summarize the major points in your own words.
• Engage with the Author’s Ideas : Imagine having a conversation with the author. This can help in critically analyzing the text and formulating your own viewpoints.

The following table provides a summary of these strategies:

By following these steps, you will be well-prepared to write a review essay that is insightful, well-informed, and critically engaging.

Structuring the Review Essay

The structure of a review essay is fundamental to its effectiveness and clarity. A well-structured essay not only guides the reader through your arguments but also enhances the impact of your analysis. To achieve this, a review essay should be clear, concise, focused, and analytical.

• Clear and Concise Communication : The hallmark of a good review essay is its clarity. Complex ideas should be conveyed in an understandable manner, making the essay accessible to a broad audience. Avoid unnecessary jargon or overly complex sentences. Conciseness is equally important. Your essay should be direct and to the point, providing enough detail to support your arguments without becoming verbose.
• Defining Terms and Providing Evidence : A crucial step in structuring your essay is defining key terms central to your argument. This clarifies your position and ensures your reader is not lost in specialized terminology. Equally important is backing up your claims with appropriate examples and evidence . This could range from quotations and data to specific instances or case studies that illustrate your points.
• Maintaining an Informative and Focused Approach : Your essay should have a clear and narrow focus. This focus allows you to delve deeply into your topic and provide detailed insights. Every part of the essay should serve the purpose of reinforcing your main argument or thesis. This focused approach ensures that your essay remains informative and relevant to your topic.
• Beyond Summarization – Analysis, Synthesis, and Interpretation : A review essay should not merely summarize the existing literature. Instead, it should add to the conversation through analysis, synthesis , and interpretation. Analyze the material to identify patterns, contradictions, or gaps. Synthesize different viewpoints to create a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Interpret the findings in a way that provides new insights or perspectives, thereby contributing to the academic discussion on the subject.

Structuring your review essay with clarity, conciseness, focus, and analytical depth is essential. This approach makes your essay more engaging and informative and demonstrates your ability to critically engage with and contribute to the academic discourse.

Academic Rigor and Documentation

A key aspect of writing a review essay is maintaining academic rigor and ensuring proper documentation. This not only reinforces the credibility of your essay but also upholds the ethical standards of academic writing.

• Utilizing Academic Sources : The backbone of a review essay is the sources it draws upon. Prioritize using academic sources, including peer-reviewed journals, scholarly books, and authoritative research articles. These sources provide reliable, vetted information that forms a strong foundation for your arguments and analyses. Using academic sources enhances your essay’s validity and shows your engagement with the scholarly community.
• The Imperative of Proper Documentation : Accurate and consistent documentation is crucial in a review essay. It serves a dual purpose – preventing plagiarism and directing readers to the original sources. Whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly , each instance of sourced information must be properly cited according to the appropriate academic style guide (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). This practice is not just about avoiding plagiarism; it is about contributing to an ongoing scholarly conversation by acknowledging the work of others.
• Quoting with Precision and Purpose : When it comes to quoting sources, less is often more. Over-reliance on direct quotations can overshadow your own voice and analytical insights. Use quotes sparingly and ensure they are directly relevant to your argument. When you do quote, integrate the quotation seamlessly into your essay, maintaining the flow and coherence of your writing. Paraphrasing is another effective way to reference ideas from your sources while maintaining your unique voice and perspective. Remember that proper citation is non-negotiable regardless of whether you quote directly or paraphrase.

Incorporating these practices in your review essay not only upholds academic integrity but also strengthens your arguments, ensuring that your essay is both credible and ethically sound.

Writing the Review

Writing a review essay involves a series of actionable steps to ensure clarity, depth, and coherence in your work. Here’s a detailed guide to help you navigate through the process:

Step 1: Define Your Thesis or Research Question

Begin by clearly stating the thesis or main research question of your essay. This statement should be concise and articulate the central theme or argument you intend to explore. It will guide your writing process, ensuring that all your analysis and critical discussion are relevant and focused.

Step 2: Organize Your Research

Gather and organize your research materials. Create an outline based on the themes, methodologies, or chronological order of the sources. This outline will help structure your essay and ensure you cover all the necessary points in a logical sequence.

Step 3: Critical Reading and Note-Taking

As you read through your sources, engage in critical thinking. Take notes on key arguments, methodologies, findings, and how these relate to your thesis. Look for patterns, contradictions, and gaps in the literature. This step is crucial for understanding the broader context of your topic and for forming your own perspective.

Step 4: Develop Your Argument

Using your outline and notes, start developing your argument. Ensure each paragraph or section clearly addresses a part of your thesis. Use evidence from your sources to support your points, and explain how this evidence relates to your overall argument.

Step 5: Address Controversies and Debates

Identify and discuss any controversies or major debates present in the literature. Present these objectively, showing how they relate to your thesis. Use these discussions to demonstrate research gaps or pose new questions that could be explored in further studies.

Step 6: Synthesize and Analyze

Go beyond summarizing your sources. Synthesize the information to draw new insights and critically analyze the texts to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. Your analysis should add to the existing literature by providing a unique perspective or interpretation.

Step 7: Write the Introduction and Conclusion

Craft your introduction to set the context for your essay and present your thesis. Your conclusion should summarize the key points of your analysis and reiterate how they support your thesis. It should also suggest implications, future research directions, or final thoughts on the subject.

Step 8: Review and Refine

Review your essay for clarity and coherence. Check if each section transitions smoothly and contributes to your overall argument. Look for areas that need more development or clarification. Proofread to correct grammatical errors and ensure consistency in style and formatting.

Step 9: Proper Documentation

Throughout your essay, ensure that all sources are properly cited. This includes both in-text citations and a comprehensive bibliography. Proper documentation is crucial to establish credibility and to allow readers to follow up on your sources.

Step 10: Seek Feedback

Before finalizing your essay, consider getting feedback from peers, mentors, or advisors. They can provide valuable insights, point out areas that need improvement, and help refine your argument.

By following these steps, you can systematically approach writing your review essay, ensuring that it is well-researched, coherent, and critically engaging. Each step is designed to build upon the last, culminating in a comprehensive and insightful piece of academic writing.

In this guide, we have explored the essential steps and strategies for writing a successful review essay. To recap, here are the key points to remember:

• Define Your Thesis : Clearly state the central argument or research question of your essay.
• Organize and Analyze Your Research : Gather your sources, create an organized outline, and engage in critical reading and analysis.
• Develop a Coherent Argument : Build your essay around your thesis, using evidence from your research to support your points.
• Address Controversies and Debates : Objectively discuss any debates or controversies in the literature, using them to enrich your analysis.
• Synthesize Information : Go beyond summarizing sources to draw new insights and perspectives.
• Write Clearly and Concisely : Ensure that your essay is well-structured, with clear transitions and a logical flow of ideas.
• Review and Refine : Revise your essay for clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.
• Proper Documentation : Cite your sources correctly to avoid plagiarism and provide references for further reading.
• Seek Feedback : Get input from peers or mentors to refine your argument and writing.

The table below provides a quick reference to these key steps:

We encourage you to apply these guidelines in your own review essay writing. These steps, when followed diligently, can help you craft an insightful and impactful essay.

Further Resources

To deepen your understanding of writing review essays, consider exploring the following resources:

• Books on Academic Writing : Look for books that specifically focus on academic writing skills, including essay structure, argument development, and effective communication.
• Online Writing Workshops : Many universities offer online workshops or webinars on academic writing, which can provide practical tips and interactive guidance.
• Writing Centers : Utilize the resources available at your institution’s writing center. They often offer one-on-one consultations, workshops, and writing guides.
• Scholarly Journals : Read review essays published in academic journals to get a sense of different writing styles and approaches.
• Style Guides : Familiarize yourself with style guides like APA, MLA, or Chicago, which provide detailed instructions on citation and formatting.
• Research Methodology Books : These can help you understand how to analyze and synthesize research effectively.
• Peer-Review Platforms : Engage with platforms where you can submit your work for peer review or review others’ essays to gain different perspectives.

These resources can provide additional guidance and support as you refine your skills in writing review essays. Remember, writing is a skill that improves with practice, so continue to seek out opportunities to learn and grow as a writer.

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Writing an essay seems less challenging once all relevant sources and ideas are in place. Several essay writing apps can help you generate an outline for essays. Moreover, you can use these apps to write your essay. In this article, we have listed the top ten essay writing tools that can help you improve your essay and get good grades.

When discussing essay writing apps, we mean essay writing and editing tools that improve your work, not apps that provide readymade essays. Many of the free essay writing tools available online are powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI). We do not encourage copying essays as that can bring about unsavory results. 

So, none of the tools that have made it to our list of top ten essay writing tools will help you cheat. They will, of course, help improve your essay to make it your best work. So, if you’re looking for a list of the best essay-writing tools, read on for detailed information.

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Top ten essay writing tools

Our top ten essay writing tools are a diverse list. They help you in various essay writing tasks such as planning your essay, writing it, improving it, and getting feedback when it’s complete. Here are the top 10 essay writing tools in 2024, including the best AI essay writing tools:

1. MyEssayWriter.ai

This is an AI-powered essay writing assistant designed for students. It provides personalized essays tailored to students’ specific topics and needs. As part of free services, the tool offers artificial intelligence-based essay outliners and writers. 

If you want a custom essay, you can place an order, and an expert will draft your essay for a fee. The rates depend on the academic level, urgency, and word count a student requires.

A high-school-level essay of 300 words returned within 7 days costs around $22. 

2. EssayService.ai

This is a user-friendly platform that offers various tools to improve essay quality. It includes real-time grammar and structure feedback and tone and style adjustments. It gives multiple essay generation options, with a free essay grader for students to have their essays checked.

The platform also offers a paid essay writing service, where you can calculate the charges by inputting information like essay type, number of words, and deadline, among others. 

A high-school-level essay of 300 words returned within 7 days costs around $22.

This is an AI writing tool offering various content formats, including essays. It allows users to choose topics, outlines, and writing styles for AI-generated essays. You can also brainstorm ideas and generate essay outlines. 

This tool helps you overcome writer’s block in the early stages of essay writing. All you need to do is create an account on the platform and start writing. 

The free version allows you to generate up to 10,000 words, while you can generate unlimited content for $7.5 per month as part of the “Unlimited” plan.

4. Writesonic

This is a content-creation tool, but it offers essay-writing features as well. It can generate essay outlines, introductions, and body paragraphs based on your input. The platform states that it provides plagiarism-free content. 

Writesonic can speed up the initial essay writing process and offer a basic structure for your essays. If you use this college essay writing tool judiciously, you can generate excellent essays that can get you the score you want. 

Chatsonic, which costs $12 per month if billed annually, offers a chat option with features similar to ChatGPT. 

5. Grammarly  

Grammarly is one of the best essay editing tools, offering users a choice between American and British English. Its AI helps you fix problems with spelling, punctuation, grammar, and style, enabling you to write better essays.

The free version highlights basic grammar mistakes while the paid version optimizes your use of language. This means that it flags things like repetitive phrases, vague wording, and excessive use of words.

Grammarly is available as both a download for MS Word and as a Chrome extension for Google Docs or other online formats.

Grammarly Premium costs $12 per month when billed annually. 

A powerful AI language model, ChatGPT can help you draft essays with a few clicks. It can generate essays based on prompts and instructions for various topics. ChatGPT can also help you create essay outlines and arguments.

This is an ideal tool for brainstorming and exploring different writing styles. However, it is crucial to verify the content it generates to ensure factual inaccuracies do not go unnoticed.

ChatGPT Plus costs $20 per month with access to multiple versions of the platform.

7. Jasper.ai  

Jasper.ai is an AI writing assistant with features for creating various content formats, including essays. The copywriting tool allows users to write essays of all types, tailoring them to suit varied target audiences and writing tones. 

Since it offers long-form content generation with plagiarism checks , you can generate content of a certain depth. However, we recommend essay checking and editing to ensure quality.

Jasper’s “Creator” plan costs $39 per month for one-person access.

8. CollegeEssay.org

CollegeEssay.org offers an AI-powered essay writing tool designed to simplify the essay writing process for students. This tool uses advanced AI algorithms to generate free essays. It also offers grammar and plagiarism checks, in addition to a content paraphrasing tool . 

The platform also gives you the choice to order custom essays as part of paid essay writing services. However, free AI essay writing tools should do the job well if you are a student. 

A high-school-level essay of 300 words (considered one page) costs $11.

9. MyPerfectWords

This is an essay writing service with grammar and plagiarism checks, where you need to key in the topic and the relevant prompt. The essay writer then refers to multiple resources to write an essay using AI. 

Its citation tool can seamlessly integrate references relevant to your essay to ensure zero attribution issues.

It’s certainly a great tool for any essay writer!

Merlin brings users a comprehensive suite of writing tools, including essay writing. The tool asks you to specify the word count and academic level of the topic at hand, along with the essay-writing approach you wish to take. 

You can also review the generated content and modify the prompt/s to get different results. The platform shares pointers with users on how to ensure the integrity and accuracy of their content. 

Merlin’s free plan is quite beneficial for students since they allow 102 queries per day, and this limit resets every 24 hours. If you are interested in a paid plan, they offer the “Pro (Unlimited)” at a discounted price of $19 per month. The standard price without discount is $29.

Can writing tools help improve your essay?

Well, the short answer is that these tools certainly help. However, automated software might not always understand writing like human beings do. Hence, a human editor overseeing the job AI tools do can introduce more reliability to the essay writing process. This is because there’s no replacement for thorough research, critical thinking, and effective essay editing.

While you can use free AI tools to write your essay, seek essay editing and proofreading services offered by a company like PaperTrue. Once you’re done with your essay, just send it over to us for feedback before your submission deadline.

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How to Write a Website Review Essay

Writing a website review essay is not as difficult as you might think. If you have ever written an opinion piece or review article, you can use the same strategies and techniques. And if not, this post will help you get started.

However, before looking at the tips, here are the important features your website review essay must consider.

Features of a website review Essay

The design of a website is one of the crucial features to include in your review. It is the blueprint for the site and includes graphics, text, and other elements. It’s the first thing people see when they visit a site, so it’s important to look at its appeal and ease of navigation. The review also entails looking at its layout and color scheme to give a detailed review.

The Content

Content is any information an author presents on the site and can be in text, graphics, audio, and video. It also refers to the amount of material available on a particular topic or subject and how it is organized.

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In addition, content can be objective or subjective.

Objective content presents facts without taking sides or giving personal opinions about them. It also presents accurate information without persuading anyone into thinking or believing something else.

On the other hand, subjective content presents personal opinions about certain facts.

Some aspects to consider in finding how to review a site’s content are;

• Looking at the site’s content and seeing whether it is helpful.
• Look at the site’s content and make sure it is relevant.
• Look at the site’s content and see if it is up to date.
• Look at the site’s content and see if it is complete.

The intent of the Site

As you review a website, it is important to consider the site’s intent and whether that intent has been achieved. The best way to figure out what a site is trying to do and whether or not it’s done so effectively is by reading the website’s homepage.

• The home page should clearly state the site’s existence and its objective. If this information isn’t readily available on your first visit, read through their “about us” or “mission statement” pages or any other page that gives an overview of who they are and what they do.

After determining the site’s mission statement or similar, ask yourself the following questions to determine the level of intent achievement

• Did they answer all of my questions?
• Did they provide me with enough information or provide too much information?
• Would I trust them with my money or personal information if I were one of their customers/clients/consumers?

The Site’s Fundamentals

A site’s fundamentals entail the basic aspects of a site. These include

• Site map. A clear and accurate site map is essential for any website, particularly large ones. It helps visitors navigate around the site and find what they need.
• The navigation. Does moving from one section to another take minimal effort, or are there unnecessary steps along the way?
• Review whether the hyperlinks work and if they are helpful.
• Loading speed. Consider how long the site takes to load
• Help and FAQ section. Look whether these are in existence or not
• Are the payments secure and guaranteed if it is a commerce store website?

Tips of writing a website review essay

Now that you know what aspects to review in a website, starting to write is much easier. However, following these tips will be vital to churn out a good piece.

Research and identify a website

Site identification is one key aspect of writing an excellent website review. Even though you can write a review on any site, you should be careful in your choice. However, your freedom may be limited if your instructor gives a site, but it does not mean the review will not be perfect.

The best way to choose a site is to choose one with all the mentioned aspects. This is because you will have more content to write about than if a site lacks most features.

The most important thing to remember is that you must read the website carefully. Take notes on all its features and how they impact your overall impression of the site. If you’re having difficulty deciding how to feel about a certain aspect of the site, try analyzing one feature at a time.

Additionally, this step helps you understand what the website is about, what it’s trying to achieve, and what it’s trying to do for its users and owners. With this information, writing the review will be much easier.

Further, you can take some notes when doing your research. Note-taking helps you see, hear and feel the site. You can also write down the website’s name, who created it, and when it was published. Then go through each page on the site tour and jot down what peak-of-the-moment impressions they give off and any positive thoughts or feelings they evoke in you.

However, when you begin writing, start by describing what kind of site it is. This part includes whether it sells products or services, provides information or entertainment, and so on. You can also discuss its purpose behind existence and how successful that has been so far.

Use screenshots

Screenshots are a powerful tool that can make your website review essay outstanding. This is because images help a reader understand your point easily.

Further, website reviews have many aspects that are better explained through screenshots. Features like the appeal, sitemap, design, and navigation are better if accompanied by images; thus, you should always include them.

Go deeper than what is unseen

Sometimes your review may be targeted at website developers and not mere people focusing on the physical aspects of the site. This means that your review should go beyond the seen and include a review of the structure, widgets, and HTML, among other deeper aspects.

Therefore, your audience and instructor’s instructions will largely determine how your review should go.

Be Comprehensive

Generally, reviews should be comprehensive, and website reviews are not exceptional. These reviews aim to help readers make an informed decision about a website and whether it will be helpful or not.

Further, a review should not be written as a listing of what a product’s website has to offer or any promises made by the company. Rather, they should provide the reader with information about the site and then close off with your opinion based on what you have found.

Therefore, you should be as detailed as possible and not omit any information that can help readers decide.

Include pros and cons

When writing your final draft, make sure that you include all pros and cons of using the site along with any suggestions for improvement. This helps you come off as trustworthy and unbiased and thus makes your essay help many readers.

We hope this article has given you a clearer idea of what to do when writing your next website review essay. And even if it may seem daunting, these should now help you write a better piece.

Now that we’ve covered all the steps to writing a website review essay, it’s time for you to start. Be sure to keep in mind everything we’ve discussed so far, from the aspects to include to the tips.

If you follow these steps carefully, then there’s no reason why you can’t write an amazing website review essay that impresses your professor.

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Strategic Defence Review 2024: call for evidence

The SDR will determine the roles, capabilities and reforms required by UK Defence to meet the challenges, threats and opportunities of the twenty-first century, deliverable and affordable within the resources available to Defence within the trajectory to 2.5%. The Review will ensure that Defence is central both to the security, and to the economic growth and prosperity, of the United Kingdom. The reviewers would like to take this opportunity to engage widely and seek public views. Your input is encouraged and is welcomed.

This call for evidence closes at 11:59pm on 30 September 2024

Call for evidence description

The UK faces threats that are growing and diversifying: war in Europe; conflict in the Middle East; states across the world that are increasingly acting in ways that challenge regional and global stability as well as our values and interests; terrorist groups; hybrid attacks; and instability caused by climate change.

Therefore, on 16 July 2024, the Prime Minister launched a Strategic Defence Review (SDR) to ensure the United Kingdom is both secure at home and strong abroad – now and for the years to come.

It is to be Britain’s review – not just the Government’s – so will consult serving military, veterans, MPs of all parties, industry, and academia.

The SDR will be headed by three external Reviewers in a first-of-its-kind for UK defence:

• Lord Robertson - Former Defence Secretary and NATO Secretary General (Review lead)
• Dr Fiona Hill CMG - Foreign policy expert and former US presidential advisor
• General Sir Richard Barrons – Former Commander Joint Forces Command and former Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff

This call for views sets out specific propositions to be answered that will help our team of reviewers. You are invited to provide responses to each of the propositions in the portal link no later than 30 September 2024. You will be allowed to submit up to 500 words per proposition. This should be submitted through this portal only . Please note you cannot submit a response more than once.

The Reviewers will report regularly on progress to the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Secretary of State for Defence and will make their final report to the Prime Minister, the Chancellor and the Defence Secretary – with recommendations – in the first half of 2025.

Important Information

Strategic Defence Review 2024-2025: Terms of Reference

Defence Secretary speech at RUSI Land Warfare Conference 2024

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Harris pitches to union workers with Biden at her side

Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris said on Monday U.S. Steel should remain in domestic hands as she made her pitch to working-class voters in Pennsylvania during a rally with President Joe Biden.

Turning to essays, Edwidge Danticat makes shrewd use of the form

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Book Review

We're Alone: Essays

By Edwidge Danticat Graywolf: 192 pages, $26 If you buy books linked on our site, The Times may earn a commission from Bookshop.org , whose fees support independent bookstores.

Essay collections appear infrequently on the lists of most popular nonfiction — memoirs and historical narratives dominate conversations about the genre. Those forms of nonfiction are wonderful in their own ways. They are also the versions that are closest to fiction. That’s not necessarily a bad thing, but it can exclude the unique offerings of the essay.

An essay collection presents a compressed reading experience, sometimes poetic, and often requiring the author to demonstrate the act of forming an opinion. In its most exalted form, the essay collection is about many things at once. Its goal is not to share information about a topic but to dramatize the formation of a perspective, the development of an informed point of view — a focus that makes the form much more dependent on the writer than the subject matter. “We’re Alone,” a collection of eight short essays by the celebrated Haitian American novelist and short story writer Edwidge Danticat, exemplifies that achievement.

Readers who have appreciated other voice-driven essay collections, such as Zadie Smith’s pandemic-inspired “Intimations,” Erica Caldwell’s “Wrong Is Not My Name,” Jordan Kisner’s “Thin Places,” Cathy Park Hong’s “Minor Feelings” or Elissa Gabbert’s “ The Unreality of Memory ,” will find something familiar with Danticat in “We’re Alone.” The thematic thread of this collection binds loosely around experiences of disconnection or isolation that are exacerbated by a sense of risk predicated on racial, political or social vulnerability. In the essay “A Rainbow in the Sky,” Danticat writes: “The less stable your house, the more terror you feel.” She has elegantly captured that those who face a storm with all foundations intact have a different relationship to the experience than those who were already struggling before it.

In the preface to the book, Danticat discloses that writing essays allows her to feel alone with herself and present with a reader. These pieces represent her outstretched hand, an invitation to spend shared time in reflection. Danticat took the book’s title from the French poem “Plage” by the Haitian writer Roland Chassagne, whose tragic history of imprisonment is also explored in the book. His poem envisions a night spent under palm trees, and the longing for the end of a deep disappointment. Here Danticat finds an early foothold into one of the book’s chief concerns: thresholds where someone’s feelings have been constricted for the sake of other people’s comfort. The title also invokes a plural self, a collective that shares in the writer’s experience of solitude and disaffection.

In the literary essay, a tradition that unites personal insight with anecdotes, evidence and reasoning, one of the most satisfying moments is finding where the writer’s logic breaks and she struggles to fully accommodate the proportions of her subject. Such moments make the inquiries appear vulnerable and honest, even when in reality they are simulations of sense-making. Not all essayists are invested in showing their struggle in understanding or are given the space to do so. But Danticat invites readers into the challenge of putting facts and feelings together. She excels at showing how hard it is to know what the right questions are to ask or how to answer them, and like many of us, she struggles to talk about difficult subjects, especially with her children.

For example, in “By the Time You Read This…,” Danticat debates how much and when to tell her children about how police violence affects the way Black people and immigrants think about safety. She writes, “Each time a young Black person is killed by a police officer or by a vigilante civilian, I ask myself if the time had come for me to write to my daughters a letter about Abner Louima and the long list of nonsurvivors who have come after him.” There is dignity in her doubt, which makes way for the kind of compassion that characterizes these essays.

Danticat’s insights are informed by accounts of the trials of friends and family: Her beloved mother wanders off in an airport; an uncle suffers from an irresolvable, progressive disorientation; Louima, a family friend, is attacked and raped by police; and two mentors, Toni Morrison and Paule Marshall, live through their final months. These experiences emphasize the possibility of loss and disconnection, reflecting a kind of hypervigilance that can be an inheritance of trauma. She approaches these accounts with the courage of an intentional witness, maintaining that perspective even when she looks beyond her own circle. In “Chronicles of a Death Foretold,” Danticat tells the story of a self-proclaimed prophetess who predicted the 2021 assassination of the Haitian President Jovenel Moïse, and the collection’s penultimate essay, “Wozo, Not Mawozo,” examines the weeks following the kidnapping of Christian missionaries in Haiti in 2021.

These are clearly the essays of an accomplished novelist. They move swiftly through detailed anecdotes and varied landscapes, even when the principal action the speaker engages in is “thinking.” There is room in an essay for dramatic action, for the expression of the body as it relates to thought, which was somewhat lacking here. At times, I struggled to see the author as a figure in the dramatic action she cited. Even so, it’s a testament to Danticat’s skill that these brief, intense works about serious matters do not feel heavy. She brings us close enough to the trouble at hand that we cannot mistake what we have seen.

But we are not alone in trying to make sense of feelings that come from becoming a witness to this world. No one is.

Wendy S. Walters is the author of the prose collection “Multiply/Divide” and an associate professor of nonfiction at Columbia University.

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NeurIPS 2024 Datasets and Benchmarks Track

If you'd like to become a reviewer for the track, or recommend someone, please use this form .

The Datasets and Benchmarks track serves as a venue for high-quality publications, talks, and posters on highly valuable machine learning datasets and benchmarks, as well as a forum for discussions on how to improve dataset development. Datasets and benchmarks are crucial for the development of machine learning methods, but also require their own publishing and reviewing guidelines. For instance, datasets can often not be reviewed in a double-blind fashion, and hence full anonymization will not be required. On the other hand, they do require additional specific checks, such as a proper description of how the data was collected, whether they show intrinsic bias, and whether they will remain accessible. The Datasets and Benchmarks track is proud to support the open source movement by encouraging submissions of open-source libraries and tools that enable or accelerate ML research.

The previous editions of the Datasets and Benchmarks track were highly successful; you can view the accepted papers from 2021 , 2002 , and 2023 , and the winners of the best paper awards 2021 , 2022 and 2023

CRITERIA. W e are aiming for an equally stringent review as the main conference, yet better suited to datasets and benchmarks. Submissions to this track will be reviewed according to a set of criteria and best practices specifically designed for datasets and benchmarks , as described below. A key criterion is accessibility: datasets should be available and accessible , i.e. the data can be found and obtained without a personal request to the PI, and any required code should be open source. We encourage the authors to use Croissant format ( https://mlcommons.org/working-groups/data/croissant/ ) to document their datasets in machine readable way.   Next to a scientific paper, authors should also submit supplementary materials such as detail on how the data was collected and organised, what kind of information it contains, how it should be used ethically and responsibly, as well as how it will be made available and maintained.

RELATIONSHIP TO NeurIPS.  Submissions to the track will be part of the main NeurIPS conference , presented alongside the main conference papers. Accepted papers will be officially published in the NeurIPS proceedings .

SUBMISSIONS.  There will be one deadline this year. It is also still possible to submit datasets and benchmarks to the main conference (under the usual review process), but dual submission to both is not allowed (unless you retracted your paper from the main conference). We also cannot transfer papers from the main track to the D&B track. Authors can choose to submit either single-blind or double-blind . If it is possible to properly review the submission double-blind, i.e., reviewers do not need access to non-anonymous repositories to review the work, then authors can also choose to submit the work anonymously. Papers will not be publicly visible during the review process. Only accepted papers will become visible afterward. The reviews themselves are not visible during the review phase but will be published after decisions have been made. The datasets themselves should be accessible to reviewers but can be publicly released at a later date (see below). New authors cannot be added after the abstract deadline and they should have an OpenReview profile by the paper deadline. NeurIPS does not tolerate any collusion whereby authors secretly cooperate with reviewers, ACs or SACs to obtain favourable reviews.

SCOPE. This track welcomes all work on data-centric machine learning research (DMLR) and open-source libraries and tools that enable or accelerate ML research, covering ML datasets and benchmarks as well as algorithms, tools, methods, and analyses for working with ML data. This includes but is not limited to:

• New datasets, or carefully and thoughtfully designed (collections of) datasets based on previously available data.
• Data generators and reinforcement learning environments.
• Data-centric AI methods and tools, e.g. to measure and improve data quality or utility, or studies in data-centric AI that bring important new insight.
• Advanced practices in data collection and curation that are of general interest even if the data itself cannot be shared.
• Frameworks for responsible dataset development, audits of existing datasets, identifying significant problems with existing datasets and their use
• Benchmarks on new or existing datasets, as well as benchmarking tools.
• In-depth analyses of machine learning challenges and competitions (by organisers and/or participants) that yield important new insight.
• Systematic analyses of existing systems on novel datasets yielding important new insight.

Read our original blog post for more about why we started this track.

Important dates

• Abstract submission deadline: May 29, 2024
• Full paper submission and co-author registration deadline: Jun 5, 2024
• Supplementary materials submission deadline: Jun 12, 2024
• Review deadline - Jul 24, 2024
• Release of reviews and start of Author discussions on OpenReview: Aug 07, 2024
• Rebuttal deadline - Aug 16, 2024
• End of author/reviewer discussions on OpenReview: Aug 31, 2024
• Author notification: Sep 26, 2024
• Camera-ready deadline: Oct 30, 2024 AOE

Note: The site will start accepting submissions on April 1 5 , 2024.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Q: My work is in scope for this track but possibly also for the main conference. Where should I submit it?

A: This is ultimately your choice. Consider the main contribution of the submission and how it should be reviewed. If the main contribution is a new dataset, benchmark, or other work that falls into the scope of the track (see above), then it is ideally reviewed accordingly. As discussed in our blog post, the reviewing procedures of the main conference are focused on algorithmic advances, analysis, and applications, while the reviewing in this track is equally stringent but designed to properly assess datasets and benchmarks. Other, more practical considerations are that this track allows single-blind reviewing (since anonymization is often impossible for hosted datasets) and intended audience, i.e., make your work more visible for people looking for datasets and benchmarks.

Q: How will paper accepted to this track be cited?

A: Accepted papers will appear as part of the official NeurIPS proceedings.

Q: Do I need to submit an abstract beforehand?

A: Yes, please check the important dates section for more information.

Q: My dataset requires open credentialized access. Can I submit to this track?

A: This will be possible on the condition that a credentialization is necessary for the public good (e.g. because of ethically sensitive medical data), and that an established credentialization procedure is in place that is 1) open to a large section of the public, 2) provides rapid response and access to the data, and 3) is guaranteed to be maintained for many years. A good example here is PhysioNet Credentialing, where users must first understand how to handle data with human subjects, yet is open to anyone who has learned and agrees with the rules. This should be seen as an exceptional measure, and NOT as a way to limit access to data for other reasons (e.g. to shield data behind a Data Transfer Agreement). Misuse would be grounds for desk rejection. During submission, you can indicate that your dataset involves open credentialized access, in which case the necessity, openness, and efficiency of the credentialization process itself will also be checked.

SUBMISSION INSTRUCTIONS

A submission consists of:

• Please carefully follow the Latex template for this track when preparing proposals. We follow the NeurIPS format, but with the appropriate headings, and without hiding the names of the authors. Download the template as a bundle here .
• Papers should be submitted via OpenReview
• Reviewing is in principle single-blind, hence the paper should not be anonymized. In cases where the work can be reviewed equally well anonymously, anonymous submission is also allowed.
• During submission, you can add a public link to the dataset or benchmark data. If the dataset can only be released later, you must include instructions for reviewers on how to access the dataset. This can only be done after the first submission by sending an official note to the reviewers in OpenReview. We highly recommend making the dataset publicly available immediately or before the start of the NeurIPS conference. In select cases, requiring solid motivation, the release date can be stretched up to a year after the submission deadline.
• Dataset documentation and intended uses. Recommended documentation frameworks include datasheets for datasets , dataset nutrition labels , data statements for NLP , data cards , and accountability frameworks .
• URL to website/platform where the dataset/benchmark can be viewed and downloaded by the reviewers. 
• URL to Croissant metadata record documenting the dataset/benchmark available for viewing and downloading by the reviewers. You can create your Croissant metadata using e.g. the Python library available here: https://github.com/mlcommons/croissant
• Author statement that they bear all responsibility in case of violation of rights, etc., and confirmation of the data license.
• Hosting, licensing, and maintenance plan. The choice of hosting platform is yours, as long as you ensure access to the data (possibly through a curated interface) and will provide the necessary maintenance.
• Links to access the dataset and its metadata. This can be hidden upon submission if the dataset is not yet publicly available but must be added in the camera-ready version. In select cases, e.g when the data can only be released at a later date, this can be added afterward (up to a year after the submission deadline). Simulation environments should link to open source code repositories
• The dataset itself should ideally use an open and widely used data format. Provide a detailed explanation on how the dataset can be read. For simulation environments, use existing frameworks or explain how they can be used.
• Long-term preservation: It must be clear that the dataset will be available for a long time, either by uploading to a data repository or by explaining how the authors themselves will ensure this
• Explicit license: Authors must choose a license, ideally a CC license for datasets, or an open source license for code (e.g. RL environments). An overview of licenses can be found here: https://paperswithcode.com/datasets/license
• Add structured metadata to a dataset's meta-data page using Web standards (like schema.org and DCAT ): This allows it to be discovered and organized by anyone. A guide can be found here: https://developers.google.com/search/docs/data-types/dataset . If you use an existing data repository, this is often done automatically.
• Highly recommended: a persistent dereferenceable identifier (e.g. a DOI  minted by a data repository or a prefix on identifiers.org ) for datasets, or a code repository (e.g. GitHub, GitLab,...) for code. If this is not possible or useful, please explain why.
• For benchmarks, the supplementary materials must ensure that all results are easily reproducible. Where possible, use a reproducibility framework such as the ML reproducibility checklist , or otherwise guarantee that all results can be easily reproduced, i.e. all necessary datasets, code, and evaluation procedures must be accessible and documented.
• For papers introducing best practices in creating or curating datasets and benchmarks, the above supplementary materials are not required.
• For papers resubmitted after being retracted from another venue: a brief discussion on the main concerns raised by previous reviewers and how you addressed them. You do not need to share the original reviews.
• For the dual submission and archiving, the policy follows the NeurIPS main track paper guideline .

Use of Large Language Models (LLMs): We welcome authors to use any tool that is suitable for preparing high-quality papers and research. However, we ask authors to keep in mind two important criteria. First, we expect papers to fully describe their methodology, and any tool that is important to that methodology, including the use of LLMs, should be described also. For example, authors should mention tools (including LLMs) that were used for data processing or filtering, visualization, facilitating or running experiments, and proving theorems. It may also be advisable to describe the use of LLMs in implementing the method (if this corresponds to an important, original, or non-standard component of the approach). Second, authors are responsible for the entire content of the paper, including all text and figures, so while authors are welcome to use any tool they wish for writing the paper, they must ensure that all text is correct and original.

REVIEWING AND SELECTION PROCESS

Reviewing will be single-blind, although authors can also submit anonymously if the submission allows that. A datasets and benchmarks program committee will be formed, consisting of experts on machine learning, dataset curation, and ethics. We will ensure diversity in the program committee, both in terms of background as well as technical expertise (e.g., data, ML, data ethics, social science expertise). Each paper will be reviewed by the members of the committee. In select cases where ethical concerns are flagged by reviewers, an ethics review may be performed as well.

Papers will not be publicly visible during the review process. Only accepted papers will become visible afterward. The reviews themselves are also not visible during the review phase but will be published after decisions have been made. Authors can choose to keep the datasets themselves hidden until a later release date, as long as reviewers have access.

The factors that will be considered when evaluating papers include:

• Utility and quality of the submission: Impact, originality, novelty, relevance to the NeurIPS community will all be considered. 
• Reproducibility: All submissions should be accompanied by sufficient information to reproduce the results described i.e. all necessary datasets, code, and evaluation procedures must be accessible and documented. We encourage the use of a reproducibility framework such as the ML reproducibility checklist to guarantee that all results can be easily reproduced. Benchmark submissions in particular should take care to ensure sufficient details are provided to ensure reproducibility. If submissions include code, please refer to the NeurIPS code submission guidelines .  
• Was code provided (e.g. in the supplementary material)? If provided, did you look at the code? Did you consider it useful in guiding your review? If not provided, did you wish code had been available?
• Ethics: Any ethical implications of the work should be addressed. Authors should rely on NeurIPS ethics guidelines as guidance for understanding ethical concerns.  
• Completeness of the relevant documentation: Per NeurIPS ethics guidelines , datasets must be accompanied by documentation communicating the details of the dataset as part of their submissions via structured templates (e.g. TODO). Sufficient detail must be provided on how the data was collected and organized, what kind of information it contains,  ethically and responsibly, and how it will be made available and maintained. 
• Licensing and access: Per NeurIPS ethics guidelines , authors should provide licenses for any datasets released. These should consider the intended use and limitations of the dataset, and develop licenses and terms of use to prevent misuse or inappropriate use.  
• Consent and privacy: Per  NeurIPS ethics guidelines , datasets should minimize the exposure of any personally identifiable information, unless informed consent from those individuals is provided to do so. Any paper that chooses to create a dataset with real data of real people should ask for the explicit consent of participants, or explain why they were unable to do so.
• Ethics and responsible use: Any ethical implications of new datasets should be addressed and guidelines for responsible use should be provided where appropriate. Note that, if your submission includes publicly available datasets (e.g. as part of a larger benchmark), you should also check these datasets for ethical issues. You remain responsible for the ethical implications of including existing datasets or other data sources in your work.
• Legal compliance: For datasets, authors should ensure awareness and compliance with regional legal requirements.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

The following committee will provide advice on the organization of the track over the coming years: Sergio Escalera, Isabelle Guyon, Neil Lawrence, Dina Machuve, Olga Russakovsky, Joaquin Vanschoren, Serena Yeung.

DATASETS AND BENCHMARKS CHAIRS

Lora Aroyo, Google Francesco Locatello, Institute of Science and Technology Austria Lingjuan Lyu, Sony AI

Contact: [email protected]

Critic’s Notebook

The Constitution Is Sacred. Is It Also Dangerous?

One of the biggest threats to America’s politics might be the country’s founding document.

Credit... Photo illustration by Ben Denzer

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By Jennifer Szalai

• Aug. 31, 2024

The United States Constitution is in trouble. After Donald Trump lost the 2020 election, he called for the “ termination of all rules, regulations and articles, even those found in the Constitution.” Outraged critics denounced him for threatening a document that is supposed to be “sacrosanct.” By announcing his desire to throw off constitutional constraints in order to satisfy his personal ambitions, Trump was making his authoritarian inclinations abundantly clear.

It’s no surprise, then, that liberals charge Trump with being a menace to the Constitution . But his presidency and the prospect of his re-election have also generated another, very different, argument: that Trump owes his political ascent to the Constitution, making him a beneficiary of a document that is essentially antidemocratic and, in this day and age, increasingly dysfunctional.

After all, Trump became president in 2016 after losing the popular vote but winning the Electoral College (Article II). He appointed three justices to the Supreme Court (Article III), two of whom were confirmed by senators representing just 44 percent of the population (Article I). Those three justices helped overturn Roe v. Wade, a reversal with which most Americans disagreed . The eminent legal scholar Erwin Chemerinsky, worried about opinion polls showing “a dramatic loss of faith in democracy,” writes in his new book, “No Democracy Lasts Forever”: “It is important for Americans to see that these failures stem from the Constitution itself.”

Back in 2018, Chemerinsky, the dean of Berkeley’s law school, still seemed to place considerable faith in the Constitution, pleading with fellow progressives in his book “We the People” “not to turn their back on the Constitution and the courts.” By contrast, “No Democracy Lasts Forever” is markedly pessimistic. Asserting that the Constitution, which is famously difficult to amend , has put the country “in grave danger,” Chemerinsky lays out what would need to happen for a new constitutional convention — and, in the book’s more somber moments, he entertains the possibility of secession . West Coast states might form a nation called “Pacifica.” Red states might form their own country. He hopes that any divorce, if it comes, will be peaceful.

The prospect of secession sounds extreme, but in suggesting that the Constitution could hasten the end of American democracy, Chemerinsky is far from alone. The argument that what ails the country’s politics isn’t simply the president, or Congress, or the Supreme Court, but the founding document that presides over all three, has been gaining traction, especially among liberals. Books and op-eds critiquing the Constitution have proliferated. Scholars are arguing that the Constitution has incentivized what Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt call a “Tyranny of the Minority.”

The anguish is, in some sense, a flip side of veneration. Americans have long assumed that the Constitution could save us; a growing chorus now wonders whether we need to be saved from it.

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Introduction: Articles of Confederation and the Constitutional Convention

Written following the Constitutional Convention of 1787,  The Federalist Papers  is the foremost American contribution to political thought. Originally published as newspaper essays in New York, they were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pen name Publius. The essays defended the merits of the Constitution as a necessary and good replacement for the Articles of Confederation, which had proven defective as a means of governance.

The Improved Science of Politics

Publius argued that the “science of politics . . . has received great improvement” in his own day. These improvements include separation of powers, legislative checks and balances, judges who serve a life term during good behavior, and what he called “the ENLARGEMENT of the ORBIT” of government. Contrary to the practice of previous republics, Publius argued that a republic had a much greater chance of achieving success if it is spread out over a large or extended territory, rather than a small or contracted one.

The Problem of Majority Faction

In  Federalist  10, Publius confronts one of the most important Anti-Federalist arguments against ratification: Republican government is impossible on a territory as large as the United States. In fact, such an undertaking had never been successful. In response, Publius proposes that the principal remedy for the political disease of faction—a disease “most incident to republican government”—is the large or extended sphere or territory.

Federalism and Republicanism

In the summer of 1787, the Framers labored to set up a political regime that would not only secure liberty and republicanism, but also bring energy and stability to the national government. Because of the failures of government under the Articles of Confederation, American political institutions were at risk. In order to secure these institutions, the Framers constructed a republican form of government that—among many other important features—instituted a new form of federalism.

Separation of Powers

In constituting a new government, the Framers knew that written rules—what Publius calls “parchment barriers”—would not be enough by themselves to protect liberty and prevent tyranny. Instead, Publius looks to the “interior structure” as the best means for keeping the branches properly and effectively separated. Separation of powers, the most important of the Constitution’s “auxiliary precautions,” works to prevent governmental tyranny, and by keeping each branch within its proper sphere of authority allows each branch to do its job well.

The Legislative: House and Senate

The Founders understood that the legislative branch is by nature the most powerful in a republican government. Experience of government under the Articles of Confederation, when state legislatures routinely encroached on executive and judicial powers, confirmed this. Thus, the Framers divided the legislative branch into two parts—the House and the Senate. In addition, they differentiated them as much as possible, consistent with the principles of republican government, with the goal of preventing tyranny and encouraging good government.

The Executive

Following their experience under the Articles of Confederation, and armed with the improved science of politics, the Framers instituted a unitary executive in the office of the president. Unlike the executive office in any previous republic, it was designed so as to ensure energy and responsibility in the executive, which are absolutely essential for good execution of the laws, and therefore for good government.

The Judiciary

In the Declaration of Independence, one charge leveled against King George III was that he had “made Judges dependent on his Will alone.” In framing a republican government, the Founders believed that an independent judiciary was indispensable. Publius argues that the term of life tenure during good behavior and a protected salary ensure this independence.

“The Constitution Is Itself . . . a Bill of Rights”

In  Federalist  84, Publius writes, “The truth is, after all the declamation we have heard, that the constitution is itself, in every rational sense, and to every useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS.” In other words, the structure of the Constitution protects the rights of the people. In addition, the American people retain all powers not granted to the federal and state governments.

Conclusion: Constitutionalism Today

American government today is much different from the constitutional republic outlined in  The Federalist Papers —which relies on structure, representation, and limitations on the functions of the federal government. Administrative regulations and entitlements are two distinguishing features of modern government. These new features require a kind of government that is unlimited, disregards separation of powers, and violates the supreme law under which it claims to operate.

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