- Accessibility of clinics
- Incentives to continue
For a comprehensive collection, see catalogofbias.org .
Here are some noteworthy examples of study bias from the literature: An example of information bias was observed when in 1998 an alleged association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism was reported. Recall bias (a subtype of information bias) emerged when parents of autistic children recalled the onset of autism after an MMR vaccination more often than parents of similar children who were diagnosed prior to the media coverage of that controversial and meanwhile retracted study [ 51 ]. A study from 2001 showed better survival for academy award-winning actors, but this was due to immortal time bias that favors the treatment or exposure group [ 52 , 53 ]. A study systematically investigated self-reports about musculoskeletal symptoms and found the presence of information bias. The reason was that participants with little computer-time overestimated, and participants with a lot of computer-time spent underestimated their computer usage [ 54 ].
Information bias can be mitigated by using objective rather than subjective measurements. Standardized operating procedures (SOP) and electronic lab notebooks additionally help to follow well-designed protocols for data collection and handling [ 55 ]. Despite the failure to mitigate bias in studies, complete descriptions of data and methods can at least allow the assessment of risk of bias.
Rule 6: avoid questionable research practices.
Questionable research practices (QRPs) can lead to exaggerated findings and false conclusions and thus lead to irreproducible research. Often, QRPs are used with no bad intentions. This becomes evident when methods sections explicitly describe such procedures, for example, to increase the number of samples until statistical significance is reached that supports the hypothesis. Therefore, it is important that researchers know about QRPs in order to recognize and avoid them.
Several questionable QRPs have been named [ 56 , 57 ]. Among them are low statistical power, pseudoreplication, repeated inspection of data, p -hacking [ 58 ], selective reporting, and hypothesizing after the results are known (HARKing).
The first 2 QRPs, low statistical power and pseudoreplication, can be prevented by proper planning and designing of studies, including sample size calculation and appropriate statistical methodology to avoid treating data as independent when in fact they are not. Statistical power is not equal to reproducibility, but statistical power is a precondition of reproducibility as the lack thereof can result in false negative as well as false positive findings (see Rule 3 ).
In fact, a lot of QRP can be avoided with a study protocol and statistical analysis plan. Preregistration, as described in Rule 2, is considered best practice for this purpose. However, many of these issues can additionally be rooted in institutional incentives and rewards. Both funding and promotion are often tied to the quantity rather than the quality of the research output. At universities, still only few or no rewards are given for writing and registering protocols, sharing data, publishing negative findings, and conducting replication studies. Thus, a wider “culture change” is needed.
It would help if more researchers were familiar with correct interpretations and possible misinterpretations of statistical tests, p -values, confidence intervals, and statistical power [ 59 , 60 ]. A statistically significant p -value does not necessarily mean that there is a clinically or biologically relevant effect. Specifically, the traditional dichotomization into statistically significant ( p < 0.05) versus statistically nonsignificant ( p ≥ 0.05) results is seldom appropriate, can lead to cherry-picking of results and may eventually corrupt science [ 61 ]. We instead recommend reporting exact p -values and interpreting them in a graded way in terms of the compatibility of the null hypothesis with the data [ 62 , 63 ]. Moreover, a p -value around 0.05 (e.g., 0.047 or 0.055) provides only little information, as is best illustrated by the associated replication power: The probability that a hypothetical replication study of the same design will lead to a statistically significant result is only 50% [ 64 ] and is even lower in the presence of publication bias and regression to the mean (the phenomenon that effect estimates in replication studies are often smaller than the estimates in the original study) [ 65 ]. Claims of novel discoveries should therefore be based on a smaller p -value threshold (e.g., p < 0.005) [ 66 ], but this really depends on the discipline (genome-wide screenings or studies in particle physics often apply much lower thresholds).
Generally, there is often too much emphasis on p -values. A statistical index such as the p -value is just the final product of an analysis, the tip of the iceberg [ 67 ]. Statistical analyses often include many complex stages, from data processing, cleaning, transformation, addressing missing data, modeling, to statistical inference. Errors and pitfalls can creep in at any stage, and even a tiny error can have a big impact on the result [ 68 ]. Also, when many hypothesis tests are conducted (multiple testing), false positive rates may need to be controlled to protect against wrong conclusions, although adjustments for multiple testing are debated [ 69 – 71 ].
Thus, a p -value alone is not a measure of how credible a scientific finding is [ 72 ]. Instead, the quality of the research must be considered, including the study design, the quality of the measurement, and the validity of the assumptions that underlie the data analysis [ 60 , 73 ]. Frameworks exist that help to systematically and transparently assess the certainty in evidence; the most established and widely used one is Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE; www.gradeworkinggroup.org ) [ 74 ].
Training in basic statistics, statistical programming, and reproducible analyses and better involvement of data professionals in academia is necessary. University departments sometimes have statisticians that can support researchers. Importantly, statisticians need to be involved early in the process and on an equal footing and not just at the end of a project to perform the final data analysis.
In reality, science often lacks transparency. Open science makes the process of producing evidence and claims transparent and accessible to others [ 75 ]. Several universities and research funders have already implemented open science roadmaps to advocate free and public science as well as open access to scientific knowledge, with the aim of further developing the credibility of research. Open research allows more eyes to see it and critique it, a principle similar to the “Linus’s law” in software development, which says that if there are enough people to test a software, most bugs will be discovered.
As science often progresses incrementally, writing and sharing a study protocol and making data and methods readily available is crucial to facilitate knowledge building. The Open Science Framework (osf.io) is a free and open-source project management tool that supports researchers throughout the entire project life cycle. OSF enables preregistration of study protocols and sharing of documents, data, analysis code, supplementary materials, and preprints.
To facilitate reproducibility, a research paper can link to data and analysis code deposited on OSF. Computational notebooks are now readily available that unite data processing, data transformations, statistical analyses, figures and tables in a single document (e.g., R Markdown, Jupyter); see also the 10 simple rules for reproducible computational research [ 76 ]. Making both data and code open thus minimizes waste of funding resources and accelerates science.
Open science can also advance researchers’ careers, especially for early-career researchers. The increased visibility, retrievability, and citations of datasets can all help with career building [ 77 ]. Therefore, institutions should provide necessary training, and hiring committees and journals should align their core values with open science, to attract researchers who aim for transparent and credible research [ 78 ].
Rule 9: report all findings.
Publication bias occurs when the outcome of a study influences the decision whether to publish it. Researchers, reviewers, and publishers often find nonsignificant study results not interesting or worth publishing. As a consequence, outcomes and analyses are only selectively reported in the literature [ 79 ], also known as the file drawer effect [ 80 ].
The extent of publication bias in the literature is illustrated by the overwhelming frequency of statistically significant findings [ 81 ]. A study extracted p -values from MEDLINE and PubMed Central and showed that 96% of the records reported at least 1 statistically significant p -value [ 82 ], which seems implausible in the real world. Another study plotted the distribution of more than 1 million z -values from Medline, revealing a huge gap from −2 to 2 [ 83 ]. Positive studies (i.e., statistically significant, perceived as striking or showing a beneficial effect) were 4 times more likely to get published than negative studies [ 84 ].
Often a statistically nonsignificant result is interpreted as a “null” finding. But a nonsignificant finding does not necessarily mean a null effect; absence of evidence is not evidence of absence [ 85 ]. An individual study may be underpowered, resulting in a nonsignificant finding, but the cumulative evidence from multiple studies may indeed provide sufficient evidence in a meta-analysis. Another argument is that a confidence interval that contains the null value often also contains non-null values that may be of high practical importance. Only if all the values inside the interval are deemed unimportant from a practical perspective, then it may be fair to describe a result as a null finding [ 61 ]. We should thus never report “no difference” or “no association” just because a p -value is larger than 0.05 or, equivalently, because a confidence interval includes the “null” [ 61 ].
On the other hand, studies sometimes report statistically nonsignificant results with “spin” to claim that the experimental treatment is beneficial, often by focusing their conclusions on statistically significant differences on secondary outcomes despite a statistically nonsignificant difference for the primary outcome [ 86 , 87 ].
Findings that are not being published have a tremendous impact on the research ecosystem, distorting our knowledge of the scientific landscape by perpetuating misconceptions, and jeopardizing judgment of researchers and the public trust in science. In clinical research, publication bias can mislead care decisions and harm patients, for example, when treatments appear useful despite only minimal or even absent benefits reported in studies that were not published and thus are unknown to physicians [ 88 ]. Moreover, publication bias also directly affects the formulation and proliferation of scientific theories, which are taught to students and early-career researchers, thereby perpetuating biased research from the core. It has been shown in modeling studies that unless a sufficient proportion of negative studies are published, a false claim can become an accepted fact [ 89 ] and the false positive rates influence trustworthiness in a given field [ 90 ].
In sum, negative findings are undervalued. They need to be more consistently reported at the study level or be systematically investigated at the systematic review level. Researchers have their share of responsibilities, but there is clearly a lack of incentives from promotion and tenure committees, journals, and funders.
Study reports need to faithfully describe the aim of the study and what was done, including potential deviations from the original protocol, as well as what was found. Yet, there is ample evidence of discrepancies between protocols and research reports, and of insufficient quality of reporting [ 79 , 91 – 95 ]. Reporting deficiencies threaten our ability to clearly communicate findings, replicate studies, make informed decisions, and build on existing evidence, wasting time and resources invested in the research [ 96 ].
Reporting guidelines aim to provide the minimum information needed on key design features and analysis decisions, ensuring that findings can be adequately used and studies replicated. In 2008, the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of Health Research (EQUATOR) network was initiated to provide reporting guidelines for a variety of study designs along with guidelines for education and training on how to enhance quality and transparency of health research. Currently, there are 468 reporting guidelines listed in the network; see the most prominent guidelines in Table 2 . Furthermore, following the ICMJE recommendations, medical journals are increasingly endorsing reporting guidelines [ 97 ], in some cases making it mandatory to submit the appropriate reporting checklist along with the manuscript.
Guideline name | Study type |
---|---|
ARRIVE | Animal experiments |
CONSORT | Randomized trials |
STROBE | Observational studies |
PRISMA | Systematic reviews |
SPIRIT | Study protocols |
STARD/TRIPOID | Diagnostic/prognostic studies |
The EQUATOR Network is a library with more than 400 reporting guidelines in health research ( www.equator-network.org ).
The use of reporting guidelines and journal endorsement has led to a positive impact on the quality and transparency of research reporting, but improvement is still needed to maximize the value of research [ 98 , 99 ].
Originally, this paper targeted early-career researchers; however, throughout the development of the rules, it became clear that the present recommendations can serve all researchers irrespective of their seniority. We focused on practical guidelines for planning, conducting, and reporting of research. Others have aligned GRP with similar topics [ 100 , 101 ]. Even though we provide 10 simple rules, the word “simple” should not be taken lightly. Putting the rules into practice usually requires effort and time, especially at the beginning of a research project. However, time can also be redeemed, for example, when certain choices can be justified to reviewers by providing a study protocol or when data can be quickly reanalyzed by using computational notebooks and dynamic reports.
Researchers have field-specific research skills, but sometimes are not aware of best practices in other fields that can be useful. Universities should offer cross-disciplinary GRP courses across faculties to train the next generation of scientists. Such courses are an important building block to improve the reproducibility of science.
This article was written along the Good Research Practice (GRP) courses at the University of Zurich provided by the Center of Reproducible Science ( www.crs.uzh.ch ). All materials from the course are available at https://osf.io/t9rqm/ . We appreciated the discussion, development, and refinement of this article within the working group “training” of the SwissRN ( www.swissrn.org ). We are grateful to Philip Bourne for a lot of valuable comments on the earlier versions of the manuscript.
S.S. received funding from SfwF (Stiftung für wissenschaftliche Forschung an der Universität Zürich; grant no. STWF-19-007). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Learn strategies and techniques to improve your research skills. Avoid common mistakes and implement proven methods for efficient research. This article offers practical tips to enhance your ability to find and evaluate high-quality information.
Are you struggling to find relevant and reliable information for your research? Do you want to avoid getting lost in a sea of sources and needing help knowing where to start? Improving your research skills is essential for academic success and professional growth.
In today's information age, effectively conducting research has become more important than ever. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone who wants to stay informed, knowing how to find and evaluate information is crucial.
Fortunately, some strategies and techniques can help you improve your research skills and become a more efficient and effective researcher. By avoiding common mistakes and implementing proven methods, you can enhance your ability to find high-quality information and make the most of your research endeavors. This article will explore some practical tips and tricks to help you improve your research skills and achieve better results.
Research is a critical part of learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It is an essential process used in every field for both the individual and collective’s mutual benefit and success. Research involves systematically gathering data from primary or secondary sources, analyzing it, interpreting it, and communicating its findings to researchers and other interested parties.
Research can be divided into two main categories: quantitative research, which uses numerical data to describe phenomena, and qualitative research, which seeks to understand people's beliefs, opinions, values, or behaviors. Quantitative research often involves applying model-based approaches that can predict outcomes based on observations. It is one of the most powerful methods of discovering information about the world, as it allows for testing hypotheses in a systematic manner. Qualitative research is more exploratory in nature by focusing on understanding the motivations behind what people do or think rather than developing models or producing statistics in order to conclude behavior and relationships between variables. This type of research usually relies more on observation and engagement with people instead of using statistical models.
Research skills are the abilities and talents required to focus on an objective, gather the relevant data linked to it, analyze it using appropriate methods, and accurately communicate the results. Taking part in research indicates that you have acquired knowledge of your subject matter, have digested that knowledge, and processed, evaluated, and analyzed it until you can resolve a problem or answer a query. It is highly beneficial for employers to hire people with strong research skills since they can provide valuable insights and add value to the company’s performance. Therefore, researching effectively has become crucial to securing a job in most industries.
Research skills are essential if one intends to succeed in today's competitive world. With technology ever-evolving and a need to stay ahead of the competition, employees who possess research skills can prove invaluable to their employers. These skills include researching, analyzing, and interpreting data and making informed decisions based on that information.
Employers value workers who can quickly develop a thorough understanding of any changes or trends in their field of work through accurate research. Knowing how to assess customer needs, recognize competition, write reports, improve productivity, and advise on investments can also benefit any business. With the help of research skills, companies can uncover ways to adapt their services or products that better serve their customers’ needs while helping them save money at the same time. This makes overall operations more efficient as well as helps a company remain ahead of its competitors.
Here is a list of essential research skills:
Data collection is an important part of comprehending a certain topic and ensuring reliable information is collected while striving to answer complex questions. Every situation differs, but data collection typically includes surveys, interviews, observations, and existing document reviews. The data collected can be quantitative or qualitative, depending on the nature of the problem at hand. As students advance through university and other educational institutions, they will need to read extensively into a particular field and may even need to undertake comprehensive literature reviews to answer fundamental questions.
The skills acquired through data collection during university are invaluable for future roles and jobs. Gaining experience in understanding complex topics, reading widely on a given subject matter, collecting relevant data, and analyzing findings - all these activities are integral when dealing with any type of project within the corporate sector. Therefore, embarking on various research projects enhances a person's education level and brings about significant professional experience.
Setting goals is an important skill for any successful research project. It allows you to stay focused and motivated throughout the process. Goals are also essential in helping with direction: they provide a path to organize our thoughts, narrow our focus, and prioritize the tasks we need to undertake to achieve our desired result. The concept of goal-setting is inherent in most research processes, as everything needs to have something to strive for — whether that’s gaining knowledge about a particular topic or testing a theory.
When it comes to creating and setting goals during the research process, you must have clear and specific objectives in mind from the outset. Writing down your thoughts helps define these objectives, which can inform the data collection process; moreover, thinking about short-term and long-term goals can help you create manageable steps toward achieving them. Learning how to break up larger projects into smaller “mini-goals effectively” can make all the difference when tackling complex investigations — allowing researchers to monitor their progress more easily and culminate results further down the line.
Critical thinking is an integral part of the modern workplace. To succeed, one must be able to look at a situation objectively and make decisions based on evidence. The information examined needs to come from various sources, such as data collection, personal observation, or analysis. The goal should then be to take all this information and form a logical judgment that informs an action plan or idea.
Someone who displays strong critical thinking skills will not just accept proposed ideas at face value but instead can understand how these ideas can be applied and challenged. Accepting something without consideration means making the wrong decision due to a lack of thought. Critical thinkers understand how brainstorming works, assessing all elements before forming any decision. From negotiating with colleagues or customers in adversarial scenarios to analyzing complex documents such as legal contracts in order to review business agreements - critical dedicated apply their knowledge effectively and are able to back up their evaluation with evidence collected from multiple sources.
Observation skills are necessary for conducting any form of research, whether it be in the workplace or as part of an investigative process. It is important to be able to pick up on the details that might otherwise pass unnoticed, such as inconsistencies in data or irregularities in how something is presented, and to pay careful attention to regulations and procedures that govern the company or environment. This can help researchers to ensure their processes are accurate and reliable.
As well as analyzing what we see around us directly, many research methodologies often involve calculated statistical analyses and calculations. For this reason, it’s important to develop strong observation skills so that the legitimacy of information can be confirmed and checked before conclusions are formed. Improving this skill requires dedication and practice, which could include keeping a journal reflecting on experiences, posing yourself questions about what you have observed, and seeking out opportunities in unfamiliar settings to test your observations.
Detail orientation is an important research skill for any scientific endeavor. It allows one to assess a situation or problem in minute detail and make appropriate judgments based on the information gathered. A detail-oriented thinker can easily spot errors, inconsistencies, and vital pieces of evidence, which can help lead to accurate conclusions from the research. Additionally, this skill allows someone to evaluate the quality and accuracy of data recorded during an experiment or project more efficiently to ensure validity.
Spotting small mistakes that may otherwise have been overlooked is a crucial part of conducting detailed research that must be perfected. Individuals aiming for superior outcomes should strive to develop their skill at detecting details by practicing critical analysis techniques, such as breaking down large bodies of information into smaller tasks to identify finer points quickly. Moreover, encouragement should also be made for elaborate comparison and analysis between different pieces of information when solving a complex problem, as it can help provide better insights into problems accurately.
Investigative skills are an essential component when it comes to gathering and analyzing data. In a professional setting, it is important to determine the accuracy and validity of different sources of information before making any decisions or articulating ideas. Generally, effective investigation requires collecting different sets of reliable data, such as surveys and interviews with stakeholders, employees, customers, etc. For example, if a company internally assesses possible challenges within its business operations environment, it would need to conduct more profound research involving talking to relevant stakeholders who could provide critical perspectives about the situation.
Data-gathering techniques such as comparison shopping and regulatory reviews have become more commonplace in the industry as people strive for greater transparency and more accurate results. Knowing how to identify reliable sources of information can give individuals a competitive advantage and allow them to make sound decisions based on accurate data. Investing time in learning different investigative skills can help recruiters spot applicants dedicated to acquiring knowledge in this field. Developing these investigative skills is also valuable for those looking for executive positions or starting their own business. By familiarizing themselves with their application process, people can become adept at collecting high-quality data they may use in their research endeavors.
Time management is a key skill for any researcher. It's essential to be able to allocate time between different activities so you can effectively plan and structure your research projects. Without good time management, you may find yourself hastily completing tasks or feeling stressed out as you rush to complete an analysis. Ultimately, managing your time allows you to stay productive and ensure that each project is completed with the highest results.
Good time management requires various skills such as planning ahead, prioritizing tasks, breaking down large projects into smaller steps, and even delegating some activities when possible. It also means setting realistic goals for yourself in terms of the amount of research that can be achieved in certain timestamps and learning how to adjust these goals when needed. Becoming mindful of how you spend the same hours each day will propel your productivity and see positive results from your efforts. Time management becomes especially relevant regarding data collection and analysis – it is crucial to understand precisely what kind of resources are needed for each task before diving into the research itself. Knowing how much time should be dedicated to each step is essential for meeting deadlines while still retaining accuracy in the final outcomes of one’s study.
Below are some tips that can help in improving your skills in research:
When embarking on any research project, creating an outline and scope document must first ensure that you remain on the right track. An outline sets expectations for your project by forming a detailed strategy for researching the topic and gathering the necessary data to conclude. It will help you stay organized and break down large projects into more manageable parts. This can help prevent procrastination as each part of the project has its own timeline, making it easier to prioritize tasks accordingly.
Using an outline and scope document also allows for better structure when conducting research or interviews, as it guides which sources are most relevant, what questions need to be answered, and how information should be collected or presented. This ensures that all information received through research or interviews stays within the confines of the chosen topic of investigation. Additionally, it ensures that no important details are overlooked while minimizing the chance that extraneous information gets included in your results. Taking this time upfront prevents potential problems during analysis or reporting of findings later.
When it comes to collecting data for research purposes, a range of advanced data collection techniques can be used to maximize your efficiency and accuracy. One such technique is customizing your online search results with advanced search settings. By adding quotation marks and wildcard characters to the terms you are searching for, you are more likely to find the information you need from reliable sources. This can be especially useful if, for instance, you are looking for exact quotes or phrases. Different search engines require different advanced techniques and tactics, so learning these can help you get more specific results from your research endeavors.
Aside from using online searches, another standard methodology when conducting research is accessing primary information through libraries or other public sources. A specific classification system will likely be in place that can help researchers locate the materials needed quickly and easily. Knowing and understanding this system allows one to access information much more efficiently while also giving them ample opportunity to increase their knowledge of various topics by browsing related content in the same category groups. Thus, by learning about advanced data collection techniques for both online and offline sources, researchers can make substantial progress in their studies more efficiently.
Collecting reliable information for research can be a challenge, especially when relying on online sources. It is essential to remember that not all sources are created equal, and some sites may contain false or inaccurate data. It is, therefore important to verify and analyze the data before using it as part of your research.
One way to start verifying and analyzing your sources is to cross-reference material from one source with another. This may help you determine if particular facts or claims are accurate and, therefore, more valid than others. Additionally, trace where the data is coming from by looking at the author or organization behind it so that you can assess their expertise in a particular field and authority on the topic at hand. Once these steps have been completed, you can confidently use this trusted information for your project.
Organizing your research materials is an integral part of any research process. When you’re conducting a project or study and trying to find the most relevant information, you can become overwhelmed with all the data available. It’s important to separate valid from invalid materials and to categorize research materials by subject for easy access later on. Bookmarking websites on a computer or using a digital asset management tool are two effective methods for organizing research information.
When researching, it’s critical to remember that some sources have limited value and may be outside the scope of your topic. Recognizing reliable material versus trustworthy resources can be complex in this sea of information. However, sorting data into appropriate categories can help narrow down what is necessary for producing valid conclusions. This method of classifying information helps ensure that vital documents aren't overlooked during the organization process as they are placed in folders shortcutted for quick access within one centralized source whenever needed. Separating valuable sources also makes it easier to reference later on when writing reports or giving presentations - material won't get lost among irrelevant data, and conclusions will be backed by sound evidence.
Developing research and communication skills is essential for succeeding academically and professionally in the modern world. The key to improving these skills lies in rigorous practice, which can begin with small projects such as resolving common issues or completing a research task that can be made into a personal project. One way to do this is to volunteer for research projects at work and gain experience under the guidance of experienced researchers. This will improve your research skills and help you develop communication skills when working with others on the project. Another option is to turn a personal project into a research task. For example, if you plan on taking a holiday soon, you could create an objective method to select the best destination by conducting online research on destinations and making informed decisions based on thorough analysis. Practicing in this way enables you to complete any research task confidently and communicate efficiently with ease.
Research projects require commitment and perseverance, making it an important skill to include on a resume. Even if you have had limited research experience throughout your education or previous job, including this in your resume assesses these qualities to potential employers. It's important to consider the extent of your research experience when deciding how to add this part of your background to your resume. If you have been involved with multiple in-depth research projects, it might be best to highlight this by including it as its own section. On the other hand, if the amount of research you have completed is more limited, then try including it in the skills section instead.
When adding research experience and accomplishments into either section of your resume, be sure to emphasize any specific roles or contributions you made during the process instead of just describing the project itself. Furthermore, remember to quantify any successes where possible - this showcases both communication and technical proficiency strengths, which can help make your resume stand out even more. By properly articulating research skills within a resume, employers will likely be more interested in what job seekers have accomplished in their careers.
Research skills are an invaluable set of abilities to bring to your workplace. To make sure you use them properly, a good place to start is by taking time to plan the project you have been assigned. Whether it’s writing a report or analyzing data, mapping out what tasks you need to do and how long they should take helps to understand the project timeline better. This also makes setting aside dedicated time for research easier too.
To ensure that the decisions made are sound and informed, reading up on the subject area related to the project remains one of the premier ways of doing this. This will help to ensure that any problems arising can be solved quickly and effectively, as well as provide answers before any decisions are actually put into practice. By arming yourself with knowledge gathered through reading about a particular topic, it can give you more confidence when formulating plans or strategies in which direction to take your work in.
Research skills are increasingly important in the modern world, and gaining proficiency in this area can significantly benefit a person's career. Research skills are essential for success in many different roles and fields, including those within business and industry, education, science, and medicine. Developing a deep understanding of research allows us to identify problems better and critically evaluate potential solutions. It also bolsters our problem-solving abilities as we work to find creative solutions that meet our efforts' objectives.
By improving your research capabilities, you can impress employers during an application process or when joining a team at work. Research skills are considered soft skills by potential employers since they signal that you have attention to detail while simultaneously demonstrating your ability to learn new things quickly. Employers regard these skills highly, making them one of the key graduate career skills recruiters seek. Furthermore, being able to add ‘research skills’ to your CV will be looked upon favorably by employers and help drive up your employability significantly. Demonstrating that you possess these sought-after traits makes it easier for recruiters to give you the opportunity you've been looking for, so it's worth investing the time into developing these life-long learning tools today.
Home > Blog > Tips for Online Students > The Best Research Skills For Success
Tips for Online Students , Tips for Students
Updated: June 19, 2024
Published: January 5, 2020
Every student is required to conduct research in their academic careers at one point or another. A good research paper not only requires a great deal of time, but it also requires complex skills. Research skills include the ability to organize, evaluate, locate, and extract relevant information.
Let’s learn how to develop great research skills for academic success.
We’ve all surely heard the term “research” endlessly. But do you really know what it means?
Research is a type of study that focuses on a specific problem and aims to solve it using scientific methods. Research is a highly systematic process that involves both describing, explaining, and predicting something.
What are research skills.
Research skills are what helps us answer our most burning questions, and they are what assist us in our solving process from A to Z, including searching, finding, collecting, breaking down, and evaluating the relevant information to the phenomenon at hand.
Research is the basis of everything we know — and without it, we’re not sure where we would be today! For starters, without the internet and without cars, that’s for sure.
Research skills come in handy in pretty much everything we do, and especially so when it comes to the workforce. Employers will want to hire you and compensate you better if you demonstrate a knowledge of research skills that can benefit their company.
From knowing how to write reports, how to notice competition, develop new products, identify customer needs, constantly learn new technologies, and improve the company’s productivity, there’s no doubt that research skills are of utter importance. Research also can save a company a great deal of money by first assessing whether making an investment is really worthwhile for them.
Now that you’re fully convinced about the importance of research skills, you’re surely going to want to know how to get them. And you’ll be delighted to hear that it’s really not so complicated! There are plenty of simple methods out there to gain research skills such as the internet as the most obvious tool.
Gaining new research skills however is not limited to just the internet. There are tons of books, such as Lab Girl by Hope Jahren, journals, articles, studies, interviews and much, much more out there that can teach you how to best conduct your research.
Now that you’ve got all the tools you need to get started, let’s utilize these research skills to the fullest. These skills can be used in more ways than you know. Your research skills can be shown off either in interviews that you’re conducting or even in front of the company you’re hoping to get hired at .
It’s also useful to add your list of research skills to your resume, especially if it’s a research-based job that requires skills such as collecting data or writing research-based reports. Many jobs require critical thinking as well as planning ahead.
If you’re wondering which jobs actually require these research skills, they are actually needed in a variety of industries. Some examples of the types of work that require a great deal of research skills include any position related to marketing, science , history, report writing, and even the food industry.
How students can improve research skills.
Perhaps you know what you have to do, but sometimes, knowing how to do it can be more of a challenge. So how can you as a student improve your research skills ?
By defining your research and understanding how it relates to the specific field of study, it can give more context to the situation.
The most difficult part of the research process is actually just getting started. By breaking down your research into realistic and achievable parts, it can help you achieve your goals and stay systematic.
While there are endless sources out there, it’s important to always evaluate your sources and make sure that they are reliable, based on a variety of factors such as their accuracy and if they are biased, especially if used for research purposes.
Plagiarism is a major issue when it comes to research, and is often misunderstood by students. IAs a student, it’s important that you understand what plagiarism really means, and if you are unclear, be sure to ask your teachers.
A librarian is always a good person to have around, especially when it comes to research. Most students don’t seek help from their school librarian, however, this person tends to be someone with a vast amount of knowledge when it comes to research skills and where to look for reliable sources.
There are tons of online library resources that don’t require approaching anyone. These databases are generally loaded with useful information that has something for every student’s specific needs.
It’s highly beneficial to practice effective reading, and there are no shortage of ways to do it. One effective way to improve your research skills it to ask yourself questions using a variety of perspectives, putting yourself in the mind of someone else and trying to see things from their point of view.
There are many critical reading strategies that can be useful, such as making summaries from annotations, and highlighting important passages.
A thesis is a specific theory or statement that is to be either proved or maintained. Generally, the intentions of a thesis are stated, and then throughout, the conclusions are proven to the reader through research. A thesis is crucial for research because it is the basis of what we are trying to prove, and what guides us through our writing.
One of the most important skills needed for research is independence, meaning that you are capable of managing your own work and time without someone looking over you.
Critical thinking, problem solving, taking initiative, and overall knowing how to work professionally in front of your peers are all crucial for effectively conducting research .
Knowing how to evaluate information in your sources and determine whether or not it’s accurate, valid or appropriate for the specific purpose is a first on the list of research skills.
Having the ability to ask the right questions will get you better search results and more specific answers to narrow down your research and make it more concise.
Don’t just go for the first source you find that seems reliable. Always dig further to broaden your knowledge and make sure your research is as thorough as possible.
Respect the rights of others and avoid plagiarizing by always properly citing your research sources.
There are endless tools out there, such as useful websites, books, online videos, and even on-campus professionals such as librarians that can help. Use all the many social media networks out there to both gain and share more information for your research.
Summarizing plays a huge role in research, and once the data is collected, relevant information needs to be arranged accordingly. Otherwise it can be incredibly overwhelming.
Not only does information need to be summarized, but also arranged into categories that can help us organize our thoughts and break down our materials and sources of information.
What are different types of research, 1. qualitative.
This type of research is exploratory research and its aim is to obtain a better understanding of reasons for things. Qualitative research helps form an idea without any specific fixed pattern. Some examples include face-to-face interviews or group discussions.
Quantitative research is based on numbers and statistics. This type of research uses data to prove facts, and is generally taken from a large group of people.
Analytical research has to always be done from a neutral point of view, and the researcher is intended to break down all perspectives. This type of research involves collecting information from a wide variety of sources.
Persuasive research describes an issue from two different perspectives, going through both the pros and cons of both, and then aims to prove their preference towards one side by exploring a variety of logical facts.
In this type of research, the cause and effects are first presented, and then a conclusion is made. Cause and effect research is for those who are new in the field of research and is mostly conducted by high school or college students.
Experimental research involves very specific steps that must be followed, starting by conducting an experiment. It is then followed by sharing an experience and providing data about it. This research is concluded with data in a highly detailed manner.
Survey research includes conducting a survey by asking participants specific questions, and then analyzing those findings. From that, researchers can then draw a conclusion.
Both students and scholars alike carry out this type of research, and it involves solving problems by analyzing the situation and finding the perfect solution to it.
Research is most valuable when something new is put on the table. Critical thinking is needed to bring something unique to our knowledge and conduct research successfully.
Analytical thinking is one of the most important research skills and requires a great deal of practice. Such a skill can assist researchers in taking apart and understanding a large amount of important information in a short amount of time.
When it comes to research skills, it’s not just about finding information, but also about how you explain it. It’s more than just writing it out, but rather, knowing how to clearly and concisely explain your new ideas.
Just like with anything in life, patience will always take you far. It might be difficult to come by, but by not rushing things and investing the time needed to conduct research properly, your work is bound for success.
Time is the most important asset that we have, and it can never be returned back to us. By learning time management skills , we can utilize our time in the best way possible and make sure to always be productive in our research.
Research is one of the most important tasks that students are given in college, and in many cases, it’s almost half of the academic grade that one is given.
As we’ve seen, there are plenty of things that you’ll need to sharpen your research skills — which mainly include knowing how to choose reliable and relevant sources, and knowing how to take them and make it your own. It’s important to always ask the right questions and dig deeper to make sure that you understood the full picture.
In this article
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Are you someone who is passionate about scientific research? To boldly go where no one has gone before, uncovering new knowledge and making groundbreaking discoveries? For centuries, the field of scientific research has been at the forefront of innovation, driving forward our understanding of the world around us and paving the way for many pioneering discoveries that have transformed our lives. But what does it take to become a successful researcher, is it just intelligence and technical skills, or is there something more?
When you think of high-achieving researchers, you might picture a genius locked away in a lab, hunched over a microscope, or pouring over data. But the truth is, being an excellent researcher takes more than just intelligence and technical skills. While technical expertise and academic credentials are certainly important, there are also a number of key qualities that are essential for success in this field. Cultivating these traits is a lifelong process that requires intentional effort and dedication. In this article, we’ll delve into the top 10 essential qualities that set high-achieving researchers apart from their peers.
From critical thinking to creativity, perseverance to passion, these qualities are what allow researchers to excel in their field and make a lasting impact on the world. So if you’re curious about what it takes to succeed as a researcher, read on and discover the secrets to unlocking your full potential in the world of scientific discovery.
So, if you’re ready to rise to the top of your field in research, it’s time to unleash your inner genius and unlock these top 10 essential qualities that can make all the difference. Join us on this journey to discover what it takes to become a high-achieving researcher.
1. Passion :
“Science is not only a discipline of reason, but also of romance and passion .” – Stephen Hawking
Researchers ought to be passionate about their work. They are driven by a desire to make a difference in their field and to contribute to the greater good. When they are genuinely interested in the subject matter, they are more likely to put in the time and effort needed to make significant progress.
2. Curiosity:
“Millions saw the apple fall, but Newton was the one who asked why.” – Bernard Baruch
High-achieving researchers have an insatiable curiosity that drives them to ask questions, seek answers, explore new ideas, and push the boundaries of what is known. It’s what inspires them to dive deeper into a topic, and to keep digging until they uncover something truly groundbreaking. It allows them to consider multiple possibilities and to think creatively about potential solutions. This can be particularly important in fields where there is a need for innovation or where there are complex problems that require novel approaches. Curiosity can fuel a researcher’s passion for their work.
3. Perseverance:
“Talent is quite common; it is not intelligence that is scarce, but perseverance.” – Doris Lessing
Researchers should also possess perseverance — the grit and determination to keep going, even in the face of setbacks and obstacles. The results of an experiment may not be what was expected, or even worse, the experiment may run smoothly until it is 95% complete before failing. Research can be a long and challenging process, but high achievers don’t give up. Whether it be a manuscript rejection or a stressful PhD workload , they keep pushing forward, driven by their passion and their desire to make a difference.
4. Critical thinking:
“Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.” – Marie Curie
Another key quality of a good researcher is critical thinking . Researchers need to be skilled at analyzing data, identifying patterns, and drawing conclusions based on evidence. They should have a sharp eye for detail and be able to spot inconsistencies and errors in their work. A successful researcher must have the ability to approach problems from a variety of angles. They must be able to analyze complex data and draw meaningful conclusions from their findings.
5. Collaboration:
“The hardest problems of pure and applied science can only be solved by the open collaboration of the worldwide scientific community.” – Kenneth G Wilson
Research isn’t a solitary pursuit. It is often a team effort, and researchers must know how to work effectively with others. They must be able to communicate their ideas clearly and shouldn’t be afraid to seek out input and feedback from their colleagues. It enables the pooling of diverse perspectives, skills, and resources to tackle research questions, fosters professional networks, helps overcome challenges, and promotes the sharing of knowledge and ideas. As research is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, having efficient collaborative skills is a significant aspect that can aid in achieving success in research.
6. Effective communication:
“You don’t really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother.” – Albert Einstein
A successful researcher must be able to communicate their findings effectively to a wide range of audiences. Whether they are presenting to fellow scientists or the general public, they must be able to explain complex concepts in a clear and concise manner. Whether it is writing an effective lay summary , presenting at a conference, or writing a persuasive grant proposal to obtain research funding, communication skills are an essential asset for every researcher. Researchers who are able to effectively communicate their findings are better equipped to disseminate their research and have a greater impact on their field.
7. Organizational skills:
“ A goal properly set is halfway reached.” – Zig Ziglar
Having a strategy for organizing research notes, data, and literature reviews makes it easier to analyze and synthesize the data later on. Of course, being a high-achieving researcher also requires strong time management skills . Additionally, when working as a team, it is important to keep track of who is responsible for which tasks, what the deadlines are, and what the progress is on each task. It is also important to set aside time for family and friends as well as for oneself. Maintaining a work-life balance is crucial for researchers because it affects their mental and physical health, reducing their productivity. Good organizational skills help a researcher stay on top of their work, manage their time effectively, and collaborate successfully with others.
8. Prudence:
“Prudence is a presumption of the future, contracted from the experience of time past.” – Thomas Hobbes
Prudence is an important characteristic in a good researcher because it involves exercising good judgment and caution in effectively managing resources whether it be time, funding, or materials. It is necessary to strike the right balance between ambition and prudence, and it usually takes time and experience. Researchers often have limited resources and must make strategic decisions on how to allocate them in order to achieve their research goals. Practicing prudence also means taking deliberate steps to plan and evaluate risks, so that research can be carried out with maximum efficiency and effectiveness.
9. Self-reliance:
“Without your involvement you can’t succeed. With your involvement you can’t fail.” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Self-reliance enables researchers to be independent and self-sufficient in their work. It allows them to take ownership of their research and not rely on others for their success. Self-reliance helps researchers be more efficient and effective in their work, as they are able to make their own decisions and solve problems on their own. However, it does not mean that researchers should work in isolation. Collaboration and communication with peers and colleagues are still important aspects of research. Self-reliance simply means that researchers are able and willing to work independently when necessary and have the confidence and ability to make important decisions on their own.
10. Ethical conduct:
“Ethics and Science need to shake hands.” – Richard Cabot
Finally, research requires the highest standards of ethics and integrity . Ethical conduct is an important quality in a good researcher because it ensures that research is conducted with integrity, honesty, and respect for the subjects and participants involved. They must adhere to strict ethical guidelines and ensure that their work is conducted with integrity and transparency. In addition, ethical conduct also involves being honest about the limitations of the research and acknowledging any potential conflicts of interest or biases that may impact the results.
There you go! Are you ready to take your skills to the next level and become a high-achieving researcher? In conclusion, being a great researcher requires a unique blend of skills, qualities, and experiences. While some of these traits may come naturally to some individuals, others can be developed through practice, training, and experience. By cultivating these traits and continually striving to improve, you can become a top-notch researcher and improve your effectiveness, productivity, and impact in your field of study. So get out there, ask questions, challenge assumptions, and make your mark on the world of research! Share your insights with the scholarly community using #AskEnago on Twitter .
Very informative and helpful, thanks.
Explanation provided for each of the skills is top notch.
👍 . I agree . Useful .
I really find this article very helpful. Striving to have those mentioned qualities and become a good researcher soon.
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Most jobs actually require some level of problem-solving. You may come across an impediment and come up with a question that you must answer in order to proceed. To answer this question, you will almost certainly need to conduct some research. People with research skills can identify a problem, gather informational resources that can help address the problem, assess the quality and relevance of these resources, and come up with an effective solution to the problem.
By the way, to diversify your research paper process you can find unique research paper topics .
Internet Research is the practice of conducting research using Internet information, particularly free information on Internet-based educational resources (such as Internet discussion forums).
Simply put, research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.
In fact, almost every profession or job necessitates some level of research and research skills. As long as you encounter a question, which is a natural occurrence in almost everything, you should encounter an opportunity to conduct research. When there is a need for research, strong research skills come in handy.
Research skills enable you to focus on a specific goal, gather relevant information, and communicate your findings to others. We are taught from a young age to develop research skills, and for good reason.
Teachers in academia required answers to a series of topic-related questions in an essay. Similarly, your boss may eventually request that you investigate a work-related topic or figure out how to solve a problem.
Research skills are important in the workplace for a variety of reasons, including the ability for individuals and businesses to:
Experienced researchers understand that conducting a worthwhile investigation necessitates a wide range of abilities. Consider which research abilities you have naturally and which you could improve.
You must first know what you're looking for before you can conduct any form of productive research. Setting goals is a skill just like any other. It will be lot easier to construct a path there if you can imagine the conclusion you're aiming to attain by investing effort into research. Goal-setting skills include:
The collection of data is often the first thing to remember when thinking about the research process. It is a systematic process to collect and measure information on variables of interest that allows one to respond to research questions, to test hypothesis and to assess results.
Simply collecting facts and information on the internet can meet your needs for some purposes. More direct and popular research may be needed by others. You will be more impressive with your experience in different methods of data collection. Methods of data collection are:
In research, it is important to find reliable information suitable for your task. Some tasks may require the use of certain types of sources, such as primary or secondary sources or certain types of journals, like scientific journals. You may need to restrict the numbers sources you use for other assignments.
In all cases, the information contained in your assignments should always be assessed. Knowing how to assess information helps you with research tasks and with your life's bigger decisions. Knowing where to go for information that is relevant, credible, and accurate can assist you in making informed decisions about graduate school, a new car purchase, financial aid opportunities, daycare options, and other topics.
Search engines are used to find the majority of information on the Internet. A search engine is an online service that employs web robots to query millions of web pages and compile an index of the results. Internet users can then utilize these services to search the web for information. While it is beneficial to consult different sources, today's research is driven by good online research skills.
One of the greatest things about the internet is how much information it holds; unfortunately, getting to the data you need requires sifting through a lot of rubbish. Employers value the ability to efficiently utilise the large reservoir of knowledge available on the internet without getting lost in the clutter. The following are some examples of internet research skills:
Due to the sheer size of the World Wide Web, and with the rapid growth of indexed web pages, finding relevant and reliable information demands specialized training and Internet research skills . We provide a centralized virtual platform for knowledge professionals that use the Internet as a primary source of information. This AofIRS is more than just a virtual collaboration and networking platform for researchers and knowledge professionals. The website is filled with free, up-to-date content and reference material that is ideal for research.
Some research projects may demand a more hands-on approach than relying just on online resources. In the research process, being prepared with great interviewing skills can be really beneficial. Interviews can be a good way to get first-hand knowledge for your research, and knowing how to conduct an effective interview can help you improve your research skills. Interviewing abilities include:
Report writing skills can help you in both your employment and your academic studies. In any case, the overall goal of a report is to transmit specific facts to its audience.
Communication is crucial for effective report writing. Your supervisor, professor, or general reader should comprehend your findings and conclusions clearly. Skills in report writing include:
Critical thinking skills can help you a lot in the research process and in general as an employee. Your data analysis skills are referred to as critical thinking. When you're conducting research, you'll need to be able to interpret your findings and make rational judgments based on them. The following are examples of critical thinking skills:
The development of baseline productivity and success standards is one of the most significant components of planning and scheduling. You won't know if you're meeting goals until you have a particular strategy in place with a specific desired outcome defined by a completion date.
It also makes time management considerably easy. Employers value planning and scheduling abilities because they suggest a well-prepared employee. Skills in planning and scheduling include:
Research involves sifting through and taking in lots of information. Taking thorough notes ensures that you do not overlook any findings and allows you to communicate these findings to your coworkers. Being able to take good notes aids in the summarization of research. Here are some examples of note-taking abilities:
Unfortunately, we only have 24 measly hours in a day. In a professional setting, the ability to effectively manage this time is extremely valuable. Hiring managers look for candidates who can complete tasks within a specific time frame.
Strong time management skills imply that you can organize a strategy for breaking down larger tasks in a project and completing them by a deadline. Improving your time management skills can significantly boost the productivity of your research. Time management abilities include the following:
The definition of research skills is broad, and there are many traits that could help you in the research process. Consider some of the additional research skills below.
The great thing about research skills is that many of us use them on a daily basis. When you use a search engine to find information on a topic, you are conducting research. However, there are more proactive ways to begin improving your research skills today:
If you're ready to conduct research to enhance your search efforts, the following resources will be useful:
World's leading professional association of Internet Research Specialists - We deliver Knowledge, Education, Training, and Certification in the field of Professional Online Research. The AOFIRS is considered a major contributor in improving Web Search Skills and recognizes Online Research work as a full-time occupation for those that use the Internet as their primary source of information.
Advance Your Online Research Skills with Updated Ver 6.0.1! CIRS™ TRAINING PROGRAM - Starting from 15th October.
Table of Contents
What makes a good researcher? Is it some undefinable, innate genius, or is it something that we can practice and build upon? If it was just the former, then there would be far fewer innovations in the history of humankind than there have been. A careful look at researchers through the ages reveals that they all have certain attributes in common that have helped contribute to their success.
1. curiosity.
They ask questions. An endless thirst for knowledge is what sets the best of the best apart from the others. Good researchers constantly strive to learn more, not just about their own field, but about other fields as well. The world around us is fascinating, be it the physics behind the way light refracts, or the anthropological constructions of our society. A good researcher keeps exploring the world and keeps searching for answers.
They look for connections. Information is useless without interpretation. What drives research forward is finding meaning in our observations and data. Good researchers evaluate data from every angle and search for patterns. They explore cause and effect and untangle the tricky web that interconnects everyday phenomena. And then take it one step further to ask, ‘What is the bigger picture? How will the research develop in the future?’
They try, try, and try again. Research can be a frustrating experience. Experiments may not pan out how we expect them to. Even worse, sometimes experiments may run smoothly until they are 95% complete before failing. What sets an average researcher apart from a truly good one? The truly good researcher perseveres. They accept this disappointment, learn from the failure, reevaluate their experiment, and keep moving forward.
Teamwork makes the dream work. Contrary to the common perception of the solitary genius in their lab, research is an extremely collaborative process. There is simply too much to do for just one person to do it all. Moreover, research is becoming increasingly multidisciplinary. It is impossible for just one person to have expertise in all these fields. In general, research is conducted in teams , with each researcher having their individual roles and responsibilities. Being able to coordinate, communicate, and get along with team members is a major factor that can contribute to one’s success as a researcher.
They get their message across. Communication skills are an essential asset for every researcher. Not only do they have to communicate with their team members, but they also have to communicate with co-authors, journals, publishers, and funders. Whether it is writing a crisp and effective abstract, presenting at a conference, or writing a persuasive grant proposal to secure research funding, communication appears everywhere in a researcher’s life. The message in the old adage, ‘If a tree falls in the forest, but no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?’ applies to research too. A discovery could be groundbreaking, but what is the use if the researcher can’t communicate this discovery to the rest of the world?
These are just a few of the skills required by researchers to make it to the top of their field. Other attributes like creativity and time management are also worth mentioning. Nevertheless, having one or more of these top five characteristics will make the research process smoother for you and increase the chances of positive results. Set yourself up for success by building up these skills, focusing on excellence, and asking for help when you need it. Elsevier Author Services is here to aid you at every step of the research journey. From translation services by experts in the field, to preparing your manuscript for publication, to helping you submit the best possible grant proposal, you can trust us to guide you in your journey to doing great research.
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Year after year, people with different personalities and backgrounds step into the field of research eager to develop the key qualities of a good researcher , only to find themselves faced with anxiety and self-doubt. Becoming a good researcher is a challenging task that requires a combination of skills and attributes as well as time, dedication, and a lot of hard work.
So what are the qualities of a good researcher and how does one build these must-have characteristics? This article answers this by sharing the top 10 qualities of a good researcher that you must work to develop, strengthen, and apply on your journey to research success.
Table of Contents
In conclusion, perfecting the characteristics of a good researcher is not quick or easy, but by working consistently toward developing or strengthening these essential qualities, you will be well on your way to finding success as a well-established researcher.
R Discovery is a literature search and research reading platform that accelerates your research discovery journey by keeping you updated on the latest, most relevant scholarly content. With 250M+ research articles sourced from trusted aggregators like CrossRef, Unpaywall, PubMed, PubMed Central, Open Alex and top publishing houses like Springer Nature, JAMA, IOP, Taylor & Francis, NEJM, BMJ, Karger, SAGE, Emerald Publishing and more, R Discovery puts a world of research at your fingertips.
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Discover how the SLICE method can help students find, critically evaluate, and cite sources.
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Teaching research skills to students is one of the most important jobs of an educator, as it allows young people to take a much more proactive role in their own learning. Good researchers know how to learn , a skill they can use in school and beyond.
It is essential that students become adept at finding and evaluating sources, vetting arguments, and learning how to navigate both print and digital media. The SLICE method of teaching research, which I devised, is a simple, memorable way for teachers and students who want to better understand the research process. SLICE stands for Sources, Library, Integrity, Citation, and Evaluation.
What’s the difference between a dictionary, encyclopedia, journal, newspaper, and magazine? Students often don’t know these differentiations, and analyzing the types of sources is an important first step for the novice researcher.
I suggest bringing in physical examples of the sources. Show students hard copies of dictionaries and encyclopedias (which they may not have ever seen). Discuss how many of these resources have migrated to the internet, such as Encyclopaedia Britannica , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , and Oxford Research Encyclopedias .
Next, discuss with the students the different parts of any source (i.e., title, author, publication information, pagination, or abstract in the case of a journal article). This is the anatomy of sources, about which I have written before . Students should know the parts of both books and articles in order to maximize their research efficiency.
Understanding the components of sources allows them to access information quickly via the index or table of contents. While many students rely on citation-generators, it is helpful for them to understand how to write a works-cited page or bibliography without the aid of a website. Knowing the parts of their sources can help them with this.
Another key element of any discussion about sources is delving into the variety of digital sources now available. First, I like to teach them how to use Wikipedia wisely , as it is an online source that many young people turn to first. Demonstrate to students how much of the research has already been done for them on Wikipedia (i.e., through the references, sources, and external links). Then, we look at open-access databases online, such as medical websites ( PubMed , Trip medical database ), journals ( Nature Portfolio , JSTOR ), reputable polling sources ( Pew Research , Gallup , 538 , The Quinnipiac University Poll ), Google Scholar, and others. Talk to your librarian about open-access websites.
Being a good researcher means knowing how to navigate a library, be it a public library, academic library, or school library. There’s simply no way around that— especially with the staggering breadth of information in our society. Libraries are more important than ever, and it is critical that students become confident and proficient library users.
First, teach students the role of libraries in organizing, disseminating, and, in many cases, preserving valuable digital and physical information. Some students may have never even visited a library!
Next, present a lesson on the different library classification systems, such as the Library of Congress system or the Dewey Decimal System. Couple this with a visit to your own school library or a field trip to a public or academic library . Take a tour of a library, getting students to explore its physical space and offerings. Additionally, invite a librarian to speak to your class, and make sure they review the digital resources and electronic databases offered through their library. A librarian would be glad to help students register for library cards, too.
I review with students the integrity of the source. Teach students, for instance, the definition of “peer review,” the peer review process, and how a peer-reviewed source often represents the gold standard of sources. A few examples of high-quality, peer-reviewed journals are Science , The New England Journal of Medicine , American Historical Review , and American Sociological Review .
Then, I usually transition to the integrity of using those sources. Here is where I introduce students to the philosophy and purpose of proper citation. We cite sources to be honest and transparent with our readers, as well as provide “bread crumbs” to readers and other scholars who wish to further examine our topic.
What’s more, I have discovered that students often don’t realize that they need to cite more than just a direct quote.
Next up, I delve into different types of citation methods, making clear that certain citation guides are used for certain fields of study: MLA ( Modern Language Association ) for the humanities, APA ( American Psychological Association ) usually for medical or scientific fields, and The Chicago Manual of Style for business, history, and the arts).
Citation, I explain, is also a road map for students to discover further research. If they read something helpful or compelling in a book or journal article, they can find its source by delving into the citations. I implore students to raid footnotes, endnotes, and bibliographies to find more sources.
Lastly, I try to have students assess sources critically. The CRAAP method— Currency, Relevancy, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose—is one of various techniques educators can use.
Ask the students, “How does the source fit into your research project?” Thinking about this early on can help students plan ahead. Annotated bibliographies can be one way that students answer this important, but often overlooked, question.
Research skills for first-year seminars (fsems).
An annotated bibliography includes a summary and/or evaluation of each of your sources. It may include any or all of these 3 sections, depending on your assignment requirements:
Credit Courtesy of Purdue OWL
Sample Annotated Bibliography (in APA):
Trevor, C.O., Lansford, B. and Black, J.W. (2004). Employee turnover and job performance: monitoring the influences of salary growth and promotion. Journal of Armchair Psychology, 113 (1), 56-64.
In this article Trevor et al. review the influences of pay and job opportunities in respect to job performance, turnover rates and employee motivation. The authors use data gained through organizational surveys of blue-chip companies in Vancouver, Canada to try to identify the main causes of employee turnover and whether it is linked to salary growth. Their research focuses on assessing a range of pay structures such as pay for performance and organizational reward schemes. The main limitation of the article is that the survey sample was restricted to mid-level management, thus the authors indicate that further, more extensive, research needs to be undertaken to develop a more in-depth understanding of employee turnover and job performance. The article is useful to my research topic, as Trevor et al. suggest that there are numerous reasons for employee turnover and variances in employee motivation and performance. It will not form the basis of my research; however, it will be useful supplementary information for my research on pay structures.
Credit courtesy of UNSW Sydney
The Reinhardt MBA program develops in each graduate the skills necessary to analyze and interpret complex business situations, to seek and employ innovative methods for solving business problems, and to lead diverse groups of individuals effectively and ethically . Furthermore, the Reinhardt MBA teaches students to recognize strategic and operational advantages and to use analytical and critical thinking skills necessary for effective strategic and tactical decision-making. Reinhardt MBA students learn to utilize interpersonal skills to foster team consensus , leadership, business ethics, and individual as well as social responsibility.
Tony Daniel, Ph.D., SHRM-SCP Professor of Business 770-720-5638 [email protected]
Reinhardt University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award associate, baccalaureate, and masters. Questions about the accreditation of Reinhardt University may be directed in writing to the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges at 1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, GA 30033-4097, by calling(404) 679-4500, or by using information available on SACSCOC’s website ( www.sacscoc.org).
Reinhardt University's overall educational program emphasizes the study of liberal arts, sciences and professional studies within the University's historic commitment to the United Methodist faith and tradition. The University affirms that learning is best facilitated through a partnership between faculty members and students where the integration of faith and learning is essential. The University is committed to students who desire a small, caring community dedicated to personalized attention.
The MBA program shares the same commitments of the University's overall mission, but with a focus on the graduate student community. The MBA program challenges students academically and “puts them in the chair” of the decision maker in actual business situations. This is done by personal interaction and case study assignments with other students and with a unique faculty that is academically qualified and seasoned with of business experience.
MBA students demonstrate the following qualities, abilities, and skills upon completion of the program:
M1 Critical Thinking, Analytical and Problem- Solving Skills - analyze business situations using information and logic to make recommendations for problem solving and decision making.
M2 Interpersonal, Teamwork, Leadership, and Communications Skills - use team building and collaborative behaviors in the accomplishment of group tasks and will communicate effectively the problem alternatives considered, a recommended solution, and an implementation strategy in oral, written and electronic form.
M3 Ethical Issues and Responsibilities - recognize and analyze ethical dilemmas and propose resolutions for practical business solutions.
M4 Business Skills and Knowledge - apply best practices, established theories, and managerial skills to business situations and problems.
M5 Awareness of Global and Multicultural Issues - demonstrate awareness of, and analyze, global and multicultural issues as they relate to business.
M6 Knowledge of Research Methodologies - derive business decision-making applications based upon sound research practices and procedures.
All admission documents should be sent to the following address:
Office of Admissions Reinhardt University 7300 Reinhardt Circle Waleska, GA 30183 PHONE: 770-720-5526 e-mail: [email protected]
General admission to Reinhardt University graduate studies:
Official transcripts must be mailed from the granting institution, or delivered in a sealed envelope from the institution, or sent via a professional electronic transcript sending service.
Additional admission requirements for the Reinhardt MBA:
And, either
A Bachelor’s Degree in Business from a regionally accredited university with a minimum 2.75 GPA (alternate discretion criteria: a greater than 3.0 GPA in the last 60 credits)
Note: If the applicant’s undergraduate degree is not in Business, then, the candidate must have a Bachelor's Degree from a regionally accredited university with at least a 2.75 GPA.
Admission for Current Reinhardt University Undergraduate Students
Applicants who complete an a bachelor’s degree at Reinhardt University with a 3.0 GPA or higher-
Applicants who complete a bachelor’s degree at Reinhardt University with less than a 3.0 GPA-
No transfer courses are accepted for credit.
Over seven (7) weeks, students will spend a variable number of minutes per week in online lectures, class discussions, and in preparation of class projects and research papers. Instructional time includes a 3-hour final exam. Out-of-class work includes homework and preparation for exams and quizzes and is a variable number of minutes per week (6750 minutes for the semester).
Graduate Students are expected to participate each week in required assignments as scheduled by the instructor. This may require collaboration among classmates and outside research .
MBA students are expected to earn grades of “A” or “B” in their course work. Only one (1) course grade of “C” may be included in the computation for degree completion. A second course grade of “C” will result in Academic Probation. The course must be retaken to count toward degree completion. A third course grade of “C” or a first course grade of “F” will result in Academic Dismissal.
A student may appeal a dismissal by submitting a letter to the vice President for Academic Affairs describing the condition and identifying the reasons for seeking a positive decision of the appeal.
See also Grade Appeals and Enrollment Related Appeals under Appeals and Petitions .
See Academic Performance and Degree Completion Requirements .
Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Job Code: MPIDS-W081
The Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-DS) at Göttingen, Germany, is an international, interdisciplinary and collaborative environment offering an exceptional research setting. It hosts a range of theoretical and experimental fundamental scientific research and a diverse group of researchers. Altogether, it employs about 300 people.
In the Department of Living Matter Physics (LMP) we seek to fill a number of Postdoctoral Researcher positions (m/f/d).
The LMP department engages in a wide range of theoretical research aimed at understanding the dynamics of living systems from a physical perspective. The department currently hosts Ramin Golestanian (director), Philip Bittihn (group leader), Benoît Mahault (group leader), Suropriya Saha (group leader), and a number of postdoctoral researchers, students, and visitors.
The postdoctoral researchers will engage in theoretical and computational research in Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics and Active Matter. For more information, visit our website .
We are looking for excellent, enthusiastic and self-motivated researchers with relevant background and good communication skills to join our research team.
The ideal candidate should have:
We are offering excellent working conditions in a highly interdisciplinary and stimulating research environment. Salary is in accordance with the German state public service salary scale (E13 TVöD-Bund) and the corresponding social benefits. Working hours are full time. We offer opportunities regarding work life balance as well as health promotion services. The postdoctoral appointment is for two years. The starting date is flexible.
The Max-Planck Society is committed to achieving the highest level of excellence and diversity. We encourage applications from women, especially in areas where they are underrepresented, which includes theoretical physics. Moreover, we are committed to providing suitable working environment for everyone including individuals with disabilities.
To apply, please follow this link with the reference no MPIDS-W081 and submit your CV, publication list, a statement of research interest, and contacts of two referees. In addition to the description of your proposed research, it should also briefly describe your past and current research interests and why you are interested in joining our department. Processing of applications will start after the deadline of 10th January 2025, and will stop when the positions are filled.
For questions, please contact:
Prof. Dr. Ramin Golestanian Tel. +49 551 5176-100 [email protected]
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Prof. Dr. Ramin Golestanian Am Faßberg 17 37077 Göttingen Germany
Search suggestions update instantly to match the search query.
How it works and what to expect
If you use the Turnitin Assignment tool you will encounter an Originality Report.
For a more in depth look at the Originality Report please see this video resource.
Introduction
0:07 hello and welcome to this video looking
0:10 at the Turnitin originality report
0:12 Turnitin is a specialized search engine
0:15 and data matching tool that is used by
0:17 many schools and universities to detect
0:19 plagiarism or copying by matching blocks
0:21 of text to previously published
0:23 materials plagiarism is a serious
0:26 offense and is treated by the University
0:28 of Portsmouth as such however it is part
0:30 of this staffs responsibility to educate
0:32 students in good practices Turnitin can
0:36 help with this and indeed its primary
0:37 use in the university is to help you
0:39 develop good practice incorrectly using
0:42 citations quotations and references in
0:45 order to take full advantage of Turnitin
0:47 you need to understand what the
0:49 originality report is telling you and
0:51 what the similarity index indicates once
Understanding the Originality Report
0:54 you have logged into Moodle go to the
0:55 unit where you submitted the assignment
0:56 and go to the Dropbox where you handed
0:58 the work in once inside it will be
1:01 broken down into the parts you need to
1:03 submit and you'll be able to click on
1:05 the similarity score once you've clicked
1:08 the percentage it will load up the
1:10 Turnitin document viewer you will see in
1:12 the right-hand menu a blue section and a
1:14 red section the number in the red
1:17 section is your originality score in
1:19 this case it is 34% this is the amount
Understanding the Match Overview
1:22 of your work that overlaps with other
1:24 work that has been submitted to Turnitin
1:26 or created and can be found online it is
1:29 broken down into coloured chunks and
1:30 this shows you where the work overlaps
1:32 with other content you can also see this
1:35 in the match overview on the right-hand
1:37 side of the feedback studio interface so
1:40 the top match is at 6% and there are a
1:43 few at one or two percent if I scroll
1:45 through the document you can see there
1:47 are different sections highlighted in
1:49 multiple colors show me where they are
1:51 some work may be quoted and given a
1:54 citation if you click the filter button
1:56 you can choose to exclude quoted
1:58 materials as well as the bibliography or
2:01 references section by clicking on
2:03 exclude the bibliography it will exclude
2:05 anything under the referencing title in
2:07 the document this has now dropped the
2:11 percentage down to 32% you can also see
2:16 there are smaller matches of around one
2:17 and two percent some may be getting two
2:20 three and four percent
2:21 and these can also occur because of
2:23 common terms and phrases that used
2:25 within the subject you are writing about
2:27 by excluding maybe three or four percent
2:29 matches it will help to reduce your
2:31 similarity score and to do that click on
2:33 the filter section choose the percentage
2:35 you wish to exclude by typing in that
2:37 figure and when you've done this
2:38 remember to click apply changes at the
2:40 bottom and then it should exclude those
2:43 one and two percent and possibly three
2:45 and four percent matches an academic
2:47 will also be able to change his
2:49 percentage to fit their criteria of
2:50 plagiarism
2:51 you can still see there are matches and
2:53 this could be because of common terms
2:54 that are being picked up if you click on
2:57 the arrow you can see the whole section
2:59 of work and where it is being taken from
3:01 you can see there is an issue here that
3:03 the work is matching other work may be
3:05 slightly more than it should be if you
3:07 click on the full source view you will
3:09 see the full source text window open on
3:11 the right-hand side showing you where
3:13 all the areas that you're getting the
3:14 matches are from again you can see where
3:18 the match is coming from and if it looks
3:19 like this paragraph has been copied and
3:21 pasted in from an external source it is
3:23 not good academic practice you may want
3:26 to revisit this and change it into your
3:27 own words bearing in mind you should not
3:30 use quotation marks or citations around
3:32 large chunks of text as all you are then
3:34 doing is presenting other people's work
3:36 as your own which again is not good
3:38 academic practice you would need to take
3:41 the paragraph out using only a few
3:42 quotations and citations and rewriting
3:44 it in your own words looking at the all
3:47 sources tab you are able to see where a
3:49 match has been broken down how much is
3:51 copied from multiple sources this will
3:54 help you work out where it has been
3:56 taken from and how often it has been
3:57 used looking at the other large
4:00 percentage overlaps they look like they
4:02 have been directly copied from the
4:03 internet and possibly other sources
4:05 again clicking on the arrow you are able
4:08 to see where all of these materials have
4:09 come from it is a very long paragraph
4:12 that has been copied and pasted exactly
4:14 which you would then need to remove
4:16 rewrite and use appropriate quotations
4:18 and citations and of course and in the
4:21 correct references at the end of your
4:23 work by removing the two larger text
4:25 sections that have been copied the
4:27 percentage would be a much lower and
4:29 much more acceptable score a point of
4:32 note however is that it would not be
4:33 acceptable to put a
4:35 large chunk of text in quotation marks
4:36 and just give it a reference this is
4:39 taking the work of others and not
4:40 putting in much of your own work this
4:43 could result in you beginning a much
4:44 lower mark by the member of staff who is
4:46 grading your work another point to note
4:49 is there's no set figure in the
4:51 university regulations that constitutes
4:53 plagiarism the regulations simply state
4:56 a substantial amount and the
4:58 interpretation of this would be given by
5:00 the member of staff setting and then
5:02 marking the work if you have any doubt
5:05 you would need to check that with the
5:06 member of staff you also do not need to
5:09 get a score of 0% to avoid being accused
5:12 of plagiarism you will have small
5:14 fragments and phrases that will always
5:16 overlap for instance when using common
5:18 terminology if you ever unsure please do
5:21 again check with the member of staff who
5:23 is setting the work thank you very much
5:25 for watching this particular video
Turnitin uses a text matching algorithm to report a Similarity Index out of 100, which represents the percentage of text that it has matched to other sources. The score itself is not particularly meaningful as whilst plagiarism is more likely to have occurred in a paper that has a high Similarity Score this does not always follow.
Popular topics will generally have higher matches as there will be more material in Turnitin’s database to search against. When reviewing your Originality Report an academic will look at where the matching occurs, how long each match is, and whether and how you have cited your sources. For example, if entire sentences or paragraphs match other sources without citation this is an indication that plagiarism might have occurred and is worthy of further investigation. When reviewing a lab report it might be reasonable to expect the introduction, hypothesis and method to be similar to other papers, but we would hope for less matching in the final conclusion.
If you have not deliberately plagiarised then you have nothing to worry about. However, if you do have a high match it is probably worth speaking to your lecturer and revisiting guidance on how to reference correctly.
The Library provides extensive referencing support via their Referencing Pages . The Academic Skills (ASK) Unit will also be able to offer support in this area.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Research skills are a set of abilities that allow individuals to find and gather reliable information and then evaluate the information to find answers to questions. Good research skills are important in academic settings, as finding and critically evaluating relevant information can help you gain a deeper understanding of a subject.
Research skills are the ability to find out accurate information on a topic. They include being able to determine the data you need, find and interpret those findings, and then explain that to others. Being able to do effective research is a beneficial skill in any profession, as data and research inform how businesses operate.
Good research skills are crucial to learning more about a subject, then using that knowledge to improve an organization's capabilities. Synthesizing that research and conveying it clearly is also important, as employees seek to share useful insights and inspire effective actions. Effective research skills are essential for those seeking to:
Learn what research skills are, examples of in-demand research skills, how you can improve and use research skills at work, and how to highlight your research skills during the job search process. ... Good time management skills include planning, setting goals, organizing tasks, delegating assignments, and prioritizing work duties. Examples of ...
Research skills are the ability to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem. They include your ability to gather information about a topic, review that information and analyze and interpret the details in a way to support a solution. Having research skills is necessary to advance your career as they directly relate to your ...
These skills are essential for various fields and disciplines, ranging from academic and scientific research to business, journalism, and beyond. Effective research skills involve several key components: Information Retrieval. Source Evaluation. Critical Thinking. Data Analysis. Problem Formulation.
Select the most appropriate investigative methods (surveys, interviews, experiments) and research tools (periodical indexes, databases, websites). Plan the research project. Retrieve information using a variety of methods (draw on a repertoire of skills). Refine the search strategy as necessary.
To develop good research skills is important for both the individual as well as the company. Important Research Skills for Research Project. When undertaking a research project, one must possess specific important skills to ensure the project's success and accuracy. Here are some essential research skills that are crucial for conducting a ...
Research methods are what you use during the research stages. For example, one research method may be a literature review. Research skills would involve learning how to conduct the best possible literature review. You can practice research skills and improve your speed, accuracy, and reliability. Critical thinking, project management, effective ...
Research skills refer to an individual's ability to source information about a certain topic, and effectively extract and evaluate the information in order to answer questions or solve problems. ... Following any research or data collection, it's a good idea to compare your findings with colleagues to ensure consistency across the team ...
How to Improve Your Research Skills: 6 Research Tips. Written by MasterClass. Last updated: Aug 18, 2021 • 3 min read. Whether you're writing a blog post or a short story, you'll likely reach a point in your first draft where you don't have enough information to go forward—and that's where research comes in.
Research skills refer to the ability to find, organise, analyse and present relevant information about a specific subject. Being able to research requires having several soft and hard skills, including the ability to conduct investigations, make observations, draw inferences, perform analysis and derive solutions to a particular issue.
Below, we examine these strategies to help you improve your research skills. 1. Always Create a Research Strategy Document. Think of strategy as a roadmap highlighting how you want to attack the research problem. We believe creating a strategy before diving knee-deep into research provides clarity and saves you time.
The 10 simple rules for GRP grouped into planning, execution, and reporting of research. GRP, good research practices. Research planning. Rule 1: Specify your research question ... Researchers have field-specific research skills, but sometimes are not aware of best practices in other fields that can be useful. Universities should offer cross ...
With research skills, it's easy to shape the path you would follow to accomplish a particular goal. Related: Primary research vs secondary research: a comparison Examples of research skills There are different research skills you can apply to different industries. Here are some top research skills that can help you advance your career: Data ...
Time Management. Tips on How to Improve Your Research Skills. Initiate your project with a structured outline. Acquire expertise in advanced data collection methods. Validate and examine the reliability of your data sources. Structure your research materials. Enhance your research and communication capabilities.
A librarian is always a good person to have around, especially when it comes to research. Most students don't seek help from their school librarian, however, this person tends to be someone with a vast amount of knowledge when it comes to research skills and where to look for reliable sources. 6. Use library databases.
Whether it be a manuscript rejection or a stressful PhD workload, they keep pushing forward, driven by their passion and their desire to make a difference. 4. Critical thinking: "Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.". - Marie Curie. Another key quality of a good researcher is critical thinking.
Here are six researching skills that can help you assist your company or advance your career: 1. Ability to search and assess information. All research involves the search for credible information that you can analyse and use to arrive at an answer or solution. In the workplace, the information you search for may help you complete projects and ...
Research skills enable you to focus on a specific goal, gather relevant information, and communicate your findings to others. We are taught from a young age to develop research skills, and for good reason. Teachers in academia required answers to a series of topic-related questions in an essay. Similarly, your boss may eventually request that ...
2. Analytical ability and foresight. They look for connections. Information is useless without interpretation. What drives research forward is finding meaning in our observations and data. Good researchers evaluate data from every angle and search for patterns. They explore cause and effect and untangle the tricky web that interconnects ...
Becoming a good researcher requires time, dedication, key skills and attributes, and a lot of hard work! (Image by cookie_studio on Freepik) Year after year, people with different personalities and backgrounds step into the field of research eager to develop the key qualities of a good researcher, only to find themselves faced with anxiety and self-doubt.
Teaching research skills to students is one of the most important jobs of an educator, as it allows young people to take a much more proactive role in their own learning. ... Good researchers know how to learn, a skill they can use in school and beyond. It is essential that students become adept at finding and evaluating sources, vetting ...
Research skills are talents related to investigating, analyzing, formulating and communicating knowledge. These are foundational skills that can be applied to business, scientific and academic pursuits. Research often involves collecting and organizing information from sources and evaluating the credibility of each source. Research can also ...
Their research focuses on assessing a range of pay structures such as pay for performance and organizational reward schemes. The main limitation of the article is that the survey sample was restricted to mid-level management, thus the authors indicate that further, more extensive, research needs to be undertaken to develop a more in-depth ...
The Reinhardt MBA program develops in each graduate the skills necessary to analyze and interpret complex business situations, to seek and employ innovative methods for solving business problems, and to lead diverse groups of individuals effectively and ethically. Furthermore, the Reinhardt MBA teaches students to recognize strategic and operational advantages and to use analytical and ...
The postdoctoral researchers will engage in theoretical and computational research in Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics and Active Matter. For more information, visit our website. Your profile. We are looking for excellent, enthusiastic and self-motivated researchers with relevant background and good communication skills to join our research team.
0:32 students in good practices Turnitin can. 0:36 help with this and indeed its primary. 0:37 use in the university is to help you. 0:39 develop good practice incorrectly using. 0:42 citations quotations and references in. 0:45 order to take full advantage of Turnitin. 0:47 you need to understand what the. 0:49 originality report is telling ...