research jobs in zoology

• Top Jobs for Zoology Degree Majors

Not sure what to do with your zoology degree? Here are some of the most popular careers for graduates in your field.

Last updated: July 16, 2019

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12 Careers for Zoology Graduates

Do you love spending time with animals? Are you passionate about wildlife conservation? Are you fascinated by science?

If so, a degree in zoology might be for you. Zoology is a special branch of biology dedicated to the study of animal science and anatomy. Students in this field study topics like animal biology, behavior, adaptation, and conservation. They develop practical skills in field research and laboratory techniques, gaining hands-on experience working with animals of all kinds. They graduate with strong abilities in data collection and analysis, written and oral communication, project management, and team work.

These qualities—paired with their deep understanding of biology, ecosystems, and animal science—prepare zoology majors for a wide range of careers. Let's take a look at a few of the most common ones.

This article will be covering the following careers:

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1. Zoologist

Not surprisingly, zoologist is a dream job for many zoology majors. These professional scientists work in research laboratories, academic institutions, or out in the field. They can study animals in captivity or in their natural environment, monitoring their behavior and development. They also prepare research reports, publish their findings in academic journals, present at conferences, and more.

A zoologist specializes in the study of animals and their behaviors, both in their natural habitats and controlled environments.

2. Park Naturalist

Park naturalists help the public make the most of the world's parks and recreational sites. They use their knowledge of the natural world to educate visitors about the fascinating plants, animals, and ecosystems that surround them. But park rangers do more than help people enjoy nature; they also teach others how to protect and respect the incredible wildlife that call this planet home.

Park Naturalist

A park naturalist works in parks, nature reserves, or other outdoor recreational areas to provide educational and interpretive programs to visitors.

3. Aquarist

For zoology majors who love aquatic life, a career as an aquarist is a perfect match. These professionals care for the fish and other animals living in aquariums. They feed the creatures, entertain them, monitor and clean their habitats, and more. Some also play an educational role, offering presentations to visitors about the special animals in their care.

An aquarist specializes in the care and maintenance of aquatic organisms in controlled environments, typically in aquariums or fish tanks.

4. Veterinary Assistant

In the US, several zoology programs offer specialized pre-vet training that prepares graduates for a veterinary career. Although some students in these programs continue studying after graduation, many choose to gain professional experience before entering veterinary school. An entry-level job, like veterinary assistant, is an excellent option to consider.

Veterinary Assistant

A veterinary assistant is a vital member of the veterinary healthcare team, providing support and assistance to veterinarians and veterinary technicians.

5. Veterinarian

If additional education isn't an issue, becoming a veterinarian can be an ideal career path. Veterinarians help animals of all kinds heal from injury, illness, and more. They conduct physical exams, provide emergency care, give immunizations, perform surgery, and offer advice to clients on how to care for their pets. This job requires clear communication, a scientific mind, and a true passion for animals—all of which zoology majors possess.

Veterinarian

A veterinarian specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illnesses and injuries in animals.

6. Zoo Educator

If you enjoy interacting with people as much as you do with animals, a career in zoo education may be a perfect fit. Zoo educators teach visitors about the fascinating creatures at the zoo. They give educational presentations, answer questions, and provide information about the animals, the facility, and its conservation efforts.

Zoo Educator

A zoo educator develops and delivers educational programs and activities at zoos and aquariums to engage visitors and promote conservation education.

7. Wildlife Rehabilitator

For a more hands-on role, consider becoming a wildlife rehabilitators. When animals become injured, sick, or orphaned, these compassionate professionals help them recover and return to their home in the wild. They use their deep knowledge of animal behavior and habitat to seek the appropriate veterinary assistance, care for the creatures, and nurse them back to health.

Wildlife Rehabilitator

A wildlife rehabilitator works to rescue, rehabilitate, and release injured, orphaned, or sick wild animals back into their natural habitats.

8. Marine Biologist

Marine biologists are specialized scientists who study saltwater plants and animals. They work with algae, whales, fish, plankton, and other species. Marine biology careers can vary widely, but most positions involve a mix of research and teaching. Tasks can include collecting and analyzing seawater samples, writing research reports, educating university students, and more.

Marine Biologist

A marine biologist specializes in the study of marine organisms, ecosystems, and environments.

9. Animal Trainer

From racehorses to family pets to professional service dogs, lots of animals need professional training. Animal trainers work with species of all kinds, helping them learn to respond to commands, perform certain behaviors, and avoid other ones. Zoology majors possess the knowledge and passion for animals needed to excel in this role.

Animal Trainer

An animal trainer specializes in training and working with animals for various purposes.

10. Sustainability Officer

Rather than working directly with animals, some zoology majors choose to focus on preserving animal habitats. Many become sustainability officers, working with companies to decrease the environmental impacts of their activities. Sustainability officers help employers assess their energy usage, waste production, and pollution outputs. The also suggest ways to make the company's systems and processes as environmentally friendly as possible.

Sustainability Officer

A sustainability officer is responsible for guiding an organization's efforts to become more environmentally, socially, and economically responsible.

11. Conservation Scientist

Another habitat protection job, conservation scientists work to research, improve, and sustain natural spaces. They work closely with governments and landowners to manage wildlife habitats in environmentally safe ways. This can include monitoring and assessing large areas of land, testing water quality, conserving minerals and other resources, and more. Analytical and action-focused, this career can be an ideal fit for an environmentally-minded zoology major.

Conservation Scientist

A conservation scientist studies the natural world and works to preserve and protect it.

12. Professor

Finally, zoology majors who absolutely love to learn may find their perfect career in academia. Zoology professors work at universities and colleges across the world. They conduct research, publish academic journal articles and books, teach undergraduate classes, supervise graduate students, and more.

A professor holds a high-ranking position within an educational institution, typically at the college or university level.

What is a Zoologist?

The world's wildlife is increasingly stressed by human activity. Farming and development have led to habitat loss. Animals are contending with toxic pollutants in their environments, and will be facing threats from climate change. Scientists say we're in the 6th great planetary extinction, called the “Holocene Extinction” - the extinction of the human era. This predicament has made zoologists more important than ever. Zoologists study the physiology of animals, their behavior, and how they interact with other species and their environments. Their knowledge is critical to preserving important habitats and managing wildlife's adaptations to climate change .

What Does a Zoologist Do?

Zoology is the study of animals and their behavior. Zoologists may study a particular species or group of species, either in the wild or in captivity.

Zoologists study animals and their interactions with ecosystems. They study their physical characteristics, diets, behaviors, and the impacts humans have on them. They study all kinds of animals, both in their natural habitats and in captivity in zoos and aquariums. They may specialize in studying a particular animal or animal group.

Zoologists may be involved in a wide variety of duties in various environments. For example they may observe and study animals in their natural environments, or plan and conduct experiments involving animals in nature, in zoos, or in other controlled areas. They may also collect biological specimens and measure physical characteristics. These studies are generally aimed at investigating animal behavior, migration, interactions with other species, and reproduction, as well as the pests, diseases, toxins, and habitat changes that affect them. They use the information they gather to monitor and estimate populations, address invasive species and other threats, control disease, manage hunting programs, and develop conservation plans. They also write reports and journal articles and give presentations to share their findings.

Zoologists also use geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to track the movements of animals and map their habitat ranges. They also use modeling software to project future scenarios, such as habitat range changes due to climate change.

Their efforts are critical to protecting endangered species and other wildlife from the pressures of habitat loss, disease, invasive species, and climate change.

Where Does a Zoologist Work?

Some zoologists work for zoos, wildlife centers, wildlife parks, and aquariums, where they manage the animals' care, their distribution, and their enclosures. They may also help breeding programs restore wild populations.

Zoologists also work for wildlife conservation groups, where they may help rehabilitate and release animals, plan conservation and ecotourism initiatives involving local communities, or lobby governments on policy.

Other zoologists research new vermin control drugs or veterinary medicines for pharmaceutical companies. Some work as museum curators, where they manage specimens, conduct research, and educate the public. Others are faculty members in academia.

Zoologists work in offices and laboratories. Some like Jane Goodall or Diane Fossey spend much of their time outdoors studying animals in their natural habitats, which may be quite remote. While travel can be a significant perk, this type of work can also be strenuous and isolating.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of 2012, most zoologists and wildlife biologists (34%) were employed in state government. 24% were employed by the federal government. Another 10% worked in research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences. 7% worked in management, scientific, and technical consulting services, and 6% worked for state colleges, universities, and professional schools. 4% were employed by local government.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours when doing fieldwork, and those studying nocturnal animals may need to work at night.

What Is the Average Zoologist Salary?

As of May 2020, the median salary for zoologists and wildlife biologists was $66,350. At $81,530, those in the federal government earned the highest median salary. They were followed by zoologists employed in research and development ($71,300) and management, scientific, and technical consulting services ($69,490).*

Zoology Jobs & Job Description

Duties vary significantly from job to job, but the following list includes typical job duties one might encounter as a zoologist:

• Analyze the lifecycle of animals as well as their function in terms of the overall ecosystem in which they are a part
• Conduct population assessments of species using field methods or GIS technology
• Collect, process, and prepare specimens for study
• Analyze data and experimental observations and evaluate study results
• Prepare and publish scientific papers to report findings
• Act as advocate and spokesperson for wildlife and ecosystem concerns within their scope of specialty
• Interact with other scientists, professionals, and advocacy groups to preserve and monitor habitats and populations
• Draft reports and presentations
• Collect samples and conduct observational research in the lab, the field, and protected environments
• Make sure data/specimen collection and record keeping is accurate and adheres to relevant safety procedures
• Communicate with national, regional and international initiatives in order to share information and assessment data
• Continually review current research and scientific literature in the field
• Consult on and implement habitat mitigation and remediation measures
• Consult on environmental and site assessments as they affect wildlife biology
• Travel to temporary field assignments in remote locations
• Conduct and/or oversee wildlife population surveys
• Provide technical expertise related to wildlife survey design
• Prepare wildlife management plans
• Monitor trends in wildlife populations

Senior zoologists will likely be offered the role of team lead at some point in their career. Some of the additional tasks that accompany this tier-2 position are:

• Overseeing paperwork and analyzing data for reporting purposes
• Communicating with clients, government departments, colleagues, and experts in the field via verbal and written reports
• Preparing and reviewing articles and papers based on research findings
• Planning and scheduling research trips
• Designing budgets and timelines for lab and field teams
• Serve as point of contact for peer-review data inquiries
• Consult with agency working groups
• Review records, reports, and assessments on behalf of the team
• Coordinate technical details for a range of interdisciplinary projects
• Navigate environmental regulations and environmental approvals processes
• Manage and consult about endangered species populations
• Manage and advocate to a variety of stakeholders regarding species conservation, protection, and rehabilitation
• Evaluate national and international wildlife initiatives
• Participate in meetings with government agencies, consultants, and engineers

What Is the Job Demand for Zoologists?

Jobs for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected to grow 5% between 2020 and 2030, which is slower than average for all occupations.* Retirements will open up some opportunities in this field. However, government budgets will govern demand for zoology jobs in the public sector.

Competition for jobs is very strong. Candidates with practical experience gained through volunteer work for zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and nonprofit organizations will have the best opportunities.

How Do I Get a Zoology Degree?

Entry-level positions require at least a bachelor's degree. Zoologists typically earn degrees in zoology, wildlife biology, ecology, or general biology. Coursework often includes classes on animal behavior and physiology, parasitology, virology, ecology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistical software. Students may also take courses in a particular area of specialty. Research and faculty positions require a Ph.D. Outdoors skills can also be very helpful. Experience with backpacking, camping, and wilderness survival can set a candidate apart.

What Are the Different Branches of Zoology?

Many zoologists dedicate their careers to studying a particular species or animal group. For example:

• Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and seals.
• Entomologists specialize in insects, such as ants and spiders.
• Herpetologists work with reptiles and amphibians such as alligators, salamanders, and frogs.
• Ichthyologists focus on wild fish, such as Rainbow Trout and the Least Chub.
• Mammalogists study mammals, such as deer, wolves, chimpanzees and giraffes.
• Parasitologists research the parasites that plague other wildlife, such as ticks, and how they affect their host species.
• Ornithologists study birds such as the endangered California Condor.
• Ethologists specialize in animal behavior.
• Paleozoologists study fossil remains to investigate the evolutionary history of animals.

Other Degrees Related to Zoology

• Geospatial Intelligence Analytics Degrees
• Anthropology Bachelor's Degree Online Programs
• Meteorology Online Degree and Certificate
• Biomimicry Degrees - Online and Campus
• Geodesign Online Degree Info

What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Zoologists Have?

• The Wildlife Society facilitates networking of wildlife professionals through magazines and journals, an e-newsletter, an annual conference, and working groups. It also administers professional certification for wildlife biologists.
• The Association of Zoos and Aquariums is a network of more than 6,000 zoo and aquarium professionals and organizations. It offers animal management information, business benchmarking data, conference proceedings, grants and more.

Other Recommended Resources

• Zoological Association of America
• International Society of Zoological Sciences

*2020 US Bureau of Labor Statistics salary figures and job growth projections for zoologists and wildlife biologists reflect national data not school-specific information. Conditions in your area may vary. Data accessed September 2021.

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Research Jobs in Zoology

Are you thinking about a research career in zoology? You might have just graduated in the field and are considering doing a PhD, or perhaps you’re already working as a postdoctoral zoology researcher.

Whatever your career stage, here we tell you everything you need to know about this popular research field, routes into zoology research and where your skills and knowledge can take you next.

What do zoology researchers do?

Zoology researchers conduct laboratory and field research into the evolution, features and behaviour of animals. From ants to elephants, they study how species interact with each other and their ecosystem, population dynamics and the effect of environmental damage on animal life.

Researchers in this field carry out individual and collaborative research in higher education, government and public bodies, charities and NGOs and sectors such as agriculture, pharmaceuticals and conservation.

Zoology research areas and interests include:

• Evolutionary genetics/genomic/biology
• Conservation biology
• Animal genetics
• Behavioural ecology
• Cell and developmental biology
• Biodiversity
• Biomedical research

If you choose to become a zoology researcher in higher education, your role will involve working in a multidisciplinary team with colleagues from backgrounds in biological, physical and medical sciences.

Depending on your expertise, you could be working on anything from studying the transmission of avian flu in seabirds to understanding evolution through paleozoology (fossil remains). You will most likely work in a laboratory setting, where you will observe animals and insects, carry out testing and analyse findings. The role might also involve fieldwork research, where you would observe species in their natural habitats anywhere in the world. Most zoology research jobs involve the following day-to-day activities:

• Designing experiments and analysing samples in a laboratory.
• Carrying out field research and sample collection.
• Gathering and interpreting data.
• Writing reports, scientific articles and research outcomes.
• Collaborating with colleagues to compile funding proposals.
• Attending conferences, knowledge exchange forums and events related to your project.
• Liaising with external stakeholders, conservation and policymaking organisations.
• Managing a team of researchers and technicians (senior zoology research roles).
• Carrying out ad hoc teaching and demonstrations to students at all levels.

How to Become a Zoology Researcher

To work as a zoology researcher, you will generally need to have completed a PhD or be near completion. The area you focus on during doctoral studies will influence the type of role you apply for, as your expertise would need to align with the objectives of a particular project or programme.

Postdoctoral research jobs in zoology generally require the following qualifications, experience and knowledge.

Essential qualifications

• An undergraduate degree and/or Master’s in zoology or other relevant biological science.
• A PhD in zoology or related area. If you have not completed your PhD yet, take a look at our current Zoology PhD Studentships .

Experience and knowledge

If you’re applying for your first postdoctoral post, you will need previous research experience – most likely gained during your PhD – in an area which aligns with the project. More senior research roles would require a wide range of postdoctoral experience plus evidence of published outcomes.

For all biological sciences research jobs, you would need high-level laboratory skills and the ability to use cutting-edge equipment. Knowledge of and skills in computational biology, computer vision, machine learning and multilevel modelling may also be required.

What’s the pay?

A postdoctoral research associate/fellow in zoology can expect a salary in the range of £38,200 to £44,100 p.a. Senior research associates/fellows can expect between £44,263 to £54,395 p.a., depending on the project.

What can it lead to?

On gaining several years of postdoctoral experience, you could apply for senior research fellowships or choose to combine your research with teaching in a lecturing role.

Alternatively, you might decide to work as a senior research scientist in a non-university setting , such as a conservation charity, research institute or in industry. Promotion to senior research positions depends on successful research outcomes and your ability to work as part of a multidisciplinary team.

Where can I find jobs?

Zoology research offers a wide range of career opportunities for doctoral students, postdocs and senior researchers in a variety of settings worldwide. However, it’s a popular field and competition for jobs can be high.

You will find higher availability of jobs in areas such as conservation, ecology, biomedical science and disease prevention/treatment (such as studying and treating zoonotic diseases or parasitological diseases like malaria).

Most academic research posts are funding-dependent and offered on a fixed-term contract basis, so you may find you will need to move from post to post as a researcher. Zoological research is supported by a network of funding sources and universities often partner with external organisations and industry to complete a project.

To find out more about the types of zoology research currently receiving funding in the UK, visit UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) , or take a look at the impact of previous and ongoing research on the Research Excellence Framework’s impact case study database.

The best place to start your search for a zoology research job or PhD Studentship is here at jobs.ac.uk . We’re the largest jobs board in the field for academic research jobs and you’ll also find a wealth of tips, advice and guidance on how to progress your research career.

Find Zoology Research Jobs here

Zoology Jobs Profile

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• Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists: Jobs, Career, Salary and Education Information

Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Career, salary and education information.

What They Do : Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems.

Work Environment : Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in offices, laboratories, or outdoors. Depending on their job, they may spend considerable time in the field gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats.

How to Become One : Zoologists and wildlife biologists need a bachelor’s degree for entry-level positions; a master’s degree is often needed for higher-level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary to lead independent research and for most university research positions.

    Salary : The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $64,650.

Job Outlook : Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.

Related Careers : Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of zoologists and wildlife biologists with similar occupations.

Following is everything you need to know about a career as a Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist with lots of details. As a first step, take a look at some of the following jobs, which are real jobs with real employers. You will be able to see the very real job career requirements for employers who are actively hiring. The link will open in a new tab so that you can come back to this page to continue reading about the career:

Top 2 Wildlife Biologist Jobs

Training of employees in and application of wildlife biology , entomology, administration, policies and procedures, fleet and equipment, maintenance and upkeep, time management, ethical business ...

... biologic medications, with plans for expansion.- Joining a team inclusive of two rheumatologists ... zoos, wildlife refuges, and more.- Vibrant arts community, museums, and world-class dining.- High ...

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What Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists Do [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.

Duties of Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically do the following:

• Develop and conduct experimental studies with animals in controlled or natural surroundings
• Collect biological data and specimens for analysis
• Study the characteristics of animals, such as their interactions with other species, reproduction, population dynamics, diseases, and movement patterns
• Analyze the influence that human activity has on wildlife and their natural habitats
• Research, initiate, and maintain ways of improving breeding programs that support healthy game animals, endangered species, or other wild populations of land or aquatic life
• Estimate, monitor, and manage wildlife populations and invasive plants and animals
• Develop and implement programs to reduce risk to human activities from wildlife and invasive species, such as keeping wildlife from impacting airport operations or livestock and crop production
• Write research papers, reports, and scholarly articles that explain their findings
• Give presentations on research findings to academics and the general public
• Develop conservation plans and make recommendations on wildlife conservation and management issues to policymakers and the general public

Zoologists and wildlife biologists perform a variety of scientific tests and experiments. For example, they take blood samples from animals to assess their nutrition levels, check animals for disease and parasites, and tag animals in order to track them. Although the roles and abilities of zoologists and wildlife biologists often overlap, zoologists typically conduct scientific investigations and basic research on particular types of animals, such as birds or amphibians, whereas wildlife biologists are more likely to study specific ecosystems or animal populations, such as a particular at-risk species. Wildlife biologists also do applied work, such as the conservation and management of wildlife populations.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists use geographic information systems (GIS), modeling software, and other computer programs to estimate wildlife populations and track the movements of animals. They also use these computer programs to forecast the spread of invasive species or diseases, project changes in the availability of habitat, and assess other potential threats to wildlife.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists conduct research for a variety of purposes. For example, many zoologists and wildlife biologists work to increase our knowledge and understanding of wildlife species. Traditionally, many wildlife biologists researched ways to encourage abundant game animal populations to support recreational hunting and tourism. Today, many also work with public officials in conservation efforts that protect species from threats and help animal populations return to and remain at sustainable levels.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work on research teams with other scientists and technicians. For example, zoologists and wildlife biologists may work with environmental scientists and hydrologists to monitor water pollution and its effects on fish populations.

Zoologists generally specialize first in either vertebrates or invertebrates and then in specific species. Following are some examples of specialization by species:

• Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins.
• Entomologists study insects, such as beetles and butterflies.
• Herpetologists study reptiles and amphibians, such as snakes and frogs.
• Ichthyologists study wild fish, such as sharks and lungfish.
• Malacologists study mollusks, such as snails and clams.
• Mammalogists study mammals, such as monkeys and bears.
• Ornithologists study birds, such as hawks and penguins.
• Teuthologists study cephalopods, such as octopuses and cuttlefish.

Other zoologists and wildlife biologists are identified by the aspects of zoology and wildlife biology they study, such as evolution and animal behavior. Following are some examples:

• Anatomy is the study of structure of organisms and their parts.
• Embryology is the study of the development of embryos and fetuses.
• Ethology, sometimes called behavioral ecology, is the study of animal behaviors as natural or adaptive traits.
• Histology, or microscopic anatomy, is the study of cells and tissues in plants and animals.
• Physiology is the study of the normal function of living systems.
• Soil zoology is the study of animals which live fully or partially in the soil.
• Teratology is the study of abnormal physiological development.
• Zoography is the study of descriptive zoology, and describes plants and animals.

Many people with a zoology and wildlife biology background become high school teachers or college or university professors. For more information, see the profiles on high school teachers and postsecondary teachers .

Work Environment for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Zoologists and wildlife biologists hold about 17,100 jobs. The largest employers of zoologists and wildlife biologists are as follows:

Zoologists and wildlife biologists work in offices, laboratories, and outdoors. Depending on their job and interests, they may spend considerable time in the field gathering data and studying animals in their natural habitats. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend very little time in the field.

Fieldwork can require zoologists and wildlife biologists to travel to remote locations anywhere in the world. For example, cetologists studying whale populations may spend months at sea on a research ship. Other zoologists and wildlife biologists may spend significant amounts of time in deserts or remote mountainous and woodland regions. The ability to travel and study nature firsthand is often viewed as a benefit of working in these occupations, but few modern amenities may be available to those who travel in remote areas.

Fieldwork can be physically demanding, and zoologists and wildlife biologists work in both warm and cold climates and in all types of weather. For example, ornithologists who study penguins in Antarctica may need to spend significant amounts of time in cold weather and on ships, which may cause seasickness. In all environments, working as a zoologist or wildlife biologist can be emotionally demanding because interpersonal contact may be limited.

Injuries and Illnesses for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists handle wild animals or spend significant amounts of time outdoors in difficult terrain or in inclement weather. Rates of illness and injury for these workers is not high, but precautions should be taken when handling wildlife or working in remote areas.

Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Work Schedules

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork. Zoologists and wildlife biologists who work with nocturnal animals may need to work at night at least some of the time.

How to Become a Zoologist or Wildlife Biologist [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Get the education you need: Find schools for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists near you!

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need a bachelor's degree for entry-level positions; a master's degree is often needed for higher level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary to lead independent research and for most university research positions.

Education for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a bachelor's degree. Many schools offer bachelor's degree programs in zoology and wildlife biology or in a closely related field, such as ecology. An undergraduate degree in biology with coursework in zoology and wildlife biology also is good preparation for a career as a zoologist or wildlife biologist.

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically need at least a master's degree for higher level investigative or scientific work. A Ph.D. is necessary for the majority of independent research positions and for university research positions. Most Ph.D.-level researchers need to be familiar with computer programming and statistical software.

Students typically take zoology and wildlife biology courses in ecology, anatomy, wildlife management, and cellular biology. They also take courses that focus on a particular group of animals, such as herpetology (reptiles and amphibians) or ornithology (birds). Courses in botany, chemistry, and physics are important because zoologists and wildlife biologists must have a well-rounded scientific background. Wildlife biology programs may focus on applied techniques in habitat analysis and conservation. Students also should take courses in mathematics and statistics, given that zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to do complex data analysis.

Knowledge of computers is important because zoologists and wildlife biologists frequently use advanced computer software, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and modeling software, to do their work.

Important Qualities for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Communication skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists write scientific papers and give talks to the public, policymakers, and academics.

Critical-thinking skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists need sound reasoning and judgment to draw conclusions from experimental results and scientific observations.

Emotional stamina and stability. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to endure long periods with little human contact. As with other occupations that deal with animals, emotional stability is important in working with injured or sick animals.

Interpersonal skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically work on teams. They must be able to work effectively with others to achieve their goals or to negotiate conflicting goals.

Observation skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists must be able to notice slight changes in an animal's behavior or appearance.

Outdoor skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to chop firewood, swim in cold water, navigate rough terrain in poor weather, carry heavy packs or equipment long distances, or perform other activities associated with life in remote areas.

Problem-solving skills. Zoologists and wildlife biologists try to find the best possible solutions to threats that affect wildlife, such as disease and habitat loss.

Other Experience for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Some zoologists and wildlife biologists may need to have well-rounded outdoor skills. They may need to be able to drive a tractor, boat, or ATV, use a generator, or provide for themselves in remote locations.

Many zoology and wildlife biology students gain practical experience through internships, volunteer work, or some other type of employment during college or soon after graduation.

Advancement for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Zoologists and wildlife biologists typically receive greater responsibility and independence in their work as they gain experience. More education also can lead to greater responsibility. Zoologists and wildlife biologists with a Ph.D. usually lead independent research and control the direction and content of projects. In addition, they may be responsible for finding much of their own funding.

Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Salaries [ About this section ] [ More salary/earnings info ] [ To Top ]

The median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists is $64,650. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $42,420, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $103,900.

The median annual wages for zoologists and wildlife biologists in the top industries in which they work are as follows:

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours, especially when doing fieldwork.

Job Outlook for Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Employment of zoologists and wildlife biologists is projected to show little or no change over the next ten years.

Despite limited employment growth, about 1,500 openings for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Most of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Employment of Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists

Demand for zoologists and wildlife biologists may be limited by budgetary constraints, as jobs and funding for these workers often come from state, federal, and local governments. However, some zoologists and wildlife biologists are expected to be needed to help combat the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities, as well as to research climate-driven ecosystem changes. These workers also may be needed to develop and implement conservation plans to reduce threats to animals and protect natural resources.

Careers Related to Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

Agricultural and food scientists.

Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products.

Animal Care and Service Workers

Animal care and service workers provide care for animals. They feed, groom, bathe, and exercise pets and other nonfarm animals.

Biochemists and Biophysicists

Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.

Biological Technicians

Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.

Conservation Scientists and Foresters

Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources.

Environmental Scientists and Specialists

Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human health. They may clean up polluted areas, advise policymakers, or work with industry to reduce waste.

Microbiologists

Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments.

Postsecondary Teachers

Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.

Veterinarians

Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health. They diagnose, treat, and research medical conditions and diseases of pets, livestock, and other animals.

More Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist Information [ About this section ] [ To Top ]

For more information about zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

The Wildlife Society

Association of Zoos and Aquariums

American Society of Mammalogists

American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists

American Ornithological Society

Zoological Association of America

For more information about issues in zoology and wildlife biology, visit

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Geographical Survey

National Park Service

For more information about careers in botany, visit

Botanical Society of America

For more information about careers in ecology, visit

Ecological Society of America

For information on federal government education requirements for zoologists and wildlife biologists, visit

U.S. Office of Personnel Management

A portion of the information on this page is used by permission of the U.S. Department of Labor.

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Top 15 Zoology Degree Jobs

By Agwaonye Samuel

Published: November 30, 2023

Do you have a degree in zoology, or are you considering exploring this field to enjoy the captivating study of animals and their ecosystems? This article serves as a compass through the lush landscape of career possibilities. Beyond the walls of laboratories and classrooms, the world of zoology extends its arms to embrace roles that span conservation, research, education, and beyond.

Join us on a captivating journey that promises to ignite your passion, broaden your horizons, and empower you to contribute meaningfully to the fascinating tapestry of life on our planet.

Let us take a look at our top 15 careers:

• Wildlife Biologist
• Marine Biologist
• Animal Behaviorist
• Conservation Scientist
• Veterinary Technician/Technologist
• Animal Trainer
• Animal Welfare Specialist
• Zoology Professor
• Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialist
• Animal Geneticist
• Park Ranger/Naturalist
• Wildlife Photographer
• Animal Research Technician

1. Zoologist

A Zoologist is an expert who studies and specializes in the behavior, physiology, classification, and habitats of various animal species.

As a Zoologist

You will be responsible for studying various aspects of animal life, including behavior, physiology, genetics, and ecology. Zoologists conduct research to understand animal populations, habitats, and the impact of environmental factors on wildlife.

• Research Opportunities: This role offers opportunities to contribute to scientific knowledge and make discoveries about animal behavior and biology.
• Fieldwork and Adventure: Many zoologists engage in exciting fieldwork, which may involve travel to remote locations, observing animals in their natural habitats, and conducting hands-on research.
• Advocacy and Policy: Zoologists may influence policy decisions and advocate for conservation measures based on their research findings.

Working Conditions

Zoologists may work outdoors in diverse environments, conducting fieldwork or research in laboratories and academic institutions. Their work often involves collaboration with other researchers and wildlife experts.

Further Studies

• Master’s or Ph.D. in Zoology or a related field: Pursuing advanced studies provides specialized knowledge and research opportunities.
• Wildlife Society Certification: The Wildlife Society offers professional certifications, such as the Associate Wildlife Biologist (AWB) and Certified Wildlife Biologist (CWB), which can validate your knowledge and experience in wildlife biology and management.
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems) Certification : Earning a GIS certification can enhance your ability to analyze spatial data and contribute to habitat management and wildlife conservation efforts.

What Skills Make You a Strong Candidate

Being a successful Zoologist requires a strong interest in science, good research abilities, smart thinking, and a real love for animals and conservation. Also, being able to explain research well and work well with other scientists are really important in this job.

Salary Range & Job Outlook

• Salary Range ($64,000 and $97,000)
• Job Outlook (7.7%)

Zoologists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer (e.g., government agencies, research institutions, conservation organizations). On average, they can earn between $64,000 and $97,000 per year. The job outlook is steady at 7.7% , with demand driven by ongoing research and conservation efforts.

2. Wildlife Biologist

habitats, and interactions of animals in their natural environments.

As a Wildlife Biologist

You will study the behavior, genetics, ecology, and habitats of wild animals. Wildlife Biologists conduct research to assess wildlife populations, monitor species health, and develop conservation strategies.

• Wildlife Research: Biologists have the opportunity to conduct in-depth research on a wide range of species, gaining insights into their behaviors, adaptations, and interactions.
• Fieldwork and Adventure: Many wildlife biologists engage in exciting fieldwork, which may involve travel to diverse and remote locations, observing animals in their natural habitats, and conducting hands-on research.
• Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Wildlife biologists collaborate with other scientists, policymakers, land managers, and stakeholders to address complex conservation challenges.
• Variety of Specializations: Wildlife biology encompasses diverse fields, such as ornithology, herpetology, mammalogy, ecology, and more, allowing for specialization based on individual interests.

Wildlife Biologists work outdoors in various ecosystems, conducting field research and collecting data. They also work in laboratories and research institutions for data analysis and report writing.

• Certified Wildlife Biologist (CWB) : Offered by The Wildlife Society (TWS), this certification demonstrates your expertise and commitment to the profession.
• Endangered Species Act (ESA) Compliance Training: Familiarizing yourself with ESA regulations and compliance procedures is crucial for wildlife biologists involved in research and conservation efforts concerning endangered species.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Training: Understanding how to assess and mitigate the impact of human activities on wildlife and their habitats is vital for wildlife biologists involved in conservation planning and environmental assessments.
• Master’s or Ph.D. in Wildlife Biology: Pursuing advanced studies provides specialized knowledge in wildlife research and conservation.

Succeeding as a Wildlife Biologist involves being skilled in field research, knowing how to analyze data, having a good understanding of ecosystems, and caring deeply about protecting animals and nature. Also, working well with conservation groups and government agencies is very important in this job.

• Salary Range ($53,000 and $83,000)
• Job Outlook (8%)

Wildlife Biologists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer (e.g., government agencies, non-profit organizations). They can earn between $53,000 and $83,000 per year. The job outlook is set at 8% , with a continued need for wildlife research and conservation efforts.

3. Zookeeper

A Zookeeper is an individual who cares for and maintains the well-being of animals within a zoo or wildlife facility.

As a Zookeeper

You are responsible for the care and well-being of animals kept in zoos and wildlife parks. Zookeepers ensure the animals’ health, provide proper nutrition and create enriching environments to promote their physical and mental well-being.

• Direct Interaction with Animals: Zookeepers have the unique opportunity to work closely with a variety of animals, building strong bonds and developing a deep understanding of their behaviors and needs.
• Hands-On Learning: Zookeepers gain practical, hands-on experience in animal husbandry, healthcare, and behavioral observation.
• Professional Growth: The field of zookeeping offers opportunities for career advancement, specialization, and professional development.
• Teamwork and Collaboration: Zookeepers work closely with veterinarians, curators, educators, and other professionals to ensure comprehensive animal care.

Zookeepers work outdoors and indoors, depending on the facility’s requirements. They may also work during weekends, holidays, and emergencies to ensure the animals’ well-being.

• First Aid and CPR Certification : Obtaining certifications in first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be valuable in emergency situations involving animals or visitors.
• Animal Husbandry Courses: Animal husbandry courses cover the care, breeding, and management of animals in captivity. These courses can provide you with knowledge on nutrition, health, and the general well-being of zoo animals.
• Certificate in Zookeeping or Animal Care: Completing specialized training programs can enhance knowledge and practical skills.

Thriving as a Zookeeper requires being good at handling animals, knowing how they behave, being physically fit, and truly caring about wildlife conservation. Also, being able to talk well with visitors and work together smoothly with other zoo team members is really important in this job.

• Salary Range ($26,000 to $34,000)
• Job Outlook (16%)

Zookeepers’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and the size of the facility (e.g., public or private zoo). On average, their salary can range from $26,000 to $34,000 per year. The job outlook is competitive at 16% , with a limited number of positions available in zoos and wildlife parks.

4. Marine Biologist

A Marine Biologist specializes in studying the life forms, ecosystems, and environmental dynamics of oceans and other marine environments.

As a Marine Biologist

You are expected to study marine organisms and ecosystems, including marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. Marine Biologists conduct research to understand marine life, ocean processes, and the impact of human activities on marine environments.

• Exploration and Discovery: Marine biologists have the opportunity to explore diverse and largely unexplored marine environments, discovering new species and ecosystems.
• Fieldwork and Adventure: Many marine biologists engage in exciting fieldwork, including scuba diving, research vessel expeditions, and underwater exploration.
• Academic and Industry Opportunities: Marine biologists can work in academia, research institutions, government agencies, conservation organizations, and industries related to marine science.
• Conservation Leadership: Marine biologists lead conservation efforts, engage in habitat restoration, and contribute to marine protected area designations.

Marine Biologists work in marine research institutions, universities, and government agencies. Their work may involve field research on boats or in underwater habitats.

• American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Scientific Diver Certification : AAUS sets safety and training standards for scientific diving programs, and obtaining this certification demonstrates your competence in conducting scientific studies in aquatic environments.
• NOAA Fisheries Observer Program Training: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) offers training programs for fisheries observers to collect data on commercial fishing vessels.
• PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) or NAUI (National Association of Underwater Instructors) Diver Certifications: While not specific to marine biology, these certifications are fundamental for any marine biologist involved in underwater research or fieldwork.
• Master’s or Ph.D. in Marine Biology: Pursuing advanced studies provides specialized knowledge in marine research.

Being a strong candidate for a Marine Biologist role means having a deep love for marine life, being good at researching, and sometimes being skilled at scuba diving. It’s also important to really care about protecting the ocean and its creatures. Plus, being able to explain research well and work well with marine conservation groups is very important in this job.

• Salary Range ($33,000 and $100,000)
• Job Outlook (5%)

Marine Biologists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer. On average, they can earn between $33,000 and $100,000 per year. The job outlook is steady and set at 5% , with a continued focus on understanding and protecting marine ecosystems.

Related Articles

• Hiring a Marine Biologist: Job Description Template
• Top 15 Marine Biology Degree Jobs

5. Animal Behaviorist

An Animal Behaviorist studies and analyzes the actions, interactions, and habits of animals to gain insights into their cognitive, social, and physiological behaviors.

As an Animal Behaviorist

You will study the behavior of animals, including both wild and domesticated species. Animal Behaviorists seek to understand the reasons behind animal actions, communication, and social interactions.

• Insight into Animal Behavior: Animal behaviorists gain deep insights into the behavior, cognition, and communication of a wide range of animal species.
• Professional Development: The field of animal behavior offers opportunities for specialization, certifications, and continuous learning.
• Relationship Building: Animal behaviorists build strong relationships with animals, fostering trust and a deeper understanding of their needs.

Animal Behaviorists work in a variety of settings, including zoos, research facilities, animal shelters, and academic institutions. They collaborate with veterinarians, zookeepers, and researchers.

• Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (CAAB) : This certification is designed for individuals who have a graduate degree in animal behavior or a related field and have completed a specific amount of hands-on experience in applied animal behavior consulting.
• International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants (IAABC) Certifications: IAABC offers several certifications in various animal behavior fields, including Dog Behavior Consultant, Cat Behavior Consultant, Parrot Behavior Consultant, and Horse Behavior Consultant, among others.
• Professional Animal Trainer Certification Program (PATCP): Provided by the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), this program focuses on positive reinforcement training techniques for various species.
• Master’s or Ph.D. in Animal Behavior or Ethology: Pursuing advanced studies provides specialized knowledge in animal behavior research.

Excelling as an Animal Behaviorist requires keen observation, good research skills, being patient, and having a strong interest in how animals act. Moreover, applying what you learn about behavior to make animals’ lives better and help with conservation is really important in this job.

• Salary Range ($36,000 and $55,000)
• Job Outlook (7%)

Animal Behaviorists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer (e.g., research institutions, zoos, and animal welfare organizations). On average, they can earn between $36,000 and $55,000 per year. The job outlook is projected to grow 7% , with opportunities in various animal-related fields.

6. Conservation Scientist

A Conservation Scientist works to assess, protect, and manage natural resources and ecosystems to ensure their sustainability and the preservation of biodiversity.

As a Conservation Scientist

You work to protect and manage natural resources, such as forests, rangelands, and wetlands. Conservation Scientists conduct research, develop conservation plans, and advocate for sustainable land use practices.

• Personal Fulfillment: Contributing to positive environmental changes can be personally fulfilling and meaningful.
• Career Diversity: Conservation scientists can work in various settings, including government agencies, nonprofits, research institutions, and consulting firms.
• Fieldwork and Exploration: Many conservation scientists engage in fieldwork, which can involve travel to diverse and remote environments.
• Collaboration: Scientists collaborate with governments, NGOs, communities, and stakeholders to implement effective conservation programs.

Conservation Scientists work outdoors, conducting field studies and assessments. They also spend time in offices, analyzing data and developing conservation plans.

• Certified Ecologist (CE) : The Ecological Society of America (ESA) provides this certification for ecologists who demonstrate their competence in ecological principles and practices.
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Certifications: Although not specific to conservation science, LEED certifications can be relevant for professionals working in sustainable building and environmental design, which are important aspects of conservation efforts.
• Certified Wildlife Biologist (CWB): Offered by The Wildlife Society (TWS), this certification is designed for wildlife professionals who have a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in wildlife biology or a related field and at least five years of professional experience.
• Master’s or Ph.D. in Conservation Science: Advanced studies provide specialized knowledge in environmental conservation.

Being a Conservation Scientist involves having a good understanding of ecosystems, being skilled at research and analysis, and truly caring about taking care of the environment. It’s also important to work well with others who care about conservation and explain your plans to protect nature in a clear way.

• Average Salary ($61,000)

Conservation Scientists’ salaries  vary based on experience, location, and employer (e.g., government agencies, non-profit organizations). The average salary for conservation scientist is  $61,000  per year. The  job outlook  is expected to grow  5% , with a continued need for sustainable land and resource management.

7. Veterinary Technician/Technologist

A Veterinary Technician assists veterinarians in providing medical care and treatment to animals by performing various tasks and procedures.

As a Veterinary Technician/Technologist

You will assist veterinarians in providing medical care to animals. Veterinary Technicians perform various tasks, including medical tests, treatments, and surgical assistance.

• Flexible Career Path: Veterinary technicians can specialize in areas such as dentistry, anesthesia, emergency care, and more.
• Personal Satisfaction: Helping animals recover and witnessing their improved health can be personally fulfilling.
• Exposure to Various Cases: Working with diverse animals and medical cases provides a wide range of experiences and learning opportunities.
• Team Collaboration: Working closely with veterinarians, other technicians, and support staff fosters a sense of camaraderie and teamwork.

Veterinary Technicians/Technologists work in veterinary clinics, hospitals, research facilities, and zoos. They may handle different types of animals, including pets, livestock, and wildlife.

• Veterinary Technician Specialist (VTS) : The Veterinary Technician Specialist designation is offered in various disciplines, allowing technicians to specialize in specific areas of veterinary medicine.
• Certified Veterinary Practice Manager (CVPM): This certification is for veterinary technicians who have transitioned to practice management roles. It demonstrates proficiency in managing veterinary practices and business operations.
• Equine Veterinary Nursing Certification: For veterinary technicians interested in working with horses, there are specialized equine veterinary nursing programs and certifications available.
• Associate’s or Bachelor’s Degree in Veterinary Technology: Pursuing a degree in veterinary technology provides specialized training and knowledge.

Strong animal handling skills, medical knowledge, attention to detail, and empathy for animals are essential for success as a Veterinary Technician/Technologist. Additionally, being able to work well under pressure and communicate effectively with pet owners and the veterinary team is crucial in this role.

• Salary Range ($32,000 and $45,000)
• Job Outlook (20%)

Veterinary Technicians/Technologists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and type of practice (e.g., small animal clinic, specialty practice). On average, they can earn between $32,000 and $45,000 per year. The job outlook is set at 20% , with an increasing demand for veterinary care for pets and other animals.

• Hiring a Veterinarian: Job Description Template
• How to Become a Veterinarian

8. Animal Trainer

An Animal Trainer uses behavioral techniques and training methods to teach animals specific behaviors or tasks for various purposes, such as entertainment, therapy, or work.

As an Animal Trainer

You will work with a variety of animals to teach them specific behaviors or tasks. Animal Trainers may work with domesticated animals, such as dogs and horses, or exotic animals in zoos and wildlife facilities.

• Positive Relationship with Animals: Animal trainers develop close relationships with the animals they work with, fostering trust and mutual understanding.
• Variety of Settings: Trainers work in diverse environments, such as zoos, aquariums, circuses, theme parks, wildlife centers, and private homes.
• Skill Development: Training animals requires honing observation, communication, and problem-solving skills.
• Career Growth: Trainers can specialize in specific animal species or training areas, leading to career advancement opportunities.

Animal Trainers work in a variety of settings, including zoos, aquariums, theme parks, and training facilities. They have direct contact with animals and may interact with the public during demonstrations.

• International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants (IAABC) : IAABC offers various certifications for animal behavior consultants, including certifications for dog trainers, horse trainers, and parrot trainers.
• The Certification Council for Animal Behavior Consultants (CCAB): This organization offers certifications for those who specialize in animal behavior consulting, which may overlap with animal training.
• Pet Professional Accreditation Board (PPAB): The PPAB offers various certifications for pet professionals, including dog trainers, cat trainers, and parrot trainers, based on positive reinforcement training methods.

Being a strong candidate for this role requires being good at handling animals, being patient, keen at observing, and truly caring about animals’ well-being. Also, being able to talk well with both animals and the people who take care of them is really important in this job.

• Salary Range ($48,000 and $81,000)
• Job Outlook (29%)

Animal Trainers’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer (e.g., zoos, theme parks). On average, they can earn between $48,000 and $81,000 per year. The job outlook is competitive at 29% , with opportunities available in various animal-related industries.

9. Animal Welfare Specialist

An Animal Welfare Specialist is dedicated to promoting and safeguarding the health, happiness, and ethical treatment of animals across various settings.

As an Animal Welfare Specialist

You will focus on ensuring the well-being and humane treatment of animals. Animal welfare specialists develop and implement protocols to improve living conditions, health, and quality of life for animals in various settings.

• Passion for Animal Welfare: The role allows individuals to actively pursue their passion for ensuring the welfare of animals.
• Career Growth: Specialists can advance to roles in animal welfare management, policy development, or advocacy.
• Collaboration: Working with veterinarians, animal care professionals, and organizations fosters collaborative efforts for animal welfare.

Animal Welfare Specialists work in animal shelters, research institutions, farms, and animal advocacy organizations. They collaborate with animal care staff, veterinarians, and regulatory agencies.

• Master’s in Animal Science or Animal Welfare: Pursuing an advanced degree provides specialized knowledge in animal welfare science.
• Certified Animal Welfare Administrator (CAWA) : Earning this certification demonstrates expertise in animal welfare practices.
• Certification in Shelter Medicine: This certification focuses on animal health and welfare in shelter environments.
• Certified Professional Animal Care Provider (CPACP): This certification focuses on standards of care for animals in various settings.

Strong knowledge of animal behavior, ethics, and welfare standards, along with effective communication skills and a passion for animal well-being, are essential for success as an Animal Welfare Specialist. Additionally, being able to collaborate with diverse stakeholders to implement improvements is crucial in this role.

• Average Salary ($27,000)

Animal Welfare Specialists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer. They can earn an average of $27,000 per year. The job outlook is projected to grow 29% , with an increasing focus on animal welfare standards.

10. Zoology Professor

A Zoology Professor imparts knowledge and conducts research in the field of zoology to educate students about animal biology, behavior, and ecology.

As a Zoology Professor

You will teach and mentor students in the field of zoology. Zoology Professors conduct research, publish scholarly work, and contribute to the advancement of zoological knowledge.

• Knowledge Dissemination: Zoology Professors share their expertise with future scientists and contribute to the growth of zoological knowledge.
• Mentorship: This role involves mentoring students and guiding them in their academic and research pursuits.
• Academic Community Engagement: Zoology Professors collaborate with colleagues, attend conferences, and contribute to scientific discussions.

Zoology Professors work in educational institutions, universities, and colleges. They have a combination of classroom instruction, research, and administrative responsibilities.

• Ph.D. in Zoology : Earning a doctoral degree enhances expertise and opportunities in academic research and teaching.
• Postdoctoral Research: Engaging in postdoctoral research provides additional research experience and networking opportunities.
• Teaching Certificate: Obtaining a teaching certificate enhances pedagogical skills for effective classroom instruction.

To be a Zoology Professor, you need to communicate effectively, be knowledgeable in your subject, have experience in research, and truly care about teaching. Moreover, inspiring and guiding students in their scientific pursuits is a key aspect of this role.

• Average Salary ($75,000)
• Job Outlook (1%)

Zoology Professors’ salaries vary based on experience, institution, and academic rank. On average, they can earn $75,000 per year. The job outlook is set at 1% , with opportunities in academia and research institutions.

11. Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialist

A Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialist provides care and medical treatment to injured or orphaned wild animals with the goal of releasing them back into their natural habitats.

As a Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialist

You will care for injured, sick, or orphaned wild animals with the goal of releasing them back into their natural habitats. Wildlife Rehabilitation specialists provide medical treatment, nutrition, and rehabilitation to prepare animals for their return to the wild.

• Lifelong Learning: This role offers opportunities to continually learn about different species, medical techniques, and rehabilitation methods.
• Community Engagement: Specialists often engage with local communities, building support for wildlife conservation efforts.
• Continuous Learning: The field of wildlife rehabilitation offers ongoing learning opportunities as new cases and challenges arise.

Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialists work in wildlife rehabilitation centers, animal shelters, and wildlife rescue organizations. They interact with a variety of wild animal species and collaborate with veterinary professionals.

• Certified Wildlife Rehabilitator : Earning certification demonstrates expertise in wildlife rehabilitation practices.
• Veterinary Technician Certification: Gaining certification as a veterinary technician enhances medical skills for treating wild animals.
• Bachelor’s or Associate’s Degree in Wildlife Management or Biology: A relevant degree provides foundational knowledge for wildlife rehabilitation.

Becoming a strong candidate for a Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialist role requires being skilled at taking care of animals, having compassion and patience, and truly dedicating yourself to the well-being of wildlife. Also, working well with others in a team and teaching the public about how to protect wildlife are very important in this job.

• Salary Range ($41,000 and $69,000)

Wildlife Rehabilitation Specialists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and the size of the rehabilitation center. On average, they can earn between $41,000 and $69,000 per year. The job outlook is steady and grows 16% , with a growing need for wildlife rehabilitation due to urbanization and human-wildlife interactions.

12. Animal Geneticist

An Animal Geneticist studies and analyzes the genetic makeup and inheritance patterns of animals to gain insights into traits, evolution, and breeding strategies.

As an Animal Geneticist

You will study the genetics of animals to understand hereditary traits, genetic diseases, and breeding patterns. They use genetic information to improve animal health, reproduction, and the quality of livestock.

• Veterinary Advances: Genetic insights can lead to improved veterinary care and disease management.
• Genetic Disease Prevention: Animal Geneticists help prevent and manage genetic diseases in animal populations.
• Sustainable Agriculture: This role contributes to sustainable farming practices and food security.
• Industry Collaboration: Geneticists collaborate with agriculture and biotechnology industries to improve animal genetics.

Animal Geneticists work in laboratories, research institutions, and universities. They may also visit farms or animal facilities for data collection and collaboration with breeders.

• Certificate in Animal Breeding and Genetics: Enhances expertise in animal breeding techniques.
• Genetic Counseling Certification : Useful for providing guidance on genetic management in breeding programs.
• Master’s or Ph.D. in Animal Genetics: Pursuing advanced studies provides specialized knowledge in genetic research.

Strong genetics knowledge, data analysis skills, attention to detail, and a commitment to animal welfare are essential for success as an Animal Geneticist. Additionally, being able to communicate genetic findings to breeders and stakeholders is crucial in this role.

• Salary Range ($77,000 and $119,000)
• Job Outlook (4.9%)

Animal Geneticists’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and employer. They can earn an average salary between $77,000 and $119,000 per year. The job outlook is set to grow 4.9% , with opportunities in agriculture, research, and conservation.

13. Park Ranger/Naturalist

A Park Ranger manages and safeguards natural areas, historical sites, or recreational spaces, ensuring visitor safety and environmental conservation.

As a Park Ranger/Naturalist

Park Rangers and Naturalists work in national parks, wildlife reserves, and nature centers, educating the public about local ecosystems, wildlife, and conservation efforts. They also ensure park safety and enforce regulations.

• Environmental Education: Park Rangers and Naturalists play a vital role in educating the public about ecosystems and conservation.
• Connecting People with Nature: This role fosters a connection between people and the natural world.
• Preservation Advocacy: Park Rangers and Naturalists advocate for the protection of natural areas and wildlife habitats.

Park Rangers and Naturalists work outdoors in various weather conditions, leading tours and engaging with visitors. They also collaborate with park management and law enforcement to ensure park safety and compliance with regulations.

• Search and Rescue Training: Some roles might require search and rescue (SAR) training, particularly if you’re responsible for visitor safety in wilderness areas.
• Interpretation and Education Training: For Naturalists and Interpretive Park Rangers, training in interpretation techniques and environmental education is essential. The National Association for Interpretation (NAI) offers certification programs, such as Certified Interpretive Guide (CIG) and Certified Interpretive Trainer (CIT).
• Bachelor’s or Master’s in Park Management, Environmental Education: Further education enhances knowledge of environmental education and park management.
• Interpretive Guide Certification: Earning certification in interpretive guiding demonstrates expertise in communicating nature and conservation concepts.

You need to be good at communicating, know a lot about the local environment, love nature, and be able to connect with different kinds of people. Also, finding the right balance between teaching and enforcing rules is very important in this job.

• Salary Range ($47,000 and $71,000)
• Job Outlook (3%)

Park Rangers and Naturalists’ salaries vary based on location, park size, and government agency. On average, they can earn between $47,000 and $71,000 per year. The job outlook is projected at 3% , with a consistent need for park education and visitor services.

14. Wildlife Photographer

A Wildlife Photographer captures captivating and visually compelling images of animals in their natural habitats to document, share, and raise awareness about wildlife.

As a Wildlife Photographer

You will capture stunning images of animals in their natural habitats. Wildlife Photographer uses their photography skills to raise awareness about wildlife conservation and promote appreciation for the beauty of the natural world.

• Exposure to Diversity: Photographers encounter a diverse array of species, ecosystems, and cultures, broadening their horizons.
• Networking Opportunities: Connecting with fellow photographers, researchers, and enthusiasts creates valuable networking opportunities.
• Career Flexibility: Wildlife photographers may work as freelancers, contributing to various media outlets, books, exhibitions, and educational platforms.
• Adventure and Exploration: Wildlife photographers often travel to remote and diverse locations, experiencing unique wildlife encounters and landscapes.

Wildlife Photographers work in outdoor environments, often in remote and challenging conditions. They may spend long hours waiting for the perfect shot and need to be patient and adaptable.

• Certified Professional Photographer (CPP) : Offered by the Professional Photographers of America (PPA), this certification covers a wide range of photography skills, including wildlife photography. It demonstrates a photographer’s competence and expertise in various aspects of photography.
• Photography Workshops and Courses: Continuing education in photography techniques and equipment can enhance skills.
• Conservation Training Programs: Participating in conservation training programs offered by wildlife organizations can help you gain a deeper understanding of the animals you photograph and the challenges they face in their natural habitats.
• Environmental Studies: Gaining knowledge about ecosystems and habitats enhances the ability to capture meaningful images.

Being Wildlife Photographer requires being skilled at photography, having patience, knowing how animals act, and truly caring about protecting wildlife. Also, working well with conservation groups and using your photos to tell powerful stories is very important in this job.

• Salary Range ($30,000 and $80,000)
• Job Outlook (9%)

Wildlife Photographers’ income can vary widely based on freelance work, photo sales, and assignments. They can earn between $30,000 and $80,000 per year. The job outlook is set at 9% , but also depends on the demand for nature photography and conservation efforts.

Related Article

• How to Make Money as a Photographer

15. Animal Research Technician

An Animal Research Technician supports and assists in scientific studies by performing various tasks related to the care, handling, and monitoring of animals involved in research experiments.

As an Animal Research Technician

Animal Research Technicians assist in conducting scientific research involving animals. They provide care to research animals, collect data, and ensure that experiments are conducted ethically and according to regulations.

• Hands-On Experience: Working with animals in a research setting provides valuable hands-on experience in animal handling and care.
• Laboratory Techniques: Technicians learn and develop laboratory skills, such as sample collection, data recording, and experimental procedures.
• Professional Growth: The field offers opportunities for career advancement, specialization, and professional development.
• Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Technicians work alongside researchers, veterinarians, and other professionals, contributing to a collaborative research environment.

Animal Research Technicians work in research facilities, laboratories, and animal care centers. They interact with research scientists, veterinarians, and other technicians. The work may involve exposure to animal allergens and odors.

• Certification in Laboratory Animal Science (ALAT): Earning this certification demonstrates expertise in laboratory animal care.
• LAT (Laboratory Animal Technician) Certification : This certification builds upon the ALAT and is suitable for individuals with some experience in animal research. It covers more advanced topics in animal care, handling, and research procedures.
• Certified Manager of Animal Resources (CMAR) Certification: This certification is for individuals in supervisory or management roles within the animal research field. It covers management and leadership skills necessary for overseeing animal care programs.
• Associate’s or Bachelor’s degree in Animal Science or Biology: Pursuing formal education can enhance career opportunities in research.

Strong attention to detail, compassion for animals, technical skills, and a commitment to ethical research are essential for success as an Animal Research Technician. Additionally, being able to work collaboratively with researchers and follow protocols is crucial in this role.

• Average Salary ($40,000)

Animal Research Technicians’ salaries vary based on experience, location, and research facility. They can earn an average of $40,000 per year. The job outlook is expected to grow 20% , with demand driven by ongoing research projects.

Making the Right Career Choice

Choosing a career path in zoology opens doors to a realm where you can contribute to the well-being of animals, ecosystems, and our planet as a whole. This field offers avenues to study animal behavior, conserve endangered species, and address pressing ecological challenges, all while playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of biodiversity.

As you contemplate your potential journey within the realm of zoology, consider your unique strengths, passions, and aspirations. Reflect on the aspects of the field that resonate most deeply with you – whether it’s field research, habitat restoration, or wildlife education. Aligning your interests with the myriad opportunities within zoology sets the stage for a fulfilling path marked by discoveries, meaningful impact, and a lasting legacy in the world of conservation.

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Prince Philip Professorship of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

The Board of Electors to the Prince Philip Professorship of Ecology and Evolution invites applications from people whose work falls within the broad fields of Ecology and Evolution, to take up appointment on 1 October 2025 or as soon as possible thereafter.

The Department of Zoology seeks to appoint a scientist of outstanding calibre. Our new colleague will be recognised internationally for the originality and impact of their research in ecology and/or evolution. They will provide in person leadership in one or both of these subjects at Cambridge.

The appointment comes at an exciting time for the Department of Zoology, and for the wider School of Biological Sciences at Cambridge. It coincides with recruitment of several new professors and senior research leaders in the broad and globally impactful research area of biodiversity research. The Prince Philip Professorship is one of the last remaining vacancies and complements the other posts in its focus on ecology and evolutionary biology. The successful applicant will be central to collaborative research across the School of Biological Sciences on the origin and maintenance of biodiversity ( https://www.bio.cam.ac.uk/research ).

The role-holder's work could additionally have synergies with research conducted within the natural sciences collections at Cambridge (i.e. the University Museum of Zoology, the University Botanic Gardens, the Herbarium and the Sedgwick Museum in Earth Sciences). There are further potential connections with work conducted in the Conservation Research Institute and with the wider activities of the NGOs that work within the Cambridge Conservation Initiative and the Cambridge Conservation Forum. Links are also possible to research carried out in School of Physical Sciences and the Department of Engineering in bioengineering and biomaterials at Cambridge. The University of Cambridge also has close connections to the Wellcome Genome Campus at Hinxton ( https://www.wellcomegenomecampus.org/ ) and the Darwin Tree of Life project ( https://darwintreeoflife.org/ ).

The Professor will be based entirely in Cambridge. Standard professorial duties include teaching and research, examining, supervision and administration. The Professor will be expected to take on a senior leadership role in the Department at some point in the future. A competitive salary will be offered.

Applications, consisting of a letter of application, a statement of current and future research plans (of up to 4 pages), a curriculum vitae and a publications list, along with details of three referees should be made online no later than 6 January 2025

We will hold in person interviews in Cambridge in the week beginning 24 March 2025. We particularly welcome applications from women and candidates from a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic background for this vacancy as they are currently under-represented at this level in our institution.

Click the 'Apply' button below to register an account with our recruitment system (if you have not already) and apply online.

Further information on the University and the Professorship is available at: www.cam.ac.uk and www.hr.admin.cam.ac.uk/professorships or contact the Human Resources, University Offices, The Old Schools, Cambridge, CB2 1TT, (email: [email protected] ). Informal enquiries may be directed to Prof Rebecca Kilner, Head of the Zoology Department and Convenor of Board of Electors, at: [email protected]

Please quote reference PF43857 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

The University actively supports equality, diversity and inclusion and encourages applications from all sections of society.

The University has a responsibility to ensure that all employees are eligible to live and work in the UK.

Clare College Pathway to Independence Fellowship in Ecology and Conservation Biology

We invite applications for a Pathway to Independence Fellowship in Ecology and Conservation Biology at Clare College. The Fellowship will be for a five-year period, with a start date of 1 October 2025 and is not renewable. Modest start-up funds will be available.

The Fellow will be hosted by a group leader in the Department of Zoology and should identify and liaise with a host, prior to application. The Fellow will be employed by Clare College and will be based in the Department of Zoology, and also on site at Clare College.

This Fellowship is intended for a researcher who has already held a first post-doctoral position and is intended to offer a pathway to independence and provides an opportunity to carry out novel research in the stimulating academic environment at Zoology. The stipend will be between spine points 39 and 52 of the University's scales ( https://www.hr.admin.cam.ac.uk/files/single salary spine as at 1 november_23.pdf ). You will be a member of a research group within Zoology but will also be expected to provide College teaching for 60 hours per year. You will be expected to participate in the Clare College admissions process for the Natural Sciences Tripos and assist in the Direction of Studies in Natural Sciences.

Clare College will provide an office, meals and IT. The Fellow will be eligible to apply for travel/research expenses from Clare College. To make an application, please download and complete the application form ( https://tinyurl.com/3hx2zd67 ) and send it with your CV, publication list and contact details for two referees to [email protected] by 17:00 GMT on Wednesday 8 January 2025. We will contact you and your referees if you are shortlisted.

Interviews are scheduled for Friday 14 March 2025.

Further details of the Fellowship competition are provided in the Candidate Information Pack ( https://tinyurl.com/3a47cmnw ).

It should be noted that a successful candidate for this Fellowship who does not have an automatic right to work in the United Kingdom (including anyone who is completing a PhD at an overseas institution) will be subject to the visa requirements of the United Kingdom. The College will give informal advice and assistance but ultimately it will be the responsibility of the candidate to obtain the necessary visa.

Please address informal enquires to the Professors Rebecca Kilner ( [email protected] ) / Andrea Manica ( [email protected] ) / Ed Turner ( [email protected] )

If you have any queries regarding the application process please contact Anastasia Nezhentseva.

Email: [email protected] Telephone: (0)1223 330117

Please quote reference PF43824 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Senior Building Services Technician (Fixed Term)

We are looking for a proactive and self-motivated individual to join our in-house Facilities team as Building Services Technician at the Department of Zoology.

Located in the heart of Cambridge, the Zoology Department is a thriving, friendly and dynamic community of researchers, students, professional services staff and visitors who are passionate about exploring the wonders of the natural world. The department of Zoology are based across five buildings that include teaching areas, labs and offices as well as the Museum of Zoology mainly in Central Cambridge. We offer a welcoming work environment where you will feel valued, are encouraged to develop, and supported to achieve your full potential.

The purpose of the position is to carry out general maintenance tasks, testing and porterage, and to undertake reactive and planned works, ensuring the highest possible standards are achieved.

This varied and rewarding role will require good knowledge of building maintenance and alarm systems The role holder will work closely with the Building Services Team, Estates Division and specialist contractors. You will also provide suitable cover for the Building Services Manager in times of their absence.

You will have a customer focused approach, ideally, have worked in a similar role and will be IT literate, although training will be given in the use specific systems. Experience working in the University or in a laboratory setting would be advantageous, but it is not a requirement. You will have technical aptitude and the ability to work with minimal supervision and as part of a team. Good communication skills, excellent time keeping, showing flexibility and remaining calm under pressure are essential. It is essential that you are You will be able to deal calmly with academic, research, professional services staff, visitors and external contractors.

Applicants should have a level standard of education/NVQ level 3 vocational qualifications or equivalent level of practical experience. You should be able to demonstrate factual and theoretical knowledge in custodial work.

This full-time position requires the post-holder to work on-site Monday - Friday, and availability for attendance for out-of-hours work may be necessary on occasions As an employee, you will have access to a range of excellent University of Cambridge benefits, including a generous holiday allowance, comprehensive maternity, adoption, and shared parental leave entitlement, various family-friendly schemes (e.g., workplace nurseries), an auto-enrolment pension scheme with a generous employer contribution, shopping discounts at over 2,000 local and national stores, the opportunity to participate in the cycle-to-work scheme, access to University of Cambridge training and many more.

If you have the skills, experience and personality to succeed in this role we would be delighted to hear from you.

Informal conversations are welcomed. Please contact Glyn Theobald ¿ Building Services Manager ( [email protected] ) to hear more about this role.

For more details please refer to the Further Information below.

Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for two years.

Once an offer of employment has been accepted, the successful candidate will be required to undergo a health assessment.

Applications are welcome from internal candidates who would like to apply for the role on the basis of a secondment from their current role in the University.

We particularly welcome applications from women and candidates from a BME background for this vacancy as they are currently under-represented at this level in our University.

Please quote reference PF43587 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Postdoctoral Research Associate (Fixed Term)

We invite applications for a postdoctoral Research Associate position to join the Ancient Antibodies project in the Department of Zoology, located in central Cambridge. The appointment will be for a period of 18 months, starting in January 2025.

The research focus is to design and develop laboratory methods to retrieve ancient human and viral proteins from ancient human skeletal remains and archaeological materials (e.g. pots). This position will focus on in silico digestion predictions of common human viruses using multiple enzymes followed by validation of predictions in the lab using established and experimental palaeo proteomic techniques. The project position is funded by the UKRI EPSRC with a preferred start date of 1 January 2025, or as soon as possible thereafter.

You will work directly with the PI of the project and occasionally with visiting students and remote team members from other projects. As this position is time limited and in the first three months of the project, the PI will be away from the project, you will need to be highly motivated and independent to quickly develop a good understanding of the nature of the data and the project's scientific aims. There will be opportunities to contribute to training new team members and to general project management, as well as to participate in public engagement activities.

Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for 18 months in the first instance.

Flexible working requests will be considered.

Please quote reference PF43458 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Deputy Department Administrator (Fixed Term)

Are you looking for an exciting, challenging and varied role to advance your career in Higher Education administration at Cambridge University?

An excellent opportunity has arisen for a two-year Deputy Departmental Administrator to join our amazing team at the Department of Zoology. If you are looking to support teaching and research, seize new opportunities and prepare for future challenges, then Zoology is the place for you.

We are looking for an experienced administrator who can make a significant contribution and is willing to muck in, across a broad range of activities. This is a hands-on role which involves the delivery and development of operational and strategic priorities, in close collaboration with the Departmental Administrator, developing local policies and procedures and leading projects.

Key responsibilities

Oversee research grant activity in the department, including donations for research and other philanthropic giving. The successful candidate will play an active role in the management of research grant funding and will oversee research grant related HR administration, including the recruitment, induction and mentoring processes.

Oversee the return to full IT services in Zoology. Manage the new IT support agreement to ensure that the provision of IT support is meeting departmental needs.

Be responsible for some day-to-day administrative activities and processes as agreed with the Departmental Administrator and Head of Department. We are looking for someone to work with us to develop, review and implement improved administrative structures and systems and to actively manage the impact of various transformation programmes.

Lead on communications and alumni activities. Provide help as required to support excellence in teaching, working closely with the Teaching Manager and Deputy Heads of Department for undergraduate and postgraduate education. Support several departmental committees and work on various ad hoc projects as required.

The successful candidate will be a great team player, with superb interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to build effective relationships with internal and external stakeholders, at all levels of seniority. You will have excellent planning and organisational skills, combined with an attention to detail, a capacity to initiate work independently and a willingness to problem solve and engage directly with specific tasks.

The role holder will be educated to at least degree level (or have equivalent experience). You will need to be flexible, well organised and able to handle new and unusual situations as they arise. Applicants will be required to demonstrate the ability to meet deadlines, to forward plan, to prioritise and organise tasks successfully. You should have experience in management and administration in a complex organisation and skills in team leadership, resource management, problem-solving and planning.

This role is based in central Cambridge and the successful candidate will be expected to be based on site every day.

If you are interested in this role please contact Louise Balshaw, Departmental Administrator [email protected] .

Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for a two year period

We particularly welcome applications from candidates from a BME background for this vacancy as they are currently under-represented at this level in our University.

Please quote reference PF43350 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Departmental/Museum Cleaner

We are looking for full-time departmental/museum cleaner(s) to join us at the Department of Zoology.

The Department is home to a large and thriving community of researchers delivering world-class research and teaching, on subjects as varied as conservation, animal behaviour, paleobiology or cell and development biology. Their work is supported by our friendly and dynamic professional services team.

The Department of Zoology is based in the centre of Cambridge and consists of a number of buildings including the Museum of Zoology, research laboratories, teaching laboratories, offices, communal areas, teaching spaces, toilets.

You will be working as part of the Zoology cleaning team carrying out cleaning and various other duties to a high standard, in order to maintain and enhance the working environment in the Department. You will be welcomed and supported at Zoology and will also have access to the University of Cambridge benefits (such as shopping discounts, cycle-to-work scheme, childcare vouchers) and initiatives and policies (wellbeing initiatives, family-friendly policies, various staff networks).

We are looking for someone who enjoys working cooperatively, as part of a team, and has good communication skills. It is essential that the role-holder is able to clean to a high standard, stick to a pre-agreed routine, has a willingness to be 'trained on the job' and is aware of the threats to the Museum collection. You will have a good attention to detail, be reliable, take pride of your work and have a willingness to be flexible in your approach. You will preferably have experience of cleaning in a scientific setting and be able to prioritise your workload with minimal supervision.

No formal qualifications are required as training will be provided.

Informal enquiries are welcomed and should be directed to: Sylviane Moss - Laboratory and Facilities Manager ( [email protected] ). Telephone number: 01223 (3)36620

Once an offer of employment has been accepted, the successful candidate will be required to undergo a basic disclosure (criminal records check) check and a security check.

A willingness to work at weekends is preferred.

Reasonable requests for flexible work will also be considered.

Please quote reference PF43253 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Communications Coordinator (Part Time)

Do you have outstanding communications skills and the appetite for a new challenge? The Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge is looking for an enthusiastic and skilled Communications Coordinator to support the delivery of effective multi-channel communications for the Department.

This varied and dynamic role has key responsibilities in creating and managing content for Departmental communications, both internally and externally.

As a key member of our team, you will build and develop strong working relationships to enhance communication within the Department, with the Museum of Zoology, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, with others in the University such as the School of Biological Sciences Communications Team, as well as various external stakeholders.

You will spend a significant part of your time focusing on our website. In the short term, you will be managing the transition to Drupal 10 and the associated rethink of the external facing elements of the Zoology website. You will also support, develop and maintain of the Zoology intranet (SharePoint).

You will also be responsible for managing and developing the Department's social media presence and you will work closely with the Director of Alumni Relations to take the lead with alumni relations programme activities, including the termly newsletter.

The ideal candidate will be a great team player, with superb interpersonal and communication skills and the ability to build effective relationships with internal and external stakeholders, at all levels of seniority. They will have excellent planning and organisational skills, combined with an attention to detail and a capacity to initiate work independently. The ability to work under pressure, prioritise workloads to meet multiple deadlines, forward plan and manage several tasks effectively, and at the same time, are further prerequisites for this role. Confidence in using social media and other digital platforms and experience of using website content management systems is essential, along with practical and theoretical knowledge of audience-driven communications.

This role is based in central Cambridge and the successful candidate will be expected to be in the office for a minimum of three days a week.

If you have any queries regarding the application process, please contact Louise Balshaw, Departmental Administrator [email protected] .

Interviews are likely to be held in the week commencing Monday 14 October 2024

Please quote reference PF43032 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Research Technician : pollinator conservation (Part Time, Fixed Term)

There is an exciting opportunity to join the Agroecology group in the Department of Zoology as a part-time research technician, working on pollinator conservation. If you are looking to develop technical scientific skills and experience within a research group that combines field ecology, laboratory entomology and interdisciplinary conservation science, this is the job for you.

The post is funded as part of a large European project - Restoring Pollinator Habitats across Agricultural Landscapes in Europe ( https://restpoll.eu/ ). As a key member of the Cambridge team for Restpoll, you will work within a large consortium of European scientists and stakeholders focused on pollinator conservation across 16 countries. RestPoll is establishing a Europe-wide network of pollinator restoration case-study areas and Living Labs, which are unique hubs for experimentation, demonstration, and mutual learning.

You will provide assistance to postdoctoral and postgraduate team members in Restpoll, and also maintain the Agroecology research laboratory and its associated field kit store.

Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for up to 3 years to start as soon as possible.

Please quote reference PF42664 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

Research Assistant (Fixed Term)

One Research Assistant Position is available in the Marine Behavioural Ecology Group, in the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge.

The Marine Behavioural Ecology Group's research investigates the causes and consequences of animal behaviour, focussing on marine organisms. The questions we ask include; how do animals gather information from their social and physical environment, and how do they use this information to inform their behavioural decisions? What benefits do animals gain from behaving the way they do, and why do they not adopt other behavioural strategies? How do animals adapt their behaviour to different ecological or social environments, and what benefits, costs and constraints do they face when doing so? We primarily use fishes as model systems to answer these questions. Our research framework uses theory-driven questions, manipulative experimental methods, and highly quantitative data acquisition techniques to analyse and interpret behaviour. We use this framework in controlled laboratory experiments as well as in the field to understand the outstanding diversity of behavioural adaptations in marine organisms.

You will join the Marine Behavioural Ecology Group and be responsible for ensuring the day-to-day running of the group's marine facilities in the Department of Zoology. This will involve caring for the animals, maintaining aquaria equipment and facilities, ordering stock and supplies, installing experimental set-ups, running experiments, and assisting with behavioural experiments under SCUBA in the field. The role will be primarily based on site in the Department of Zoology.

Please upload a copy of your CV (2 sides of A4 maximum) and a covering letter (2 sides of A4 maximum).

Interview dates: Interviews are due to take place week commencing 19th August 2024 and may be conducted remotely.

Fixed-term: The funds for this post are available for 6 months until 28th February 2025 in the first instance starting 1st September 2024 or as soon as possible thereafter with a possibility of extension subject to project status and funding.

Please quote reference PF42612 on your application and in any correspondence about this vacancy.

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Home » Job Tips » Career Advice » Highest-Paying Jobs for PCB Students

Top 12 Highest-Paying Jobs for PCB Students

Did you know that the percentage of students opting for the science stream has been steadily rising? This trend aligns with the expected employment growth of 5% from 2022 to 2032 in the technology, engineering, and healthcare sectors, highlighting the increasing demand for skilled professionals. In this blog, we will explore the top 12 highest-paying jobs for PCB students. Discover the qualifications and skills necessary for these rewarding careers and how they can lead to impactful contributions in various sectors.

Table of Contents

Top 12 Highest-Paying Jobs for PCB Students

For students specializing in physics, chemistry, and biology (PCB), the career landscape is rich with opportunities that promise both financial rewards and the chance to impact society positively. Fields like healthcare, biotechnology, environmental science, and research are increasingly recognizing the importance of scientific expertise in addressing complex global challenges. Let us look at the top 12 highest-paying jobs that PCB students can pursue, highlighting the diverse fields available and the qualifications required for success.

1. Medical Doctor

A career in medicine and surgery is one of the top choices for PCB students after class 12th, offering some of the highest-paying jobs for PCB students. It offers a variety of specialties, including general medicine, pediatrics, cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry, allowing students to pursue specific fields based on their interests. Becoming a doctor involves completing a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate degree in medicine. The course includes nine semesters of studying subjects like anatomy, physiology, pathology, and surgery. 

Additionally, a 12-month compulsory internship is required to gain practical experience in real clinical settings. Upon completing your MBBS degree, you will find numerous job opportunities across healthcare settings like hospitals, clinics, medical colleges, and nursing homes. 

i. Qualifications Required

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a medical doctor:

• MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery)
• NEET (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) Qualification
• MD or MS for specialization (optional but preferred)

ii. Key Skills

Here are the required skills to get a medical doctor job:

• In-depth knowledge of human anatomy and physiology.
• Proficiency in diagnostics and patient assessment.
• Surgical skills (for relevant specialties).
• Effective communication with patients and teams.
• Ability to make quick and informed decisions in emergencies.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹8 LPA – ₹ 20 LPA 

2. Biomedical Engineer

Biomedical engineering is an excellent choice for PCB students looking to merge their interests in medicine with engineering principles. This field provides a range of specializations, including medical device development, biomaterials, and tissue engineering. 

To become a biomedical engineer, students typically complete a 4-year undergraduate degree in biomedical engineering. The course covers subjects such as biomechanics, bioinstrumentation, and medical imaging. Upon earning your degree, you will discover numerous career opportunities in hospitals, research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and medical device manufacturing firms.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a biomedical engineer:

• Bachelor’s degree in biomedical engineering
• GATE or other relevant engineering entrance exams for higher studies
• Master’s or PhD in biomedical engineering (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a biomedical engineer job:

• Strong foundation in biology and engineering principles.
• Proficiency in medical device design and testing.
• Knowledge of bioinformatics and data analysis.
• Ability to use AutoCAD software.
• Familiarity with regulatory and compliance standards in healthcare.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹4 LPA – ₹15 LPA

3. Environmental Scientist

A career as an environmental scientist is an ideal path for PCB students passionate about protecting the planet and addressing environmental challenge. The field offers some of the highest-paying jobs for PCB students interested in environmental and sustainability studies. This field encompasses various specialties, including environmental chemistry, ecology, and conservation biology. 

To become an environmental scientist, students typically pursue a bachelor’s degree in environmental science or a related field, covering topics such as environmental impact assessment, pollution control, and sustainable development.

After completing your degree, you will find a wide range of job opportunities in government agencies, non-profit organizations, research institutions, and private industries focused on environmental management and sustainability.

Pro Tip: For the highest-paying environmental science jobs , consider specializing in fields like environmental engineering or climate science, and pursue advanced certifications to boost earning potential.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become an environmental scientist:

• Bachelor’s degree in environmental science or a related field
• Relevant internships or field experience
• Master’s or PhD in environmental science (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a environmental scientist job:

• Proficiency in using environmental monitoring equipment and tools.
• Expertise in data analysis software (e.g., R, MATLAB , GIS).
• Knowledge of laboratory techniques for analyzing soil, water, and air samples.
• Familiarity with environmental impact assessment (EIA) methodologies.
• Skills in remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS).

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹5 LPA – ₹12 LPA

4. Public Health Specialist

A career as a public health specialist is a rewarding option for PCB students dedicated to improving community health and well-being. This field focuses on preventing disease, promoting health, and extending life through organized efforts at the community, national, and global levels. Public health specialists work in epidemiology, health education, and environmental health areas. Students typically pursue a bachelor’s degree in public health or a related field, covering biostatistics, environmental health, and health policy-specific subjects.

  i. Qualifications Required

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a public health specialist:

• Bachelor’s degree in public health or a related field
• Relevant internships or volunteer experience
• Master’s degree in public health (MPH) for advanced positions (optional)

Here are the required skills to get a public health specialist job:

• Proficiency in biostatistics and data analysis software (e.g., SAS , SPSS).
• Knowledge of epidemiological methods and health assessment techniques.
• Skills in program planning and evaluation.
• Familiarity with health communication strategies.
• Expertise in conducting community health needs assessments.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹6 LPA – ₹15 LPA

5. Medical Lab Technician

Medical lab technicians run tests on tissues, blood, and other bodily fluids to diagnose medical conditions and monitor a patient’s health. This career offers the opportunity for PCB students to work in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, research laboratories, and diagnostic labs. Pursue a diploma or a degree in medical laboratory technology to become a medical lab technician. The degree covers subjects such as microbiology, hematology, clinical chemistry, and pathology. 

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a medical lab technician:

• Diploma or bachelor’s degree in medical laboratory technology
• Certification from a recognized professional body (optional but beneficial)
• Relevant internships or clinical training experience

Here are the required skills to get a medical lab technician job:

• Proficiency in operating laboratory equipment and analyzing test results.
• Knowledge of safety and quality control procedures in the lab.
• Ability to perform complex laboratory tests with precision.
• Familiarity with laboratory information systems (LIS).
• Skills in sample collection and handling techniques.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹3 LPA – ₹8 LPA

6. Physiotherapist

Physiotherapy is a dynamic and rewarding career for PCB students interested in helping individuals recover from injuries and improve their physical well-being. Physiotherapists work with patients of all ages, addressing various conditions such as musculoskeletal injuries, neurological disorders, and post-surgical rehabilitation. This field offers a fulfilling opportunity to make a positive impact on people’s lives through personalized treatment plans and rehabilitation strategies, which is why this job role is considered one of the highest-paying jobs for PCB students. To become a physiotherapist, students typically pursue a four-and-a-half-year bachelor’s degree in physiotherapy, where they study subjects like human anatomy, biomechanics, exercise therapy, and physiotherapy modalities. 

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a physiotherapist:

• Bachelor’s degree in physiotherapy (BPT)
• Registration with the relevant physiotherapy council
• Master’s in physiotherapy (MPT) for advanced positions (optional but preferred)

Here are the required skills to get a physiotherapist job:

• Proficiency in performing physical assessments and evaluations.
• Expertise in developing and implementing individualized treatment plans.
• Knowledge of therapeutic exercise techniques and modalities.
• Skills in manual therapy techniques, such as joint mobilization and soft tissue manipulation.
• Familiarity with rehabilitation equipment and therapeutic technologies.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹4 LPA – ₹10 LPA

7. Medical Writer

For PCB students with a talent for writing and a strong interest in science, a career as a medical writer offers a unique way to blend these passions. This role is also considered one of the highest-paying careers for PCB students, providing lucrative opportunities within the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors. 

Medical writers produce essential content for the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors, including clinical study reports, patient education materials, regulatory documents, and scientific articles. Their work ensures that complex medical information is presented clearly and accurately, making it accessible to a range of audiences, from healthcare professionals to the general public.

To enter this field, students often complete a bachelor’s degree in life sciences or a related discipline, covering areas such as biology, pharmacology, and biochemistry. Additional certifications in medical writing or higher degrees in the life sciences can further enhance career prospects. 

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a medical writer:

• Bachelor’s degree in life sciences, pharmacy, or a related field
• Certification in medical writing (optional but beneficial)
• Advanced degrees (e.g., Master’s or PhD) in life sciences for specialized roles

Here are the required skills to get a medical writer job:

• Proficiency in scientific writing and medical terminology.
• Strong understanding of clinical research and regulatory guidelines.
• Ability to interpret complex scientific data and studies.
• Familiarity with referencing software (e.g., EndNote, Mendeley).
• Knowledge of medical writing standards (e.g., ICH-GCP, AMA style).

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹3 LPA – ₹12 LPA

8. Ayurvedic Doctor

PCB students can pursue an undergraduate degree in Ayurveda to become an Ayurvedic doctor. This program typically spans five and a half years, combining coursework and practical training. You will learn essential topics such as anatomy, physiology, ayurvedic pharmacology, and pathology, along with ayurvedic treatments like herbal medicine, Panchakarma (detoxification therapy), and diet therapy.

After completing their studies, ayurvedic doctors have various career paths available, including roles in ayurvedic hospitals, wellness centers, private practice, and research institutions. They can also pursue advanced specializations in fields like ayurvedic dermatology, gynecology, or pediatrics through postgraduate studies.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become an Ayurvedic doctor:

• Bachelor of ayurvedic medicine and surgery (BAMS)
• Internship in an ayurvedic or integrative healthcare setting
• Specialization through MD (Ayurveda) for advanced practice (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a Ayurvedic doctor job:

• In-depth knowledge of Ayurvedic pharmacology and herbal remedies.
• Proficiency in diagnostic techniques specific to Ayurveda.
• Expertise in Panchakarma therapies and other Ayurvedic treatments.
• Skills in diet and lifestyle counseling based on Ayurvedic principles.
• Understanding of Ayurvedic anatomy and physiology.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹3 LPA – ₹10 LPA

9. Biotechnologist

Biotechnology is the application of biological science to develop innovative products and solutions that benefit healthcare, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. This field involves working with living organisms, cells, and biological systems to create technologies such as genetically modified crops, pharmaceuticals, and eco-friendly materials. Biotechnology job is one of the highest-paying jobs for PCB students.

If you have a strong interest in exploring how biological processes can be harnessed to address real-world challenges, biotechnology could be an ideal career choice. After completing your studies, you can explore roles in pharmaceutical companies, biotech firms, agricultural organizations, or research institutions. 

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a biotechnologist:

• Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or a related field
• Relevant internships or laboratory experience
• Master’s or PhD in biotechnology for advanced roles (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a biotechnologiest job:

• Proficiency in genetic engineering and molecular biology techniques.
• Skills in handling bioinformatics software and data analysis.
• Expertise in cell culture and laboratory safety protocols.
• Knowledge of bioprocess engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
• Ability to conduct scientific research and analyze experimental results.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹4 LPA – ₹12 LPA

10. Zoologist

Zoology is the study of animal biology, focusing on animal behavior, evolution, and ecosystems. This field involves observing, researching, and analyzing animal species to understand their life processes, habits, and interactions with their environments. Zoologists often contribute valuable insights for conservation efforts, wildlife management, and environmental protection.

If you are fascinated by animals and natural ecosystems, pursuing a career in zoology could be a fulfilling choice. After completing your studies, you can explore roles in research institutions, wildlife reserves, conservation organizations, and zoos, where you’ll work to advance knowledge about biodiversity and animal health.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a zoologist:

• Bachelor’s degree in zoology or a related field
• Field research or internship experience in wildlife or research settings
• Master’s or PhD in zoology for specialized research roles (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a zoologist job:

• Knowledge of animal physiology and behavior.
• Proficiency in field research techniques and data collection.
• Skills in taxonomy and classification of animal species.
• Understanding of wildlife conservation principles.
• Ability to analyze research data and write scientific reports.

11. Botanist

Botany is the scientific study of plants, including their structure, growth, reproduction, and impact on ecosystems. Botanists play an essential role in understanding plant biodiversity and ecology. They also explore how plants can be utilized in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. This field often involves researching plant genetics, developing new crop varieties, and studying the relationships between plants and their environment.

If you are passionate about plants and interested in exploring the natural world, a career in botany could be a great fit. Upon completing your studies, you can find opportunities in research institutions, environmental organizations, botanical gardens, agricultural companies, and conservation groups, where you can contribute to advancements in sustainable agriculture, habitat conservation, and ecological restoration.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a botanist:

• Bachelor’s degree in botany or a related field
• Fieldwork or internship experience in plant research or conservation
• Master’s or PhD in botany for advanced research roles (optional but beneficial)

Here are the required skills to get a botanist job:

• Proficiency in plant identification and classification.
• Skills in laboratory techniques for plant analysis.
• Knowledge of plant physiology and genetics.
• Understanding of ecological and conservation principles.
• Ability to conduct field research and analyze scientific data.

12. Radiologist​

Radiology is a specialized field of medicine focused on diagnosing and treating diseases using medical imaging techniques such as CT scans, X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRIs. Radiologists play a crucial role in patient care by interpreting imaging results to help detect conditions, monitor treatment progress, and guide medical procedures, making it one of the high-salary jobs for PCB students.

If you have an interest in technology and a desire to contribute to patient health, pursuing a career in radiology can be highly rewarding. After completing your studies and necessary training, you can find positions in hospitals, diagnostic imaging centers, and clinics, where you’ll work closely with other healthcare professionals to provide accurate diagnoses and effective treatment plans.

Let us look at the qualifications required to become a radiologist:

• Bachelor’s degree in medicine (MBBS) followed by a specialization in radiology
• Completion of residency training in radiology
• Certification from a recognized medical board

Here are the required skills to get a radiologist job:

• Proficiency in various imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI, CT, and ultrasound).
• Ability to interpret complex imaging results.
• Knowledge of radiation safety and imaging protocols.
• Skills in performing interventional radiology procedures.
• Expertise in using advanced imaging software and technology, such as PACS (picture archiving and communication system) and DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine) for image storage and sharing.

iii. Average Salary Range: ₹8 LPA – ₹25 LPA

Tips for Choosing the Right Career Paths After Choosing PCB in Class 12th

Choosing the right career path after completing your PCB studies can significantly impact your future. With various options available, it is essential to align your interests and strengths with the right career. This is especially important if you’re aiming for high-paying PCB jobs. Here are a few tips to guide you in selecting the right career path:

• Assess Your Interests : Reflect on what subjects and topics excite you the most. Identifying your passions can help narrow your career options to fields you will enjoy working in.
• Explore Career Options : Research the different careers available for PCB students, including medicine, research, environmental science, and biotechnology. Understanding the scope of each field will help you make a more informed choice and get the best jobs .
• Consider Your Strengths : Evaluate your academic strengths and skills. Choosing a career that aligns with your strengths can lead to greater success and satisfaction in your professional life.
• Seek Guidance : Talk to teachers, mentors, or professionals in fields of interest. Their insights can provide valuable information about career paths and what to expect in those roles.
• Look at Job Market Trends : Stay informed about industry demands and job market trends. This knowledge can help you choose a career with good prospects and stability in the future.
• Pursue Internships or Volunteer Work: Gaining practical experience through internships or volunteer roles helps build a real-world understanding of various careers. These opportunities offer insights that can guide better career choices. This hands-on experience can also strengthen your resume for future job applications.

Pursuing a career in the highest-paying fields like medicine, biotechnology, or environmental science offers financial rewards along with the chance to drive meaningful advancements. These fields allow professionals to impact society while securing a prosperous future. As you consider your options among the highest-paying jobs for PCB students, prioritize gaining hands-on experience through internships, which can provide valuable insights and help build your professional network. Additionally, staying updated with industry trends and continuous education can set you apart in a competitive job market. To further support your career journey, explore our blog on the best career options & jobs for science students and discover actionable job search strategies that can help you effectively navigate the job landscape and achieve your goals.

Answer: There are several high-paying courses available after 12th science that don’t require NEET. These fields offer rewarding career paths, including: 1. Marine Engineering (Merchant Navy) 2. Forensic Science (B.Sc/M.Sc) 3. Pharmacy (B.Pharm/M.Pharm) 4. Food Technology (B.Tech/M.Tech) 5. Psychology (BA/B.Sc/M.Sc)

Answer: Yes, PCB has significant scope beyond traditional medicine. Students can explore diverse fields like biotechnology, pharmacy, environmental science, marine biology, and forensic science. These fields offer exciting research, development, and clinical opportunities, often with competitive salaries.

Answer: Science is widely considered the toughest stream due to its rigorous focus on math and analytical skills, requiring strong problem-solving abilities. With commerce, you will study business, economics, and accounting, making it challenging but manageable.

Answer: Yes, PCB students have access to well-paying research careers, especially in fields that require advanced studies. Here are some of the top areas: 1. Biomedical Research 2. Genetics 3. Environmental Science

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Shailja Kaushik has been an Editor with Internshala since March 2023. She loves creative writing and experimenting with different forms of writing. She has explored different genres by working with journals and radio stations. She has also published her poems and nano tales in various anthologies. She graduated at the top of her class with Bachelor's in English and recently completed her Master's in English from the University of Delhi. Her experiments with writing continue on her literary blog.

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LAB RESEARCH ANALYST II

Durham, NC, US, 27710

Occupational Summary

Conduct a variety of complex and independent investigations in the planning, development and implementation of original experimental procedures within the overall scope of a research project at Duke University.

Work Performed

Conduct a variety of complex and independent investigations in the planning, development and implementation of original experimental procedures and specialized laboratory techniques in the analysis of materials under experimentation.

Collect information and data through observation, experimentation and various other methods, to include operating highly technical laboratory instruments and equipment.

Prepare tissue and specimens for complex procedures, and devise experimental techniques for tests and analyses.

Evaluate and interpret collected data and prepare reports and analyses setting forth progress, adverse trends and appropriate recommendations or conclusions. Confer with principal investigator in developing plans for research projects and to discuss the interpretation of results and the preparation of scientific manuscripts for publication.

Review journals, abstracts and scientific literature to keep abreast of new developments and to obtain information regarding previous experiments to aid in the design and development of original procedures and techniques.

Supervise, train and instruct residents, interns, students or lower level personnel in laboratory techniques and procedures.

Perform other related duties incidental to the work described herein.

The above statements describe the general nature and level of work being performed by individuals assigned to this classification. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all responsibilities and duties required of personnel so classified.

Required Qualifications at this Level

Education/training.

Work requires a bachelor's degree in botany, biology, zoology, psychology or other directly related scientific field.

Work requires four years of research experience. A related master's degree may offset required years of experience on a 1:1 basis, e.g., a two year master's degree in lieu of two years of experience.

OR AN EQUIVALENT COMBINATION OF RELEVANT EDUCATION AND/OR EXPERIENCE

The intent of this job description is to provide a representative and level of the types of duties and responsibilities that will be required of positions given this title and shall not be construed as a declaration of the total of the specific duties and responsibilities of any particular position. Employees may be directed to perform job-related tasks other than those specifically presented in this description.

Duke University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer committed to providing employment opportunity without regard to an individual's age, color, disability, gender, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran status.

Duke aspires to create a community built on collaboration, innovation, creativity, and belonging. Our collective success depends on the robust exchange of ideas-an exchange that is best when the rich diversity of our perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences flourishes. To achieve this exchange, it is essential that all members of the community feel secure and welcome, that the contributions of all individuals are respected, and that all voices are heard. All members of our community have a responsibility to uphold these values.

Essential Physical Job Functions

Certain jobs at Duke University and Duke University Health System may include essential job functions that require specific physical and/or mental abilities. Additional information and provision for requests for reasonable accommodation will be provided by each hiring department.

Minimum Qualifications

Work requires four years of research experience. A related master's OR AN EQUIVALENT COMBINATION OF RELEVANT EDUCATION AND/OR EXPERIENCE degree may offset required years of experience on a 1:1 basis, e.g., a two year master's degree in lieu of two years of experience.

Duke is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer committed to providing employment opportunity without regard to an individual's age, color, disability, gender, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran status.

Duke aspires to create a community built on collaboration, innovation, creativity, and belonging. Our collective success depends on the robust exchange of ideas—an exchange that is best when the rich diversity of our perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences flourishes. To achieve this exchange, it is essential that all members of the community feel secure and welcome, that the contributions of all individuals are respected, and that all voices are heard. All members of our community have a responsibility to uphold these values.

Essential Physical Job Functions: Certain jobs at Duke University and Duke University Health System may include essentialjob functions that require specific physical and/or mental abilities. Additional information and provision for requests for reasonable accommodation will be provided by each hiring department.

Nearest Major Market: Durham Nearest Secondary Market: Raleigh

Duke is an Affirmative Action / Equal Opportunity Employer committed to providing employment opportunity without regard to an individual’s age, color, disability, gender, gender expression, gender identity, genetic information, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran status. Read more about Duke’s commitment to affirmative action and nondiscrimination at hr.duke.edu/eeo.

The Role of Environmental NGOs: Russian Challenges, American Lessons: Proceedings of a Workshop (2001)

Chapter: 15 emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the kuznetsk coal basin, emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the kuznetsk coal basin.

G.I.Gritsko

Kemerovo Scientific Center

The Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) is located largely on the left bank of the Tom River, the most urbanized part of Kemerovo Oblast. The main industries in this part of the Kuzbass territory are ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, power engineering, machine building, construction, and chemical enterprises. Therefore, the general ecological condition of the Kuznetsk coal basin is determined not by the coal industry alone, with restructuring calling for liquidation of 35 coal mines by flooding, but also by other industries.

Given the geographical variance in environmental conditions and industrial impacts, several ecological-geographic districts can be distinguished. These are first of all the territories that have undergone the most intense industry-induced impacts: destruction and degradation of soil cover, disturbance of hydrogeologic conditions, pollution of surface and subsurface waters, atmospheric pollution from industrial emissions, and degradation of natural flora and fauna. These territories are in the Kemerovo and South Kuzbass ecological-geographic districts. Boundaries of the maximum industry-induced pressure on the biosphere coincide with the boundaries of these districts. This pressure is present in about 30 percent of the territory within the limits of Kemerovo Oblast, where about 70 percent of the population lives and practically the entire coal industry of the Kuzbass is concentrated. The second group of districts (about 40 percent of the territory, 20–25 percent of the population) is subjected to a rather heavy industry-induced load from enterprises and from pollutant transport from adjacent territories, but the abundance of forests stabilizes to a large measure the ecological environment. And, finally, the third group of ecological-geographic districts (about 30 percent of the regional territory with 5–10 percent of the population) may be regarded as ecologically satisfactory.

The atmospheric condition is an important ecological characteristic of the region. Air pollution still remains one of the most pressing ecological problems because the bulk of people live in districts where pollutant concentrations are often in excess of maximum permissible levels. The most polluted cities are Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk.

Air pollution in Kemerovo Oblast results from an extremely high concentration of various industries. Of 1,472 enterprises with pollutant emissions under the control of Goskomekologiya (State Committee on Ecology) of Kemerovo Oblast, the following are located on a small territory of 95,700 square kilometers: 21 enterprises of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, 126 coal-mining and coal-processing enterprises, 18 thermal-power engineering facilities, 10 chemical enterprises, 83 machine-building and metal-working plants, 184 construction-industry enterprises, and 308 enterprises of rail and motor transport and road services, as well as agricultural, food, light industry, and furniture enterprises and numerous steam heating plants.

The total pollutant emissions into the atmosphere in the populated areas of the region in 1999, including stationary and mobile (motor, rail, and air transport) sources, were 1,358,573 tons, including solid substances-235,899, sulfur dioxide-138,875, carbon dioxide-610,018, nitrogen oxides-143,282, hydrocarbons-211,916, other gases-18,486. Most of the total emissions are from pollutants from combustion of various fuels.

Emissions from mobile sources are 260,032 tons (19.14 percent), including the following: motor transport-239,595 tons, railroad transport-19,867 tons, and air transport-570 tons. The majority of emissions from mobile sources are exhaust emissions from motor transport amounting to 92.14 percent. The motor transport contribution to pollution is 19.14 percent in the region as a whole, while it is much higher in some towns, such as Anzhero-Sudzhensk-38.4 percent, Mezhdurechensk-40.1 percent, Kemerovo-44.1 percent. The exhaust emissions from motor transport have increased by 6.0 percent (or by 14,479 tons) as compared with 1998.

The stationary sources accounted for 1,098,541 tons of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere (the emission limit being 1,127,547 tons). Incomplete data indicate that around 200 substances enter the atmosphere. The majority are highly toxic and carcinogenic (3,4-benz(a)pyrene, various metal and silicon compounds, cyanides, fluorides, and a broad spectrum of hydrocarbons, including volatile organic compounds that enter into photochemical reactions in the atmosphere to produce ozone and other oxidants).

Enterprises of the following sectors are the main contributors to air pollution: metallurgy-421,706 tons, power engineering-206,170 tons, fuel-233,459 tons, chemical industry-5,209 tons, and other sectors-231,708 tons. The volume of recorded emissions into the atmosphere in comparison with 1998 has increased as follows: in the fuel industry-by 60,275 tons due to the more accurate accounting of methane emission sources; in electric power

engineering-by 6,911 tons due to increased amount of burned fuel; in the chemical industry-by 1,952 tons due to a production increase; in metallurgy-by 29,346 tons due to a production increase. In 1999, 80 new enterprises were registered, while 115 enterprises were either liquidated or merged. The increase of emissions into the atmosphere throughout the region has totaled 98,309 tons.

During the last five years (1995–1999), pollutant emissions from stationary sources have decreased by 7,004 tons, or by 6 percent, as a result of recession in the main sectors of the economy. Four million tons (79.4 percent) of pollutants were removed at the enterprises of the region in 1999. The highest level of removal was in the power engineering (92.3 percent) and chemical (87.4 percent) industries. A low level of pollutant removal was in housing-communal services-33.9 percent, at transport and road-service enterprises-30.5 percent, at trading enterprises-24.4 percent, and in public health services-6.6 percent. Noxious substances from the communication, educational, material, and technical supply enterprises go to the atmosphere without cleaning. The greatest volume of emissions is registered in the towns of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Myski, Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk, Kaltan, and Mezhdurechensk.

A great number of industrial enterprises are situated near residential districts. Recurrent weather conditions unfavorable for dissipation of emissions cause the high level of air pollution. This is confirmed by observations at the hydrometeorology and environment monitoring centers located in Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, and Prokopyevsk. The pollution level in Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk, according to a generalized index developed by Rosgidromet (Russian Hydrometeorological Service), is estimated to be high.

Pollutant emissions into the city atmosphere in 1999, including stationary and mobile (motor, railroad, and air transport) sources, amounted to 117,777 tons.

The main contributors to emissions from stationary sources are the enterprises of: power engineering-71.26 percent, ferrous metallurgy-7.15 percent, chemical processing-7.65 percent, housing-communal services-4.06 percent, and fuel industry-3.69 percent.

Pollutants removed at city enterprises amount to 588,245 tons, which comprise 90 percent. The level of removal is the highest in the power engineering industry-91.7 percent, in chemical industry-87.7 percent. It is low at the enterprises of housing-communal services-29.1 percent, machine building and metal plants-26.6 percent, transport and road services-4.3 percent. Emissions from trading and from material and technical supply enterprises go to the atmosphere without cleaning.

As compared to 1998, emissions from stationary sources have increased by 2,004 tons due to the production increase at city enterprises (Azot, Khimprom, Kemerovo State Regional Power Plant). Statistical accounts have been

submitted by 140 enterprises for which MPE (maximum permissible emission) standards are established.

In Kemerovo, regular observations of air pollution are performed using a network of eight stationary points of the state hydrometeorology and environmental monitoring committee.

Staff members of the Kemerovo scientific center have carried out work on the ecological zoning of the city territory based on investigations of sulfur accumulation by leaves of plants. Based on inventory data and the distribution of weather conditions (wind velocity, wind direction, and atmosphere stability), the average annual near-ground concentrations of the sum of sulfur-containing impurities have been calculated.

Industrial processes associated with coal mining are sources of man-induced impacts on the environment. These sources are power plants, coal transportation, storage and loading, degassing and ventilating, burning spoil banks, maintenance-technological services, and motor transport. All possible sources of emissions and an assessment of their impact on the atmospheric pollution should be described in the design of a newly opened mine.

Mine methane at operating enterprises goes to the atmosphere mainly from degassing and ventilating units. According to the presently accepted documents, methane is one of the least harmful pollutants (maximum permissible concentration=50 milligrams per cubic meter). Today, the payment for one ton of methane emission is approximately 1,000 times less than for one ton of sulfurous anhydride. Therefore, the economic and administrative sanctions on methane emissions on the part of Russian territorial nature-preservation authorities are quite insignificant. However, the worldwide tendencies of recent years toward the limitation of greenhouse gases lead to greater attention to methane emissions. It is not unlikely, therefore, that the standards of payment for atmospheric pollution with methane will significantly increase in the near future, which, in view of the large emissions of this gas in the Kuzbass coal mines, may result in a substantial increase of nature-preservation payments and in a decrease of coal mining profitability.

A generalization of inventory data on the sources of harmful substance emissions into the atmosphere at the Kuzbass mines provides the ranges of total emissions per mine. Under the most unfavorable conditions, the payment of fines for methane emissions into the atmosphere does not exceed 6,450 rubles per year.

A review of inventory data also shows that at Kuzbass mines, ventilation unit emissions at a height of 5–6 meters typically have a relatively high vertical velocity of gas-air mixture discharge (8–19 meters/second). This condition substantially increases the effective flare height and leads to a decrease in the near-ground concentrations at short distances from the source. With the indicated source parameters and the emissions at the upper boundary level, the maximum near-ground concentration is achieved at wind velocities of 3–5

meters/second at a distance of 50–300 meters and may be equal to 3–4 MPC (maximum permissible concentration).

When a coal-mining enterprise closes, most sources providing loads on the atmosphere disappear. At the same time, state environmental control over the sources of pollutant emissions is terminated. But this does not mean that the closed mine completely ceases its negative influence on the atmosphere. Products of incomplete burning of spontaneously ignited coals and of mine equipment in the fire zone may be emitted. Spreading of dust from poorly controlled spoil banks also persists.

As to methane, after a mine is closed its ventilation ceases, and emissions of methane-air mixture are significantly reduced. But, as pumping of water also ceases, the water table rises, with the result that pressure in the mine grows and methane begins to escape to the surface and into the atmosphere.

The rivers of the Kuzbass are polluted with waste waters disposed from numerous enterprises of different branches of industry. The quality of water bodies continues to be below standard specifications. The most widespread pollutants of surface waters in the region are petroleum products, phenols, metal compounds, ammonium, and nitrites. The principal source is waste waters of industrial enterprises and housing-communal services.

Four main water basins are in the region: the Tom, Inya, Chulym, and Chumysh Rivers basins. More than 32,000 rivers with a combined length exceeding 76,478 kilometers flow over the territory.

Depending on local characteristics and relief, the rivers of the region are subdivided into plain- and mountain-type rivers. All of the rivers flowing over the territory of the region link to the Ob River basin and are tributaries of its upper reaches.

The main reasons for the increase in water consumption were an increase in output at some enterprises (West-Siberian Metallurgical Complex and Kuznetsk Metallurgical Complex in Novokuznetsk, Azot and Khimprom in Kemerovo, Yurga Machine-building Plant in Yurga) and an increased use of water at coal-mining enterprises.

The shrinkage of the irrigated land areas and the reduction of livestock populations have resulted in a decrease of water consumption for irrigation and agricultural needs.

Rivers of the Tom basin, where the main industrial potential of the Kuzbass is concentrated, are the most used and most subject to industry-induced impacts. According to the pH value, the Tom’s waters are usually neutral or weakly alkaline. The contents of biogenic substances (Si, Fe, and compounds of N and P) show enhanced amounts of iron and ammonium ions, occasionally also of NO 2 . The concentrations of trace elements vary over quite a wide range, but the average level of their contents is not high. An examination of data has shown that the Tom’s waters are polluted most with organic substances, with enhanced concentrations of petroleum products and phenols being most often registered

throughout the length of the river. Identified in the Tom’s waters (in the framework of experimental investigations) is an extensive list of various organic substances falling into the following classes of compounds: saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (including those of petroleum origin), alkyl phenols, fatty organic acids and their ethers, alcohols, organic phosphates, and chlorine-organic compounds. Thus, based on the results of investigations in 1990–1993 along the Tom River on the Kuzbass territory, the three most heavily polluted areas have been delineated: in the zones of influence of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, and Yurga. Among the most characteristic pollutants in surface waters of the Tom River, for which values exceeding MPC have been continuously or occasionally registered, are suspended solids, ammonium nitrate, heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd), petroleum products, highly volatile phenols, and other organic substances of different classes of hazard. The mode of distribution of hydrocarbons suggests their man-induced origin. The presence of SAH (surface-active hydrocarbons) in nanogram quantities of lighter aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and its derivatives anthracene, fluorene, fluorenthene, and pyrene) suggests that the enhanced concentrations of SAH in the Tom River are caused by the discharge of mine and subsurface waters contacting with coal rocks enriched in these compounds.

The Inya River basin is second in importance and ecological loading. Sixteen million cubic meters of water were taken from water bodies of the basin in 1999, mainly for the needs of production (10 million cubic meters). Discharged into the basin’s surface water bodies were 116 million cubic meters of waste waters from the towns of Belovo, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, and Guryevsk and from the Promyshlennov, Leninsk-Kuznetsky, Guryevsk, and Belovo districts. Of 115 million cubic meters of waste waters needing purification, 104 million cubic meters (89.8 percent) have been treated, of which .01 million cubic meters have been purified to meet specified standards. Together with waste waters, 125,000 tons of pollutants are discharged into the rivers of the basin, including 249 tons of toxics and 20,562 tons of pollutants with reduced toxicity.

The source of the Inya River is located on the Taradanov ridge. The Inya is the right tributary of the Ob and flows through industrial and agricultural areas in the central part of Kemerovo Oblast. The river is 663 kilometers long, extending for 433 kilometers over the Kemerovo Oblast territory. The drainage basin area is 17,600 square kilometers. Within the region, the river is regulated by means of the Belovo Reservoir.

The Inya is polluted mainly with waste waters from coal-mining enterprises and communal services, which is reflected in the chemical composition of water. A total of 66 million cubic meters of waste waters have been discharged into the river, including 3,800 cubic meters without treatment. Together with waste waters, 81,000 tons of pollutants have been discharged. The main pollutants of the Inya River and its tributaries are petroleum products, phenols, nitrogen-

containing substances, and ions of heavy metals. Phenol pollution of the river averages 6–9 MPC. The one-time maximum concentration was registered in 1999:18 MPC in the summer low-water period. Average concentrations of petroleum products varied within a 3–6 MPC range. While the concentrations of petroleum products in the monitored section downstream from Leninsk-Kuznetsky remain within a 4.5–5.5 MPC range, in the section upstream from the town a decrease from 6 MPC in 1997 to 3 MPC in 1999 has been registered. In 1999, as compared with two previous years, the average concentrations of ammonium nitrates and nitrites decreased both upstream and downstream from the town. Pollution of the Inya with organic substances, as judged from BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand) indicators, is stable within a 1.5–2 MPC range, while average concentrations of total iron and zinc increased a little in 1999 (to 1–1.5 MPC) as compared with two previous years (0.5–1.0 MPC).

The Chulym River basin includes the Yaya River and its tributaries, the Kiya and its tributaries, the Itatka, and others. About 33 million cubic meters of water were taken from water bodies of the basin in 1999, mainly for the needs of production. Discharged into the surface water bodies of the basin were 61 million cubic meters. Of 55 million cubic meters of waste waters requiring purification, 49 million cubic meters (81.3 percent) were treated. Twelve million cubic meters (19.7 percent) were treated in accord with specified standards. Together with waste waters, 28,000 tons of pollutants were discharged into the rivers of the basin, including 87 tons of toxic substances and 4,400 tons of toxic sewage wastes.

The Chumysh River basin includes the Chumysh and its tributaries: Kara-Chumysh, Yegos, and others. Some 95 million cubic meters of water were taken from bodies of water in the basin, largely for the needs of production. Discharged into the rivers of the basin are waste waters from enterprises of Novokuznetsk Region and Prokopyevsk. A total of 23 million cubic meters of waste waters were discharged, including nine million cubic meters (40 percent) without treatment. Together with waste waters, 9,050 tons of pollutants were discharged, of which 21 tons were toxic and 1,600 tons were toxic sewage wastes.

Mining exerts an adverse effect on the water regime of Kemerovo Oblast. Dehydration of mining areas occurs and cones of depression form, with sizes depending on the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions and on the length of the mining period. An area of depression cones in the Kuzbass exceeds two thousand square kilometers.

The effect of mining on the river discharge is reflected in a decrease in the subsurface water discharge into the river due to drainage pumping in mines or quarries, by an increase in the river sedimentation caused by the same factors, and by a decrease in the subsurface water reserves. The daily flow from Kuzbass mines and open pits exceeds one million cubic meters. Drainage of deposits

results in a decrease of water reserves in surface water bodies, drying up of wells and water supply wells, and exhausting of springs, streams, and small rivers. In the zone of mining, more than 200 rivers have disappeared or diminished, and a general degradation of the territories continues, which results in the destruction of habitat conditions and degradation of vegetation.

The coal industry is the second in importance for pollution of Kuzbass water bodies after power engineering, which discharges into the rivers 58.9 percent (1,515 million cubic meters/year) of untreated waters. The coal industry accounts for 14.6 percent (384 million cubic meters/year) of untreated waters. Coal enterprises discharge 34.4 percent of all suspended solids and 10 percent of petroleum products. Mines, per unit of output, discharge into water bodies 3.6 times more suspended solids, 5.2 times more chlorides, 2.6 times more easily oxidized organic substances, and 3.72 times more petroleum products than open pits. Suspended substances are the main pollutant of mine waters. Waste waters of some mines contain phenol, which forms as a result of pyrogenic decomposition of coal. Mine waters show strong bacterial pollution.

Closure of coal mines by means of flooding will lead to the contraction of their depression cones and to a change in the discharge directions of mine-polluted subsurface waters. The result may be that the subsurface waters previously discharged into mines will begin to discharge into surface water streams with pollutants from dumping grounds of various waste products (including dangerous chemical waste). The influence of waste waters on the surface water quality can be observed near the following mines: Pionerka-the Big Bachat River, Bungurskaya-the Bungurska River, Dimitrova-the Aba River, Shevyakov-the Olzheras River, Shushtalepskaya-the Kondoma River, Baidaevskaya-the Garshina River, Vakhrushev-the Aba River. An analysis of mine waters after they have passed treatment plants shows that the majority of solids analyzed exceed MPC. Thus, suspended substances in all of the mines analyzed exceed MPC from 2 to 34 times, BOD from 1.6 to 20.8 times, ammonia from 1.3 to 18 times, and so on. The discharges of waste waters from mines being closed have resulted in an increase of MPC in surface waters by a factor of 2 to 7 for a number of components.

The subsurface waters of the Kuzbass are of the infiltration type, with reserves formed due to atmospheric precipitation. The infiltration in the upper part of the geologic section varies, according to G.M.Rogov, from 200 mm (25 percent of precipitation) in the mountain-taiga zone to 85 mm (14 percent) in the low-mountain-taiga zone and to 35 mm per year (7–8 percent of precipitation) in the steppe zone.

According to Zapsibgeologiya (West-Siberian Production-Geological Association), traces of industry-induced pollution of subsurface waters have been recognized west of Myski and in the vicinity of Novokuznetsk. Pollution by a number of components (phenols, formaldehyde, COD, BOD) ranges up to 150 MPC. Much of the explored reserves in the Myski and Kiyzak areas are not

exploited now because of the pollution with waste saline waters from a district steam heating plant over an area of four sq. km. and the liquidation of reservoir gravel by the Kiyzak building material quarry. On the territories of large livestock complexes and poultry plants the contamination of soil has resulted in the pollution of subsurface waters with nitrogen compounds and heavy metals. In some cases the subsurface waters under farming lands were found to have enhanced contents of pesticides (Kemerovo Region), nitrates-from 2 to 30 MPC (swine-breeding complexes in Chistogor and Tal), and organic compounds-phenols up to 3000 MPC (Kemerovo: Azot, Tokem).

Observations of the subsurface water regime under natural conditions conducted for many years show that the mode of ground and subsurface water table fluctuations depends most of all on the amount of precipitation and on the regime type. The wells under the riverside and terrace regime conditions clearly show a spring and autumn rise of the water table and its smooth recession in the course of winter. The minimum levels of summer-autumn low-water periods differ from those of winter low-water periods in both directions, but are most often lower or close to them. The annual amplitude of water table fluctuations varies from 0.2 to 4 meters. Only the spring water table rise is registered (lagging in time, as a rule, in comparison with the riverside regime) followed by a smooth recession. Minimal levels in the summer-autumn low-water period are close to those in the winter low-water period. Annual amplitudes are insignificant, rarely exceeding one meter.

The effect of the coal-mining complex on the hydrosphere causes a change of water regime of the territory—pollution of ground and waste waters with products of physical and chemical weathering of subsurface rocks. In every case, the zone of mining and the territories adjacent to it are drained by means of tunnels, pumping, and disposal of subsurface waters into the hydrological network beyond the mining area. The natural regime of subsurface waters becomes disturbed and their reserves diminish. In the process of both subsurface and open-pit mining, the lowering of the ground water table forms a cone of depression whose size depends on the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of the mining area and on the duration of mining.

One of the most adverse aspects of mine flooding is the possibility of polluting the subsurface waters, which are a source of drinking water. This will necessitate an urgent solution of the water supply problem for the populations of Novokuznetsk, Belovo, Kemerovo, and Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

Pollution of mine waters with metals is registered for zinc (up to 14 times background levels), copper (up to 270 times), lead (up to two times), manganese (up to 325 times), molybdenum (up to four times), arsenic (up to 100 times), vanadium (up to five times), fluorine (up to 5.9 times), and aluminum (up to 2.3 times).

As is evident from an analysis of mine water pollution dynamics, the contents of nitrogen group compounds and petroleum products increase in

spring, summer, and autumn and sharply decrease in the winter period. This means that an important role in the pollution of mine waters with these substances, particularly when water levels are extremely high, is played by snow-melt and storm waters bringing to the mines pollutants from petroleum products and household refuse accumulated on the territory allocated for mining. To help solve the large-scale problems of natural resource monitoring and environment protection in Kemerovo Oblast, an integrated information system based on the use of geoinformation technologies has been developed. Ecological Atlas of Kemerovo Oblast (ATLAS) is designed for the collection and storage of graphical and semantic information on the state of the environment and natural resources in Kemerovo Oblast, as well as for processing this information. The system provides support for the solution of a wide range of problems concerning monitoring, accounting, planning, distribution, and financial regulation in the field of natural resources usage and payment for environment disturbances and pollution. Besides, ATLAS can be used in higher and post-graduate ecological education. The system based on GIS-technologies is used as follows:

To form electronic maps of localities using a base of graphic layers with a summary map of all semantic descriptions of objects available in each layer.

To establish relationships between individual objects with semantic information stored in databases of the dBASE and PARADOX format.

To create and/or attach cartographic-mathematical models of technical-natural phenomena with the visualization and saving of their results in a separate graphic base layer.

To process and edit semantic and graphical data (in compliance with information security).

To form, browse, and print out normative-reference information.

The aggravation of the ecological situation in Kemerovo Oblast in recent years is connected not only with the activation of production in heavy industry sectors, but also with the lack of ecological culture among the great majority of managers of all levels.

At present, 12 public ecological organizations work in the Kuzbass. Among the most active of them are the following: Kemerovo Department of the All-Russian Society for Nature Preservation, Information Ecological Agency, Ecological Parliament of Children and Young People, Kemerovo Regional Society Social Health, Kemerovo Regional Department of the Russian National Organization Green Cross, and Ecological Movement Kuzbass. Scientists of the Kemerovo Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences take an active part in the work of the majority of these organizations. The principal lines of activity of public ecological organizations are the following:

Publication of Information Ecological Bulletin

Ecological audit and consulting

Public ecological expert examination

Informational support and service in the environmental field

The regional Ecological Parliament of Children and Young People has adopted its own ecological code for children and young people in February 2000 on the basis of the recommendations of the UN Conference on the Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Its fundamental principles are as follows:

Destruction of the environment is a consequence of the destruction of personality, of a person’s inner life, of his values.

There is but one step from ecological ignorance to a crime against humanity.

We have no right to enrich ourselves at the expense of nature; we must live in harmony with it.

To preserve man as a species, we should preserve the natural environment; in order to preserve the environment, man should change himself, his attitude to it.

The Ecological Parliament of Children and Young people has concluded an agreement on cooperation to participate in the solution of regionally significant ecological problems with the Kemerovo Oblast administration in an effort to strengthen the interaction between the authorities and the ecological movement

The Information Ecological Agency (IEA) may now be called a professional public organization. The agency collects and systematizes ecological information with special attention to regional ecological problems. The main emphasis is on involving the general public in the process of significant decisions and regulations in the field of environmental protection in the Kuzbass.

Information Ecological Bulletin is a monthly 24-page monthly publication with a circulation of 950 copies. The bulletin is intended for specialists, industry personnel, teachers, and representatives of public organizations. It covers the following issues: regional problems, projects, and public actions in the field of environment; ecological legislation, ecological audit, and ecological management; the environment, public health conditions, and the ecological rights of citizens; technologies in the field of environment; and ecological education.

The IEA provides services for ecological audits, environmental impact assessments, ecological substantiation of business activity, valuation of maximum permissible pollutant emissions, waste disposition, permissible levels of environmental impact, and confirmation of limits on the use of natural

resources. The IEA has appropriate licenses for all of the above-listed types of activity.

To realize these activities, the Agency forms temporary groups of specialists in different fields from IEA members. Since February 1998, the IEA has been affiliated with the Russian Network of Regional Centers of public ecological expertise in the context of a program realized by the Moscow public organization Ecoline and supported by the Institute for Sustainable Communities (USA). The Agency supports development of information and exchange of information.

The scientists of the Kemerovo Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences take an active part in the popularization of ecological knowledge and of the problems of stable regional development by publishing popular scientific papers in the mass media and in the Information Ecological Bulletin . They participate in expert appraisals of regional legislative acts aimed at nature preservation and of regionally significant business projects.

Currently special attention is paid to the problems of ecological education and training. An analysis of the present situation shows an absence of multilevel ecological education as a system. The number of ecological schools in the region is far from sufficient. This is connected with the absence of ecological education programs, the lack of personnel, the complexity of curricula, and the lack of textbooks and training aids.

In schools of the region (mainly in the innovative educational institutions), attention is given to the scientific-research work of students in ecology. Their work is presented at scientific conferences, in the ecology sections. The Kuznetsk department of the Geographical Society together with the tourist station of Novokuznetsk has organized training on practical ecology for groups of students. Students become acquainted with methods for the observation and study of birds, with determination of water quality, and with the world of plants. They carry out ecological games and walking tours.

Additional ecological-biological education in Kemerovo Oblast involves the regional station of young naturalists as a coordination center of uninterrupted ecological education and ecological culture formation among pre-school children and among elementary and middle school students.

There are 15 scientific associations of pupils and students in the region established on the basis of young naturalist stations, ecological-biological centers, and children’s and young people’s centers. They include “Genetics of Animals,” “Ecology of Plants,” and “Biochemistry and Cytology” in Novokuznetsk; “Microbiology,” “Young Forester,” and “Fauna” in Kemerovo; and “Young Ecologist and Biologist” in Anzhero-Sudzhensk, and Myski.

Stations of young naturalists in Mezhdurechensk, Novokuznetsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Topki, Kiselevsk, Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo, Yurga, and other towns, together with schools, are engaged in an integrated study of the ecological conditions of their towns, in the examination of large and small rivers, and in the

investigation of flora and fauna of their native land. Various methods used in this study include ecological monitoring; bioindication of water bodies and air basins; and hydrobiological, zoological, and botanical investigations.

It has become a tradition that the regional station of young naturalists, together with the regional Goskomekologiya and Kemerovo State University, conducts rallies/competitions of young ecologists, including defense of research works by the rally participants, and their demonstrations of ability to use the main methods of field ecology.

With active support from the regional Committee of Young Naturalists, the groups of young ecologists of the Kemerovo region participate in the realization of several Federal educational-research projects: “Phenology of Birds,” “Life to Russian Waters,” “Crane, the Bird of Peace,” “Water on the Earth,” and others. Ecological shifts at the stations of young naturalists continue in Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, Yurga, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, and Myski. Pupils of School No. 62 in Kemerovo are engaged in the problem of potable water under the program “Clean Water of the Taydon—to the Kuzbass Towns.” They report the results of their expeditions at Russian conferences and receive well-deserved diplomas and certificates.

The Kemerovo Scientific Center, with the participation of institutes of higher education and public ecological organizations, has conducted a number of international, all-Russian, and regional scientific-practical conferences and seminars. The most significant were the All-Russian scientific-practical conference “Ecology and Economy: Regional Problems of Transition to Stable Development. A Look into the Twenty-First Century,” the international scientific-practical conference “Ecological Problems of the Regional Coal-mining Sector Under the Transition to Stable Development,” the second international conference “Reduction of Methane Emission,” and the scientific-practical seminar “Regional Problems in the Economical Education on the Eve of the Twenty-First Century.”

The aforementioned seminar discussed methodological approaches, standards, and training aids for a system of multi-level ecological education and training. The discussion demonstrated experience in the ecological education and training of the people. In the system of general secondary education, ecology is being introduced as an independent subject. In the higher schools, special courses of ecology, nature preservation, engineering ecology, and rational use of natural resources are being introduced. Several centers of ecological education work within the system of post-graduate professional development.

At the same time, the process of ecological education and training has not become continuous and obligatory, as is required by the Environmental Protection Law. A scientifically based system of ecological education and training is absent in the region, and the legal and normative foundation has not been formed. There are great difficulties in providing the material-technical and

educational-pedagogical basis for carrying out practical expeditions. The difficulties in the dissemination of ideas and experience of Russian and foreign ecological education are aggravated by the absence of available information systems and periodicals.

To raise the level of ecological education, the following should be done:

It is necessary to pass the law “On the Ecological Education and Training of Population in Kemerovo Oblast.”

A regional target program should be developed “Perfection of Ecological Education and Training in Kemerovo Oblast for the Years 2001–2005,” with the specification of financial resources from the regional budget (via the Education Department and the Science and Higher School Department) and the regional ecological fund budget.

A system of centers of ecological education and training should be established. They should have the following tasks: development of regional standards of different-level ecological education; assessment of the effectiveness of ecological education, expert appraisal, and certification of training aids; development of retraining and professional development programs for teachers in the ecological education system of the Kemerovo region; and assistance in the preparation and publication of training and methodology aids, including tutorial computer programs.

The role of public organizations and the mass media in the process of ecological education should be increased. A standing seminar (school) for journalists and public activists is needed, together with a cycle of broadcasts and telecasts.

Ethical and aesthetic education at each educational level should be improved and extended.

The report has been prepared on the basis of the following materials and published works:

Bykov, A.A., E.L.Schastlivtsev. 2000. Calculations Assessing the Local Atmospheric Pollution with Methane at the Working and Closed Kuzbass Mines. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference Reduction of Methane Emission. Novosibirsk, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian) pp. 629–632.

Data on the pollution of Tom River water by sections, 1981–1996; water discharge by sections of Tomsk, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Mezhdurechensk, 1986–1996; radioactive pollution of surface waters in the vicinity of CXT, 1991–1996; toxicity of the Tom River, 1993–1997. West-Siberian Center of natural environment pollution monitoring, January, 1998 (in Russian).

Ecological Map of Kemerovo Oblast, Scale 1:500000, 1995 (in Russian).

Elaboration Materials of the Federal Target Program. 1998. Radical Improvement of the Hydroeconomical and Ecological Situation in the Tom River Basin. Kemerovo Scientific Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian).

Malakhov, S.M. and L.A.Novoselova, eds. Report, 2000: Natural Environment Condition in the Kemerovo Oblast in 1999. State Committee on Environmental Protection of Kemerovo Oblast. Kemerovo, Russian., 288 pp.

Malakhov, S.M. and L.A.Novoselova, eds. Report, 1999: Natural Environment Condition in the Kemerovo Oblast in 1998. State Committee on Environmental Protection of Kemerovo Oblast. Kemerovo, (in Russian), 182pp.

Neverova, O.A., A.A.Bykov, S.A.Morozova, 2000. Phytomonitoring and Its Comparison with the Results of Long-term Modeling of Atmospheric Diffusion, Kemerovo, Manuscript deposited in the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information on October 17, 2000, No. 2636-VOO (in Russian), 17 pp.

Schastlivtsev, E.L., A.A.Bykov, et al., 1997. The Basic Principles of Compilation of the Distributed Territory Natural Resource Registry of Kemerovo Oblast. Papers of the All-Russian Scientific-Practical Conference Ecology and Economy: Regional Problems of Transition to Stable Development: A Look into the Twenty-First Century, Kemerovo, Kuzbassvuzizdat, pp. 65–74 (in Russian).

Schastlivtsev, E.L., L.P.Barannik, V.I.Ovdenko, and A.A.Bykov. 2000. Evaluation of Ecological Consequences of Coal Mine Closure in Kuzbass Coal Region. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference Environmental Issues and Management of Waste in Energy and Mineral Production, SWEMP-2000, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 30–June 2, 2000. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 661–665.

State Water Resources Registry. Annual data on the quality of surface waters and land in the river basins of Altai Territory, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, and Tomsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Altai, 1981–1996. Novosibirsk, West Siberian Hydrometeorological Service Administration (in Russian).

Surface Water Quality and Effectiveness of Water Protection Measures over the Territory of the West Siberian Hydrometreorological Service Administration. Activity: a Yearbook, 1990–1996. Novosibirsk, West Siberian Hydrometeorological Service Administration (in Russian).

An NRC committee was established to work with a Russian counterpart group in conducting a workshop in Moscow on the effectiveness of Russian environmental NGOs in environmental decision-making and prepared proceedings of this workshop, highlighting the successes and difficulties faced by NGOs in Russia and the United States.

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Kemerovo Oblast, Russia

The capital city of Kemerovo oblast: Kemerovo .

Kemerovo Oblast - Overview

Kemerovo Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the south-east of Western Siberia, part of the Siberian Federal District. This region is also known as Kuzbass . In 2019, “Kuzbass” officially became the second name of Kemerovo Oblast. Kemerovo is the capital city of the region.

The population of Kemerovo Oblast is about 2,604,300 (2022), the area - 95,725 sq. km.

Kemerovo oblast flag

Kemerovo oblast coat of arms.

Kemerovo oblast map, Russia

Kemerovo oblast latest news and posts from our blog:.

11 February, 2019 / Kemerovo - the view from above .

21 April, 2016 / The carnival-parade at the festival GrelkaFest in Sheregesh .

2 June, 2013 / Summer snowfall in Kemerovo .

9 February, 2012 / "BelAZ 75600" - the biggest truck in the former USSR .

31 October, 2010 / The ship-house in Kemerovo oblast .

History of Kemerovo Oblast

People began to settle in what is now the Kemerovo region several thousand years ago. The indigenous peoples of the region were Shortsy and Teleuts. In 1618, Russians founded Kuznetsky stockaded town in the south of the present region to protect Russian lands from the raids of the Mongols and Jungars. In 1698, Mariinsk was founded.

In 1721, Mikhailo Volkov found “burning mountain” (a burning coal seam) on the banks of the Tom River and thus became the person who discovered the Kuzbass coal deposits. Industrial development of this land started at the end of the 18th century.

During the 19th century, the territory of the Kemerovo region was part of the Tomsk province. During this period, the first industrial enterprises appeared here: Tomsk ironworks, Gavrilovsky and Gurievsky silver plants, Suharinsky and Salairsky mines. Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway was one of the main reasons for the rapid development of the local industry.

More historical facts…

In Soviet times, the region became part of the West Siberian krai, and then - Novosibirsk oblast. The development of the coal, metallurgical and chemical industries continued: Kemerovo Coke Plant, Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant, a lot of new mines. The workers’ settlements built near the industrial enterprises quickly obtained the status of towns: Kiselyovsk, Osinniki, Krasnobrodsky, Tashtagol, Kaltan, Mezhdurechensk and others.

During the Second World War, this region was a major supplier of coal and metal. More than 50 thousand tanks and 45 thousand aircraft were produced using steel from Novokuznetsk. 71 industrial enterprises were evacuated to Kuzbass from the occupied regions, most of them remained in the region after the war.

In 1943, Kemerovo Oblast became a separate region that included 17.5% of the territory and 42% of the total population of Novosibirsk Oblast. After the war, the region continued to grow rapidly. On September 18, 1984, about 100 km from Kemerovo, a peaceful underground nuclear explosion was carried out, the power of the explosive device was 10 kilotons.

In the 1990s, the region’s economy declined. However, by the end of the 20th century, there were some positive developments - the development of the coal industry in the first place. Special attention was paid to the development of open-pit coal mining, as a more effective and safe way.

Beautiful nature of Kemerovo Oblast

Mountain stream in the Kemerovo region

Author: Sergey Timofeev

On the shore of a small lake in Kemerovo Oblast

Kemerovo Oblast landscape

Kemerovo Oblast - Features

Kemerovo Oblast is one of the few Russian regions that has a recognized and well-known alternative name “Kuzbass” - the abbreviation of “Kuznetsk coal basin” occupying a large part of the territory of the region.

It is the most densely populated part of Siberia. The length of the region from north to south is about 500 km, from west to east - 300 km. Russians make up more than 90% of the population. There are small nations of Shortsy, Teleuts, Siberian Tatars who have preserved their cultural traditions.

The climate is sharply continental with long cold winters and warm short summers. The average temperature in January is minus 17-20 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 17-18 degrees Celsius.

Today, about 86% of the population of Kemerovo Oblast lives in cities and towns making it one of the most urbanized regions of Russia. The largest cities are Kemerovo (548,000), Novokuznetsk (540,000), Prokopievsk (185,000), Mezhdurechensk (95,400), Leninsk-Kuznetsky (91,600), Kisilyovsk (83,700), Yurga (79,700), Belovo (70,100), Anzhero-Sudzhensk (65,700).

Sheregesh, a village located at the foot of Zelenaya Mountain in Tashtagol district, is one of Russia’s most popular ski resorts. The ski season lasts from November to May. Kuznetsky Alatau Reserve and Shorsky National Park are the main natural attractions.

Kemerovo Oblast plays a significant role in Russian industry. The following mineral resources are mined here: coal, gold, silver, iron ore, manganese ore, aluminum, nepheline ore, lead, zinc, barite, quartz, limestone, clay, dolomite, sand.

Kuznetsk coal basin is one of the largest coal basins in the world. The most important centers of the local coal industry are Prokopyevsk, Mezhdurechensk, Belovo, Kemerovo, Novokuznetsk, Osinniki, Leninsk-Kuznetsky. Coal mines can be found almost everywhere in the Kemerovo region. About 180 million tons of coal is mined annually.

Rail transport is well developed in the region. The Trans-Siberian Railway, the South Kuzbas branch of West Siberian Railway cross its territory. There are large airports in Kemerovo (Kemerovo International Airport) and Novokuznetsk (Spichenkovo Airport).

Kemerovo oblast of Russia photos

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Kemerovo Oblast scenery

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Autumn in Kemerovo Oblast

Winter in Kemerovo Oblast

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Landscapes of Kemerovo Oblast

Churches in Kemerovo Oblast

Orthodox church in Kemerovo Oblast

Author: Yury Marchenko

Church in the Kemerovo region

Author: Ludmila Boriskina

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Concept of Transformation of the Socioeconomic System of the Kuzbass in the Context of Decarbonization Policy

• REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Published: 30 September 2023
• Volume 13 , pages 480–489, ( 2023 )

Cite this article

• Yu. A. Fridman 1 ,
• E. Yu. Loginova 1 ,
• G. N. Rechko 1 &
• O. I. Khokhrina 2  

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The transformation of the Kuzbass (Kemerovo oblast) economy has been presented in regional strategic planning documents for decades as the most important tool for accelerated development. The authors of the article argue that, unfortunately, over the past 20 years, almost no qualitative changes have occurred in the Kuzbass economy, and they name the reasons for this situation. Currently, Kuzbass faces the difficult task of choosing a long-term development model. On the one hand, despite existing internal challenges and risks, the government is directing business and society towards accelerated development, relying primarily on the growth of coal production and development of small and medium-sized businesses. On the other hand, a critical mass of subjective and objective circumstances is gradually accumulating in Kuzbass, which in the medium term can radically change the situation, and transformation of the economy will be the only possible development model. The main problem is the prospect of coal being squeezed out of the global economy under the pressure of the decarbonization trend. In Russia, there is no generally recognized systematic approach to the issue of structural reorganization of coal-producing regions in the context of a decarbonization policy. The authors, having studied current world practices, propose an original concept for transformation of the Kuzbass economy based on the Just Transition Principles, used by the European Union. A prerequisite for its successful implementation should be a dialogue between government, business, and society in developing and agreeing on corridors for the future development of the region.

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The article was prepared according to the research plan of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (project no. 121040100279-5 “Driving Forces and Mechanisms of Cooperation and Integration Processes in the Economy of Siberia”).

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Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

Yu. A. Fridman, E. Yu. Loginova & G. N. Rechko

Kemerovo State University, 650000, Kemerovo, Russia

O. I. Khokhrina

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Correspondence to Yu. A. Fridman , E. Yu. Loginova , G. N. Rechko or O. I. Khokhrina .

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Fridman, Y.A., Loginova, E.Y., Rechko, G.N. et al. Concept of Transformation of the Socioeconomic System of the Kuzbass in the Context of Decarbonization Policy. Reg. Res. Russ. 13 , 480–489 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970523700892

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Received : 03 May 2022

Revised : 12 April 2023

Accepted : 17 April 2023

Published : 30 September 2023

Issue Date : September 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970523700892

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