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“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Analysis

“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843, is a haunting short story not contained within a specific collection.

Introduction: “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

Table of Contents

“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843, is a haunting short story not contained within a specific collection. It’s a psychological thriller narrated by an unnamed character who insists on their sanity despite describing a meticulously planned murder. The story centers on the narrator’s obsession with the victim’s pale eye and a growing fixation on a sound they believe to be the old man’s beating heart, creating a chilling atmosphere of suspense and unease. As the story progresses, the line between the narrator’s perceived sanity and their deteriorating mental state blurs, leaving the reader to question the truth and grapple with the themes of guilt and madness.

Main Events in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

The Narrator’s Obsession and Murderous Plan:

The unnamed narrator insists on his sanity despite describing a premeditated murder.
He becomes fixated on the old man’s pale blue eye with a film over it, calling it a “vulture eye.”
The narrator denies any motive like passion, greed, or insult, claiming it’s solely the eye that drives him to kill.
Over several days, the narrator meticulously plans the murder, entering the old man’s room each night to find him asleep.

The Murder and Hiding the Evidence:

On the eighth night, the narrator accidentally startles the old man awake but manages to keep him still in the dark.
The narrator describes a growing sense of triumph as he prepares to commit the murder.
He becomes fixated on a low beating sound, which he believes is the old man’s terrified heart growing louder.
In a frenzy, the narrator throws open the lantern and murders the old man.
After the murder, the narrator displays a chilling calmness as he dismembers the body with meticulous care.
He hides the body parts under the floorboards, confident no human eye could detect anything wrong.

Police Investigation and the Narrator’s Descent:

The police arrive to investigate a scream heard by a neighbor, arousing suspicion.
The narrator remains confident and welcomes the officers, inviting them to search the entire house.
He even leads them to the old man’s room and shows them his undisturbed belongings.
The narrator’s confidence grows as the officers seem satisfied with his explanations.
However, the narrator begins to feel increasingly anxious and believes he hears the beating of the old man’s heart growing louder.
His attempts to appear calm and talkative fail as the sound intensifies in his own mind.
Driven to the brink, the narrator accuses the officers of mocking him and confesses to the murder, revealing the body’s hiding place.

Literary Devices in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe


	“TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?”	The narrator insists on his sanity despite describing disturbing thoughts and actions.
	“It grew louder—louder—louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled.”	The phrase “beating of the old man’s heart” is repeated, emphasizing the narrator’s obsession and growing anxiety.
	“One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture—a pale blue eye, with a film over it.”	The “vulture eye” symbolizes the narrator’s fear and obsession. It’s a physical detail that represents a larger psychological torment.
	“I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him.”	The narrator’s meticulous planning and deceptive kindness foreshadow the eventual breakdown of his sanity.
	“I turned the latch of his door and opened it—oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out…”	Descriptions of darkness, silence, and the lantern’s glow create a dark and suspenseful atmosphere.
	“The disease had sharpened my senses—not destroyed—not dulled them.”	The narrator claims his senses are heightened by his illness, but his perception is distorted.
	“Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell.”	The narrator exaggerates his hearing abilities, hinting at his mental instability.
	“why will you say that I am mad”	The use of “w” sounds creates a sense of urgency and agitation.
	“nevertheless the old man died”	The repetition of short “e” sounds creates a sense of finality and horror.
	“…and so by degrees—very gradually—I made up my mind to take the life of the old man…”	The repeated phrase emphasizes the narrator’s calculated planning of the murder.
Oxymoron	“I loved the old man. He had never wronged me.”	The narrator claims to love the man he plans and commits murder on, creating a contradiction.
	“How then am I mad?”	The question is not meant to be answered but to challenge the reader’s perception of the narrator’s sanity.
	“The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them.”	The officers remain oblivious to the truth despite the narrator’s increasingly frantic behavior.
	“Villains! I shrieked, “dissemble no more! I admit the deed!—tear up the planks!—here, here!—it is the beating of his hideous heart!”	The moment the narrator confesses the murder is the story’s climax.
Suspense	“…every night, just at midnight, I looked in upon him while he slept.”	Poe builds suspense by keeping the reader guessing about the narrator’s motivations and the eventual outcome.

Characterization in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

The narrator in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe is a complex and unreliable character. Here’s a breakdown of his characterization using examples from the story:

1. Mentally Unstable:

Example: “TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am…” (Paragraph 1). The narrator readily admits his nervousness, which hints at a larger mental issue.
Example: “How then am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily—how calmly I can tell you the whole story.” (Paragraph 1). He contradicts himself by claiming sanity while exhibiting erratic behavior.

2. Obsessive:

Example: “It was his eye! yes, it was this! One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture—a pale blue eye, with a film over it.” (Paragraph 2). He fixates on a minor physical detail, the old man’s eye, to an unhealthy degree.
Example: “Every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it—oh, so gently!” (Paragraph 3). The repetition of his nightly routine highlights his obsessive planning and actions.

3. Deceptive:

Example: “I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him.” (Paragraph 3). He hides his true intentions by feigning kindness towards the victim.
Example: “The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them.” (Paragraph 18). He deceives the police with a confident demeanor despite his inner turmoil.

4. Unreliable Narrator:

Example: “I loved the old man. He had never wronged me.” (Paragraph 2). This statement is contradicted by his plan to murder the old man.
Example: “…every night just at midnight, I looked in upon him while he slept.” (Paragraph 3). He claims the eye bothers him, yet sneaks in nightly even when the eye is closed.

5. Deteriorating Mental State:

Example: “Ha!—would a madman have been so wise as this?” (Paragraph 3). He questions his own sanity while trying to convince the reader otherwise.
Example: “Villains! I shrieked, “dissemble no more! I admit the deed!—tear up the planks!—here, here!—it is the beating of his hideous heart!” (Paragraph 19). His mental state crumbles as he confesses the crime due to heightened auditory hallucinations.

Major Themes in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

Unreliable Narration and the Descent into Madness: The story unfolds through the eyes of an unnamed narrator who insists on his sanity despite exhibiting clear signs of mental instability. His justifications for the murder and his obsession with the old man’s eye reveal a distorted perception of reality. We see this in his opening claim, “TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?” (Paragraph 1). Here, he acknowledges his nervousness but denies madness, setting the stage for his unreliable narration. As the story progresses, his actions become increasingly erratic, culminating in his delusional belief that he hears the dead man’s heart beating. This auditory hallucination, a physical manifestation of his guilt, exposes the narrator’s complete descent into madness. (“Villains! I shrieked, “dissemble no more! I admit the deed!—tear up the planks!—here, here!—it is the beating of his hideous heart!” Paragraph 19).
The Power of Guilt and the Inevitability of Confession: The narrator meticulously plans and commits the murder, believing he can escape punishment. However, guilt gnaws at him, intensifying his anxieties and distorting his senses. His seemingly flawless plan crumbles under the weight of his conscience. The repetition of the phrase “beating of the old man’s heart” (various paragraphs) emphasizes the growing obsession with this imagined sound, a constant reminder of his crime. Despite his attempts to maintain composure during the police visit, his guilt manifests as a heightened sense of hearing, ultimately leading him to confess. (“…every night just at midnight, I looked in upon him while he slept.” Paragraph 3). This unexpected confession highlights the power of guilt and the human psyche’s inability to suppress the truth for long.
The Duality of Human Nature: The narrator wrestles with a conflict between good and evil. He claims to love the old man yet meticulously plans his murder. This internal struggle reflects the potential for darkness that exists within everyone. We see this duality in his statement, “I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this!” (Paragraph 2). Here, he attempts to justify his actions by blaming the old man’s eye, but the reader is left to question the true motives behind the murder. The story explores the idea that even the most seemingly ordinary person can harbor violent impulses.
The Thin Line Between Sanity and Madness: The narrator’s deteriorating mental state blurs the line between sanity and madness. His meticulous planning suggests a calculated mind, yet his obsession and hallucinations point towards a fractured psyche. The story raises questions about the nature of madness and how easily it can take hold. We see this blurring in his self-reflection, “Ha!—would a madman have been so wise as this?” (Paragraph 3). He questions his own sanity while trying to convince the reader otherwise, leaving the reader to wonder if he was ever truly sane to begin with. “The Tell-Tale Heart” explores the terrifying possibility that madness can creep in subtly, distorting reality and leading to horrific acts.

Writing Style in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

Vivid and Haunting Imagery (Paragraph 3) * “I turned the latch of his door and opened it—oh, so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out…”
Repetition (various paragraphs) * “beating of the old man’s heart” – This phrase is repeated throughout the story, emphasizing the narrator’s obsession and growing anxiety.
First-Person Point of View (Paragraph 1) * “TRUE!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am…” – The story unfolds through the eyes of the unnamed narrator, placing the reader directly in his thoughts and deteriorating mental state.

Literary Theories and Interpretation of “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe


	The story explores the narrator’s repressed desires and unconscious conflicts. The “vulture eye” could symbolize a castration anxiety or a repressed Oedipal complex, fueling the narrator’s murderous rage.	* The narrator’s fixation on the old man’s eye, a single, pale blue eye, might represent a symbol of something he fears or finds threatening. (Paragraph 2) * The act of murder could be seen as a violent release of these repressed emotions.
	The story delves into the complexities of the human psyche, depicting the descent of a mentally unstable narrator into madness.	* The narrator exhibits signs of paranoia, obsession, and a distorted perception of reality. (Paragraph 1) * His meticulous planning and growing guilt highlight the psychological toll of the crime.
	The story incorporates classic gothic elements like a dark and suspenseful atmosphere, a focus on death and decay, and an exploration of the macabre.	* The setting of an old house, the dead of night, and the focus on a beating heart create a sense of unease and horror. (Paragraph 3) * The narrator’s descent into madness and the presence of a potentially supernatural element (the sound of the heartbeat) contribute to the gothic atmosphere.
	The story uses various symbols to represent deeper meanings. The “vulture eye” could symbolize death, fear, or a sense of guilt. The beating heart could represent the narrator’s conscience or the lingering presence of the victim.	* The “vulture eye” becomes an obsession for the narrator, driving him to commit murder. (Paragraph 2) * The relentless sound of the beating heart, even after the murder, could be interpreted as the embodiment of the narrator’s guilt. (Paragraph 18)
	The story hinges on the unreliable narration of a disturbed mind. The reader is left to question the truth of the events based on the narrator’s distorted perception and self-serving justifications.	* The narrator claims sanity while exhibiting clear signs of mental illness. (Paragraph 1) * His justifications for the murder and his actions throughout the story raise doubts about his reliability.

Questions and Thesis Statements about “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

Narrator’s Unreliability
Guilt and the Inevitable Confession
The Descent into Madness
Symbolism and Meaning
Gothic Elements and Atmosphere
Psychological Exploration of Character
How does the narrator’s unreliable narration impact the story’s suspense and horror?
In what ways does the story explore the themes of guilt and the urge to confess?
How does the narrator’s mental state deteriorate throughout the story?
What are the symbolic meanings of the vulture eye, the darkness, and the beating heart?
How do classic gothic elements contribute to the overall atmosphere of dread and unease?
To what extent does the story offer a realistic portrayal of a troubled mind?

Thesis Statements

Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” utilizes an unreliable narrator to create a chilling atmosphere of suspense and expose the inevitable breakdown of a guilt-ridden conscience.
The relentless sound of the beating heart in “The Tell-Tale Heart” serves not only as a symbol of the murdered man but also as a physical manifestation of the narrator’s overwhelming guilt, ultimately leading to his confession.
Through the portrayal of a character’s descent into madness in “The Tell-Tale Heart,” Poe explores the terrifying possibility of how seemingly ordinary individuals can harbor violent impulses and ultimately succumb to their own distorted perceptions.
By employing symbolic elements like the vulture eye and the beating heart, Poe imbues “The Tell-Tale Heart” with deeper meaning, suggesting a battle between good and evil and the enduring power of guilt.

Short Questions and Answer about “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe


	The unnamed narrator in “The Tell-Tale Heart” employs first-person perspective, placing the reader directly within his disturbed thoughts. However, his claims of sanity are undermined by his erratic behavior, obsessive focus on the old man’s eye, and self-serving justifications for the murder. This creates a narrative voice that is both captivating and unreliable, leaving the reader to question the truthfulness of the events described. (Paragraph 1, 2)
	The narrator offers a seemingly trivial reason for the murder – the old man’s “vulture eye.” This explanation, however, lacks depth and raises suspicion. The story’s ambiguity suggests the possibility of deeper psychological issues or repressed urges driving the narrator’s actions. (Paragraph 2)
	Guilt manifests not just through the narrator’s internal monologue but also through a powerful auditory hallucination – the relentless pounding of the old man’s heart. This imagined sound intensifies as the story progresses, transforming from a figment of his imagination to a physical manifestation of his guilt, ultimately leading to his dramatic confession. (Various Paragraphs)
	The story unfolds entirely within the confines of an old house, shrouded in darkness. This claustrophobic setting reflects the narrator’s deteriorating mental state and amplifies the overall sense of dread and suspense. The darkness serves as a metaphor for the narrator’s descent into madness, while the house itself becomes a symbol of his trapped conscience. (Paragraph 3)

Literary Works Similar to “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe

Henry James’s “The Turn of the Screw” utilizes an unreliable first-person narrator, much like Poe’s, creating a story shrouded in ambiguity regarding the protagonist’s sanity and the existence of the supernatural.
Sheridan Le Fanu’s “Carmilla,” a foundational vampire tale, shares “The Tell-Tale Heart’s” chilling atmosphere and dependence on an unreliable narrator, keeping the reader guessing about the protagonist’s perceptions and the truth of the vampiric threat.
Shirley Jackson’s “ The Lottery ,” a masterpiece of suspense with a shocking twist ending, explores the darkness within human nature, similar to Poe’s works.
Jackson’s “We Have Always Lived in the Castle” delves into psychological themes and the blurring of reality, reminiscent of the mental deterioration depicted in “The Tell-Tale Heart.”
Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “ The Yellow Wallpaper ,” a powerful indictment of societal norms and the treatment of mental illness, echoes Poe’s exploration of psychological deterioration under societal pressures.

Online Resource:

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Tell-Tale Heart.” https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/tell-tale-heart-edgar-allen-poe-american-stories/2634706.html (Accessed March 23, 2024). The full text of the story, a valuable resource for any analysis.

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The Tell Tale Heart

Background of the story.

The old man’s “vulture-eye” makes the narrator angry and he decides to kill him. He attends to every minute detail in the process of murder; carefully kills him, disjoints every part of his body, and then buries the body parts underground in the room. He also receives the policemen with utmost comfort but, slowly and gradually, his anxiety increases. His guilty conscience constantly pricks him and reminds him of his brutal act. Eventually, he cannot bear the secret anymore and confesses his crime to the policemen.

The Tell Tale Heart Summary

Again he tries to prove his sanity by admitting that he planned carefully to murder the old man making us aware that an insane person cannot plan. He informs his readers that for seven continuous nights he would go into the old man’s room, quietly, and would wait for the exact moment to commit the crime. He would examine the old man’s eye with the help of his lantern and would find it close. He would return annoyingly as it is his “Evil Eye” which motivates him to murder him. Ironically, in the morning he would ask the old man how he spent the night.

When he finishes, the clock strikes four in the morning. Someone knocks at the door. He calmly opens the door and realizes that three policemen have arrived. They have been called upon by one of the neighbors who heard the shriek of the old man. They are here to investigate any mishap. He receives them calmly and tells them that he shrieked because of a nightmare. He escorts them all over the house and tells them to do their search. He even leads them to the old man’s room and offers them chairs to sit there and rest.

Mental Health

Confinement, characters analysis.

Poe’s story revolves around the unreliable narrator who murders an old man for no apparent reason. Other characters in the story are not significant. The detailed analysis of his character is given below;

The Narrator

As Poe lived most of his life in the southern United States we can, contextually, assume that the narrator is a “Southern Gothic Hero”. The narrator may have a master-slave relationship with the old man. It may be the case that the old man as a ‘master’ mistreats the narrator as a ‘slave’. This may have urged the narrator to murder the old man to get rid of his authoritative behavior.

Literary Analysis

Edgar Allan Poe’s short story poses many questions to be answered by the readers. The reality of the narrator, the motive behind his murder, his relationship with the old man, and the issues of his mental and physical health are to be discussed in this analysis section.

On the other hand, the narrator may want individual freedom and that is why he kills the old man. He confesses himself that he was not targeting the old man’s gold or money. He may be struggling to gain freedom which may seem impossible if the old man lives so he decides to kill him. Ironically, he becomes more confined after murdering the old man. Consequently, we can say that there is no apparent reason for murdering the old man. These are mere speculations.

The supernatural elements also add to the Gothic form in the story. The pounding heart of the dead old man comes to haunt the narrator. Whether it is the heartbeat of the old man’s heart or the narrator’s own heart is debatable, however, it increases the narrator’s anxiety. It haunts him until he confesses his crime to the policemen.

Writing style

Point of view, the bed and bedroom, more from edgar allan poe, short stories.

The Theme of Mental Illness in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Poe Words: 425
“The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Black Cat” by Edgar Allan Poe Words: 1492
“The Tell-Tale Heart” by E. A. Poe Characters Review Words: 926
The Stories of Mental Illness: “A Rose for Emily” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” Words: 874
Fear and Guilt in Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart Story Words: 861
Killing Demons in “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Poe Words: 613
The Short Story “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe Words: 307
“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allen Poe Through a Psychological Lens Words: 1419
The First Person’s Point of View in Poe’s “The Tell-tale Heart” Words: 835
Insane Narrator in The Tell-Tale Heart by Poe Words: 948
“The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Parking Lot”: Comparison Words: 1566
“Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe Words: 898
Symbols in Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” Words: 589
Writing Style of “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe Words: 920
Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” Words: 826
The Reliable Narrator in Poe’s “The Tell-Tale Heart” Words: 326
“The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allan Poe Analysis Words: 373
The Tell-Tale Heart Story by Edgar Allan Poe Words: 361
“The Tell-Tale Heart and the Yellow Wallpaper” by Perkins Words: 401

Literary Analysis of The Tell-Tale Heart

The use of imagery to develop symbols, the work’s organic unity, the interconnectedness of the work, the application of paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension, aesthetic quality of the work, the resolution of contradictions, the correlation between the form of the work and the content, the central passage, works cited.

The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe of an unnamed narrator who murders an older man who lives in the same house as him. The narrator is then haunted by what he thinks is the rapid heartbeat of the deceased man, coming from beneath the floorboards. The Tell-Tale Heart was published in 1843 in a small Boston publication called The Pioneer: A Literary and Critical Magazine. The short story is often presented as a classic of gothic horror. The Tell-Tale Heart centers on the unreliable, unnamed narrator who spends much of the text trying to convince the reader that he is not insane. The narrator goes into excruciating detail on some details of the planned and later executed murder while giving away very little information about himself.

Moreover, the narrator’s case is undermined as he cannot provide a motive for committing the murder. This short story can be analyzed from the formalist literary theory approach, including addressing such questions as to how the imagery was used to develop symbols, the work’s organic unity, and interconnectedness. Moreover, the theory helps to approach the application of paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension, as well as the story’s aesthetic, resolution of contradictions, the content, and central passage of the work.

In The Tell-Tale Heart , the narrator focuses on eyes, particularly the eyes of his victim. The narrator describes it as “the eye of a vulture –a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold” (Poe 3). The narrator’s focus on eyes contrasts his blindness to his actions and condition as he does not see his actions as insane. The narrator believes the old man, his target, is in possession of an evil eye. To counteract the perceived powers of this evil eye, the narrator uses a lantern to shine a slim ray of light on it. The lamp itself sheds light on the truth that the old man was never evil; however, the narrator is blind to this (Amir 20). Both the “evil eye” and the lantern spend much of the story closed, despite the narrator’s obsession. Edgar Allan Poe uses the juxtaposition of eyes and lanterns, both ostensible tools to perceive as a means of presenting the narrator’s real insanity and how it blinds him.

The Tell-Tale Heart is unified through the constant narration of its unnamed protagonist. All the events, real and imagined, are described in varying detail by the narrator, giving the text consistency in tone. The text is filled with the constant narrative that the narrator is not insane, while said narrator provides examples of actions that, in his mind, prove his sanity. While the narrator is unreliable, the text does not switch perspectives and is presented as a whole, making it feel like a story told without pauses. The Tell-Tale Heart contains numerous anaphoras that help reinforces an idea or emphasize an emotion (Amir 22). These assist in creating continuity in the text and familiarizing the reader with the narrator’s tone and style. For example, the narrator, hearing the “tell-tale heart,” says, “It grew louder—louder—louder!” (Poe 8). This creates the sensation of the narrator telling the story out loud to an audience. Overall, Edgar Allan Poe effectively created a unified text with an unreliable, possibly insane narrator.

As a short story, The Tell-Tale Heart does not contain clear parts of chapters; rather, it functions as a singular event described by the narrator. The narrative begins pre-murder, with the narrator describing his target and his reasons for plotting to kill. This transitions into the actual murder and the lead up to it. Lastly, the narrator describes how the body is disposed of, the police arriving, and finally, the sound coming from the floorboards. What connects these events, taking place over at least eight to nine days, is the narrator, particularly the individual’s constant insistence that he is not insane.

Poe applies paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension in his work. The paradox is an illogical and inconsistent observation that can be genuine and valid (Amir 23). The Tell-Tale Heart utilizes this principle in various instances, “I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him” (Poe 3). In this case, the paradox adds to the shock value of the scenery, as the readers connect principles and emotions that are not generally put together. The story is meant to shock and surprise; thus, this literary tool is especially valuable.

Moreover, irony implies the situations when the opposite of what is anticipated occurs. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the author has successfully adopted many types of irony to represent the narrative of the story. At the end of the story, the vivid instance of verbal irony is present when highly disturbed by the clock’s ticking noise; he cries, “Villains…Dissemble no more!” (Poe 8). This is ironic because, in reality, the sounds that he hears are coming from a clock. Moreover, Poe is demonstrating the example of situational irony. The narrator performs the murder and hides the body flawlessly, so that police officers do not accuse him of committing this crime (Amir 24). Thus, he fully controls the situation; however, at the same time, he almost admits of his wrongdoings because the narrator believes he can hear the heartbeat of a man.

Ambiguity is connected to a statement that bears more than one meaning. For example, ambiguous rhetoric points to obscurity and uncertainty, which form the basis for occurrences of humourous situations. The short story The Tell-Tale Heart has various instances of ambiguity, including the narrator’s uncertain persona (Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez 130). The author is attempting to present him as a mentally stable individual, which only undeniably proves that he is not. However, Poe describes various troubling details of the crime, including dismemberment from the point of view of the murderer, which adds to the ambiguity of the situation.

Furthermore, tension is the literary element that provokes sensations such as distress, anxiety, nervousness, and fear amongst readers and the characters in a story. When the police officers appear to explore the residence after a neighbor proclaims hearing a scream, the main character pretends to welcome the visitors. Moreover, he encourages them to “search—search well” (Poe 7). Academics determined that this scene has a strong tension between the main character’s pretense in his attempt to disguise his offense and his reaction to what he considers to appear the officers’ dissemblance (Shen 330). Overall, tension is a vital attribute of the story, as it generates additional interest in the conflict, as the readers feel anxious and nervous about this encounter.

The elements mentioned above work to create aesthetic unity in The Tell-Tale Heart. Paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension work in concert to create a consistent aesthetic throughout the text. Shen argues that Poe uses these elements, as well as rhythm in writing, to bridge the conventions of prose and poetry (325). Within the narrative conventions of the time, prose aesthetically deals with truth, while poetry deals with beauty (Shen 326). While The Tell-Tale Heart does not necessarily conform with the aesthetic sensibilities of its time, Poe successfully uses paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension to create aesthetic consistency in the story. These four elements reinforce each other by revealing the unreliability and insanity of the narrator.

The main character’s abnormal control of the defense goes against established expectations, which adds to the intense contradiction between his declared sanity and genuine madness. However, Poe successfully manages the apparent contradiction within the main character’s behavior. Even more, he uses this as a tool that can be interpreted based on the cultural context. Shen mentions that the protagonist of the story displays the evident symptoms of moral insanity (342). However, he is not one-dimensional and has characteristics of a rational and calm individual. The protagonist calmly tells the story to the officer, quietly handles, and hides the crime. At the same time, he is extremely nervous and has no reasonable motive to kill the man, as he mentions, “He had never wronged me. He had never given me an insult” (Poe 3). Literature suggests that this engagement in contradictions is explicitly satirical, as Poe denies the existence of moral insanity by using the lack of rationality as the individual basis for confirming insanity (Shen 343). Nonetheless, the author is using various tools to make a story more coherent.

The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story, primarily told through a narrator. The short story form also serves to highlight particular aspects of the narrator’s perspective. For example, the narrator exclaims to the audience that the police investigating an old man’s disappearance are villains. The audience is never shown anything that does not first go through the mind of the narrator. This creates a feeling of immediacy for the reader as if they were hearing the confession of the narrator (Shen 330). The confessional form of the text highlights the insanity presented in the content. Poe, engaging with the conventions of his time regarding truth and beauty in poetry and text, uses elements of poetic rhythm to indicate the potentially unreliable verity of the narrative (Shen 325). A confession assumes that the confessor tells the truth; however, the poetic rhythm present in parts of the text indicates the narrator may be unwittingly dishonest.

The text does not contain a central passage, as Poe maintains the consistency of the narrator’s story throughout The Tell-Tale Heart. While the narrator is unreliable and likely insane, Poe avoids using a particular passage to highlight this; instead, the story remains stylistically similar from the beginning to the end. Thus, the readers can spot passages that contain the corresponding meaning throughout the text. For example, the first part of the book includes this comment “why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses—not destroyed” (Poe 3). Furthermore, the statement in the middle of the story is, “And now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over acuteness of the senses?” (Poe 6). Therefore, Poe possibly wants readers to notice that the narrator remains consistently insane and does not change throughout the text. Moreover, these passages led some scholars to believe that Poe wants readers to take the over-acute hearing as a fictional event instead of metaphorical (Shen 331). This is clear for literary critics due to the consistency within the passages.

The Tell-Tale Heart is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe about an individual who kills an older man sharing a house with him. The Tell-Tale Heart can be thoroughly examined from the formalist literary theory method. In the Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator concentrates on eyes, particularly the eyes of his victim, which is a primary symbol of the story. The Tell-Tale Heart’s unity is designed through the continuous narration of its unnamed main character. The author successfully utilizes paradox, irony, ambiguity, and tension in the Tell-Tale Heart. These literary components manage to produce aesthetic integration in the story. Moreover, Poe maintains the seeming contradictions within the main character’s behavior by using it as a literary tool. The form of the short story helps to underline critical viewpoints of the narrator’s perspective. Lastly, the story does not bear a focal passage because of the overall consistency of the narrator’s psychological state.

Amir, Shamaila. “Stylistic Analysis of the Short Story’ The Tell-Tale Heart’ by Edgar Allan Poe.” Angloamericanae Journal , vol. 3, no. 1, 2018, pp. 18-28.

Poe, Edgar Allan. The Tell-Tale Heart. Bantam, 1982. Elegant Ebooks.

Sánchez-Verdejo Pérez, Francisco Javier. “Poe’s Unreliable Narrator: the Reader as a Privileged Witness and the Narrator’s Credibility.” Journal of English and Spanish Studies , no. 5, 2020, pp. 128-150, Web.

Shen, Dan. “Edgar Allan Poe’s Aesthetic Theory, the Insanity Debate, and the Ethically Oriented Dynamics of ‘The Tell-Tale Heart.” Nineteenth-Century Literature , vol. 63, no. 3, 2008, pp. 9-23. Web.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — The Tell Tale Heart — Analysis Of The Tell-Tale Heart

Analysis of The Tell-tale Heart

Categories: Edgar Allan Poe The Tell Tale Heart

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Published: Apr 29, 2022

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Hook examples for "the tell-tale heart" essay, "the tell-tale heart" essay example.

An Eerie Opening: Picture a dimly lit room, a vengeful heart, and the relentless sound of a heartbeat. Join me as we descend into the chilling world of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart" to unravel the depths of madness and guilt.
An Intriguing Quote: Edgar Allan Poe once wrote, "True!—nervous—very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad?" Let's delve into the narrator's confession and the psychological intricacies that lie within.
A Psychological Exploration: What drives a person to commit murder and then be haunted by the sound of their victim's heart? Join me in a deep dive into the disturbed mind of the narrator, as we dissect the elements of obsession, guilt, and madness in the story.
An Unreliable Narrator: The narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" is anything but reliable. Explore with me how his unreliability as a storyteller adds layers of complexity to the narrative, blurring the lines between truth and delusion.
A Tale of Darkness: "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a masterpiece of Gothic literature. Let's journey together through the macabre and mysterious elements that define this story and examine how Poe's writing style amplifies the sense of dread and horror.

Works Cited

Bloom, H. (2003). Hamlet: Poem Unlimited. Riverhead Books.
Boyce, C. (2019). Revenge and Gender in William Shakespeare's Hamlet. Routledge.
Coddon, K. (2010). Shakespeare, Violence, and the Early Modern Stage. Oxford University Press.
Dusinberre, J. (2007). Shakespeare and the Nature of Man. Palgrave Macmillan.
Garber, M. (2013). Shakespeare and Modern Culture. Anchor Books.
Greenblatt, S. (2010). Hamlet in Purgatory. Princeton University Press.
Kastan, D. S. (2002). Shakespeare after Theory. Routledge.
Mowat, B. A., & Werstine, P. (Eds.). (2006). Hamlet by William Shakespeare. Folger Shakespeare Library.
Smith, E. (2012). Hamlet and Revenge. Edinburgh University Press.
Wells, S. (2003). Hamlet: A Reader's Guide to Essential Criticism. Palgrave Macmillan.

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The Tell-Tale Heart

by Edgar Allan Poe (published 1843)

TRUE! -- nervous -- very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses -- not destroyed -- not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute . I heard all things in the heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily -- how calmly I can tell you the whole story. It is impossible to say how first the idea entered my brain; but once conceived, it haunted me day and night. Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me. He had never given me insult. For his gold I had no desire. I think it was his eye! yes, it was this! He had the eye of a vulture --a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees -- very gradually --I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever. Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded --with what caution --with what foresight --with what dissimulation I went to work! I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it --oh so gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly --very, very slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took me an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha! --would a madman have been so wise as this? And then, when my head was well in the room, I undid the lantern cautiously --oh, so cautiously --cautiously (for the hinges creaked) --I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights --every night just at midnight --but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye. And every morning, when the day broke, I went boldly into the chamber, and spoke courageously to him, calling him by name in a hearty tone, and inquiring how he has passed the night. So you see he would have been a very profound old man, indeed, to suspect that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept. Upon the eighth night I was more than usually cautious in opening the door. A watch's minute hand moves more quickly than did mine. Never before that night had I felt the extent of my own powers --of my sagacity . I could scarcely contain my feelings of triumph. To think that there I was, opening the door, little by little, and he not even to dream of my secret deeds or thoughts. I fairly chuckled at the idea; and perhaps he heard me; for he moved on the bed suddenly, as if startled. Now you may think that I drew back --but no. His room was as black as pitch with the thick darkness, (for the shutters were close fastened, through fear of robbers,) and so I knew that he could not see the opening of the door, and I kept pushing it on steadily, steadily. I had my head in, and was about to open the lantern, when my thumb slipped upon the tin fastening, and the old man sprang up in bed, crying out --"Who's there?" I kept quite still and said nothing. For a whole hour I did not move a muscle, and in the meantime I did not hear him lie down. He was still sitting up in the bed listening; --just as I have done, night after night, hearkening to the death watches in the wall. Presently I heard a slight groan, and I knew it was the groan of mortal terror. It was not a groan of pain or of grief --oh, no! --it was the low stifled sound that arises from the bottom of the soul when overcharged with awe. I knew the sound well. Many a night, just at midnight, when all the world slept, it has welled up from my own bosom, deepening, with its dreadful echo, the terrors that distracted me. I say I knew it well. I knew what the old man felt, and pitied him, although I chuckled at heart. I knew that he had been lying awake ever since the first slight noise, when he had turned in the bed. His fears had been ever since growing upon him. He had been trying to fancy them causeless, but could not. He had been saying to himself --"It is nothing but the wind in the chimney --it is only a mouse crossing the floor," or "It is merely a cricket which has made a single chirp." Yes, he had been trying to comfort himself with these suppositions: but he had found all in vain. All in vain; because Death, in approaching him had stalked with his black shadow before him, and enveloped the victim. And it was the mournful influence of the unperceived shadow that caused him to feel --although he neither saw nor heard --to feel the presence of my head within the room. When I had waited a long time, very patiently, without hearing him lie down, I resolved to open a little --a very, very little crevice in the lantern. So I opened it --you cannot imagine how stealthily, stealthily --until, at length a single dim ray, like the thread of the spider, shot from out the crevice and fell full upon the vulture eye. It was open --wide, wide open --and I grew furious as I gazed upon it. I saw it with perfect distinctness --all a dull blue, with a hideous veil over it that chilled the very marrow in my bones; but I could see nothing else of the old man's face or person: for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon the damned spot. And have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over acuteness of the senses? --now, I say, there came to my ears a low, dull, quick sound, such as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I knew that sound well, too. It was the beating of the old man's heart. It increased my fury, as the beating of a drum stimulates the soldier into courage. But even yet I refrained and kept still. I scarcely breathed. I held the lantern motionless. I tried how steadily I could maintain the ray upon the eye. Meantime the hellish tattoo of the heart increased. It grew quicker and quicker, and louder and louder every instant. The old man's terror must have been extreme! It grew louder, I say, louder every moment! --do you mark me well? I have told you that I am nervous: so I am. And now at the dead hour of the night, amid the dreadful silence of that old house, so strange a noise as this excited me to uncontrollable terror. Yet, for some minutes longer I refrained and stood still. But the beating grew louder, louder! I thought the heart must burst. And now a new anxiety seized me --the sound would be heard by a neighbor! The old man's hour had come! With a loud yell, I threw open the lantern and leaped into the room. He shrieked once --once only. In an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him. I then smiled gaily, to find the deed so far done. But, for many minutes, the heart beat on with a muffled sound. This, however, did not vex me; it would not be heard through the wall. At length it ceased. The old man was dead. I removed the bed and examined the corpse. Yes, he was stone, stone dead. I placed my hand upon the heart and held it there many minutes. There was no pulsation. He was stone dead. His eye would trouble me no more. If still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. The night waned, and I worked hastily, but in silence. First of all I dismembered the corpse. I cut off the head and the arms and the legs. I then took up three planks from the flooring of the chamber, and deposited all between the scantlings. I then replaced the boards so cleverly, so cunningly, that no human eye -- not even his --could have detected any thing wrong. There was nothing to wash out --no stain of any kind --no blood-spot whatever. I had been too wary for that. A tub had caught all --ha! ha! When I had made an end of these labors, it was four o'clock --still dark as midnight. As the bell sounded the hour, there came a knocking at the street door. I went down to open it with a light heart, --for what had I now to fear? There entered three men, who introduced themselves, with perfect suavity , as officers of the police. A shriek had been heard by a neighbor during the night; suspicion of foul play had been aroused; information had been lodged at the police office, and they (the officers) had been deputed to search the premises. I smiled, --for what had I to fear? I bade the gentlemen welcome. The shriek, I said, was my own in a dream. The old man, I mentioned, was absent in the country. I took my visitors all over the house. I bade them search --search well. I led them, at length, to his chamber. I showed them his treasures, secure, undisturbed. In the enthusiasm of my confidence, I brought chairs into the room, and desired them here to rest from their fatigues, while I myself, in the wild audacity of my perfect triumph, placed my own seat upon the very spot beneath which reposed the corpse of the victim. The officers were satisfied. My manner had convinced them. I was singularly at ease. They sat, and while I answered cheerily, they chatted of familiar things. But, ere long, I felt myself getting pale and wished them gone. My head ached, and I fancied a ringing in my ears: but still they sat and still chatted. The ringing became more distinct: --it continued and became more distinct: I talked more freely to get rid of the feeling: but it continued and gained definiteness --until, at length, I found that the noise was not within my ears. No doubt I now grew very pale; --but I talked more fluently, and with a heightened voice. Yet the sound increased --and what could I do? It was a low, dull, quick sound --much such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton. I gasped for breath -- and yet the officers heard it not. I talked more quickly --more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued about trifles, in a high key and with violent gesticulations ; but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observations of the men -- but the noise steadily increased. Oh God! what could I do? I foamed --I raved --I swore! I swung the chair upon which I had been sitting, and grated it upon the boards, but the noise arose over all and continually increased. It grew louder --louder --louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled. Was it possible they heard not? Almighty God! --no, no! They heard! --they suspected! --they knew! --they were making a mockery of my horror! --this I thought, and this I think. But anything was better than this agony! Anything was more tolerable than this derision ! I could bear those hypocritical smiles no longer! I felt that I must scream or die! --and now --again! --hark! louder! louder! louder! louder! -- "Villains!" I shrieked, " dissemble no more! I admit the deed! --tear up the planks! --here, here! --it is the beating of his hideous heart!"

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The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) Essay

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Introduction

Character analysis, plot summary, internal versus external forces, works cited.

The introductory part will present the The Tell- Tale heart (1843), by Alan Edgar Poe, introducing the main characters viz. the narrator and the old man. The story opens with the unknown narrator confessing he is restless but not harebrained or insane, as some would want to think.

He narrates his story by defending his sound mind although he has murdered an innocent old man. The narrator lives with the old man; however, he claims that his supposedly housemate has an evil blue eye that evokes fear in him (the narrator). At this point, the narrator is not trustworthy because he does not even understand himself; he does not know whether he is psychologically sick or he is just another murderer.

This section tackles the main characters of the story and as aforementioned, the narrator and the old man are the only central characters in the story. The narrator is untrustworthy, self-righteous and a rigid person who leaves no space for learning.

He believes he is sane despite the fact that he kills the old man for no apparent reason. His sanctimonious overtones infringe is trustworthiness. On the other hand, the old man is just a victim of malice or covered insanity.

The plot summary will outline the flow of the story where once more the narrator plays the central role. As the story opens, the narrator insinuates he is insane by declaring he has a story to tell; however, the story is a defense to guard his sanity. Therefore, the events of this section will focus on the narrator as he puts forward his claims of sanity.

However, to understand where all the sanity ‘noises’ are coming from, this section will flashback to the one event that seems to infringe the narrator’s insanity; the murder of the old man. Again, the narrator’s trustworthiness is compromised for by defending his actions, he unknowingly exposes his unreliability.

The overriding theme in this story is the theme of paranoia. As the story opens, the narrator acknowledges that he is nervous for reasons he does not know. The thin, almost confusing, or blurred line between paranoia and madness comes out clearly. People think paranoia is synonymous to madness and perhaps this explains why the narrator is vehement in defending his sanity.

Paranoia in this context also underscores the blurred line between hate and love according to Benfey (78). Ironically, many a time individuals hurt the closest people in their lives. In this section, the narrator is trustworthy; he loves and needs the old man, yet he kills him.

Ironically, the presence of police officers who come to investigate the murder of the old man does not evoke any uneasiness in the narrator. However, the deafening sounds of fear and guilt that haunt the narrator seem to take away his peace. The narrator does not confess the murder because the offices push him; no, he confesses because of guilt and self-conviction.

At this point, the story tries to emphasize that internal forces are stronger than external forces. One can defy and deny external forces like rule of law; however, defying self-conviction is tantamount to committing suicide and the narrator comes out as a trustworthy source of this scenario.

The concluding part of the essay will try to piece together the ideas raised in the story. Running from introduction, though plot summary to themes; this section will give a concise recap of the whole story.

Benfey, Christopher. “Poe and the Unreadable: ‘The Black Cat’ and ‘The Tell-Tale Heart.” New Essays on Poe’s Major Tales . United States: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Poe, Allan. “The Tell-Tale Heart.” Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library, 1992. Web.

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