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How to Format and Structure Your College Essay

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College essays are an entirely new type of writing for high school seniors. For that reason, many students are confused about proper formatting and essay structure. Should you double-space or single-space? Do you need a title? What kind of narrative style is best-suited for your topic?

In this post, we’ll be going over proper college essay format, traditional and unconventional essay structures (plus sample essays!), and which structure might work best for you. 

General College Essay Formatting Guidelines

How you format your essay will depend on whether you’re submitting in a text box, or attaching a document. We’ll go over the different best practices for both, but regardless of how you’re submitting, here are some general formatting tips:

• There’s no need for a title; it takes up unnecessary space and eats into your word count
• Stay within the word count as much as possible (+/- 10% of the upper limit). For further discussion on college essay length, see our post How Long Should Your College Essay Be?
• Indent or double space to separate paragraphs clearly

If you’re submitting in a text box:

• Avoid italics and bold, since formatting often doesn’t transfer over in text boxes
• Be careful with essays meant to be a certain shape (like a balloon); text boxes will likely not respect that formatting. Beyond that, this technique can also seem gimmicky, so proceed with caution
• Make sure that paragraphs are clearly separated, as text boxes can also undo indents and double spacing

If you’re attaching a document:

• Use a standard font and size like Times New Roman, 12 point
• Make your lines 1.5-spaced or double-spaced
• Use 1-inch margins
• Save as a PDF since it can’t be edited. This also prevents any formatting issues that come with Microsoft Word, since older versions are sometimes incompatible with the newer formatting
• Number each page with your last name in the header or footer (like “Smith 1”)
• Pay extra attention to any word limits, as you won’t be cut off automatically, unlike with most text boxes

Conventional College Essay Structures

Now that we’ve gone over the logistical aspects of your essay, let’s talk about how you should structure your writing. There are three traditional college essay structures. They are:

• In-the-moment narrative
• Narrative told over an extended period of time
• Series of anecdotes, or montage

Let’s go over what each one is exactly, and take a look at some real essays using these structures.

1. In-the-moment narrative

This is where you tell the story one moment at a time, sharing the events as they occur. In the moment narrative is a powerful essay format, as your reader experiences the events, your thoughts, and your emotions with you . This structure is ideal for a specific experience involving extensive internal dialogue, emotions, and reflections.

Here’s an example:

The morning of the Model United Nation conference, I walked into Committee feeling confident about my research. We were simulating the Nuremberg Trials – a series of post-World War II proceedings for war crimes – and my portfolio was of the Soviet Judge Major General Iona Nikitchenko. Until that day, the infamous Nazi regime had only been a chapter in my history textbook; however, the conference’s unveiling of each defendant’s crimes brought those horrors to life. The previous night, I had organized my research, proofread my position paper and gone over Judge Nikitchenko’s pertinent statements. I aimed to find the perfect balance between his stance and my own.

As I walked into committee anticipating a battle of wits, my director abruptly called out to me. “I’m afraid we’ve received a late confirmation from another delegate who will be representing Judge Nikitchenko. You, on the other hand, are now the defense attorney, Otto Stahmer.” Everyone around me buzzed around the room in excitement, coordinating with their allies and developing strategies against their enemies, oblivious to the bomb that had just dropped on me. I felt frozen in my tracks, and it seemed that only rage against the careless delegate who had confirmed her presence so late could pull me out of my trance. After having spent a month painstakingly crafting my verdicts and gathering evidence against the Nazis, I now needed to reverse my stance only three hours before the first session.

Gradually, anger gave way to utter panic. My research was fundamental to my performance, and without it, I knew I could add little to the Trials. But confident in my ability, my director optimistically recommended constructing an impromptu defense. Nervously, I began my research anew. Despite feeling hopeless, as I read through the prosecution’s arguments, I uncovered substantial loopholes. I noticed a lack of conclusive evidence against the defendants and certain inconsistencies in testimonies. My discovery energized me, inspiring me to revisit the historical overview in my conference “Background Guide” and to search the web for other relevant articles. Some Nazi prisoners had been treated as “guilty” before their court dates. While I had brushed this information under the carpet while developing my position as a judge, it now became the focus of my defense. I began scratching out a new argument, centered on the premise that the allied countries had violated the fundamental rule that, a defendant was “not guilty” until proven otherwise.

At the end of the three hours, I felt better prepared. The first session began, and with bravado, I raised my placard to speak. Microphone in hand, I turned to face my audience. “Greetings delegates. I, Otto Stahmer would like to…….” I suddenly blanked. Utter dread permeated my body as I tried to recall my thoughts in vain. “Defence Attorney, Stahmer we’ll come back to you,” my Committee Director broke the silence as I tottered back to my seat, flushed with embarrassment. Despite my shame, I was undeterred. I needed to vindicate my director’s faith in me. I pulled out my notes, refocused, and began outlining my arguments in a more clear and direct manner. Thereafter, I spoke articulately, confidently putting forth my points. I was overjoyed when Secretariat members congratulated me on my fine performance.

Going into the conference, I believed that preparation was the key to success. I wouldn’t say I disagree with that statement now, but I believe adaptability is equally important. My ability to problem-solve in the face of an unforeseen challenge proved advantageous in the art of diplomacy. Not only did this experience transform me into a confident and eloquent delegate at that conference, but it also helped me become a more flexible and creative thinker in a variety of other capacities. Now that I know I can adapt under pressure, I look forward to engaging in activities that will push me to be even quicker on my feet.

This essay is an excellent example of in-the-moment narration. The student openly shares their internal state with us — we feel their anger and panic upon the reversal of roles. We empathize with their emotions of “utter dread” and embarrassment when they’re unable to speak. 

For in-the-moment essays, overloading on descriptions is a common mistake students make. This writer provides just the right amount of background and details to help us understand the situation, however, and balances out the actual event with reflection on the significance of this experience. 

One main area of improvement is that the writer sometimes makes explicit statements that could be better illustrated through their thoughts, actions, and feelings. For instance, they say they “spoke articulately” after recovering from their initial inability to speak, and they also claim that adaptability has helped them in other situations. This is not as engaging as actual examples that convey the same meaning. Still, this essay overall is a strong example of in-the-moment narration, and gives us a relatable look into the writer’s life and personality.

2. Narrative told over an extended period of time

In this essay structure, you share a story that takes place across several different experiences. This narrative style is well-suited for any story arc with multiple parts. If you want to highlight your development over time, you might consider this structure. 

When I was younger, I was adamant that no two foods on my plate touch. As a result, I often used a second plate to prevent such an atrocity. In many ways, I learned to separate different things this way from my older brothers, Nate and Rob. Growing up, I idolized both of them. Nate was a performer, and I insisted on arriving early to his shows to secure front row seats, refusing to budge during intermission for fear of missing anything. Rob was a three-sport athlete, and I attended his games religiously, waving worn-out foam cougar paws and cheering until my voice was hoarse. My brothers were my role models. However, while each was talented, neither was interested in the other’s passion. To me, they represented two contrasting ideals of what I could become: artist or athlete. I believed I had to choose.

And for a long time, I chose athlete. I played soccer, basketball, and lacrosse and viewed myself exclusively as an athlete, believing the arts were not for me. I conveniently overlooked that since the age of five, I had been composing stories for my family for Christmas, gifts that were as much for me as them, as I loved writing. So when in tenth grade, I had the option of taking a creative writing class, I was faced with a question: could I be an athlete and a writer? After much debate, I enrolled in the class, feeling both apprehensive and excited. When I arrived on the first day of school, my teacher, Ms. Jenkins, asked us to write down our expectations for the class. After a few minutes, eraser shavings stubbornly sunbathing on my now-smudged paper, I finally wrote, “I do not expect to become a published writer from this class. I just want this to be a place where I can write freely.”

Although the purpose of the class never changed for me, on the third “submission day,” – our time to submit writing to upcoming contests and literary magazines – I faced a predicament. For the first two submission days, I had passed the time editing earlier pieces, eventually (pretty quickly) resorting to screen snake when hopelessness made the words look like hieroglyphics. I must not have been as subtle as I thought, as on the third of these days, Ms. Jenkins approached me. After shifting from excuse to excuse as to why I did not submit my writing, I finally recognized the real reason I had withheld my work: I was scared. I did not want to be different, and I did not want to challenge not only others’ perceptions of me, but also my own. I yielded to Ms. Jenkin’s pleas and sent one of my pieces to an upcoming contest.

By the time the letter came, I had already forgotten about the contest. When the flimsy white envelope arrived in the mail, I was shocked and ecstatic to learn that I had received 2nd place in a nationwide writing competition. The next morning, however, I discovered Ms. Jenkins would make an announcement to the whole school exposing me as a poet. I decided to own this identity and embrace my friends’ jokes and playful digs, and over time, they have learned to accept and respect this part of me. I have since seen more boys at my school identifying themselves as writers or artists.

I no longer see myself as an athlete and a poet independently, but rather I see these two aspects forming a single inseparable identity – me. Despite their apparent differences, these two disciplines are quite similar, as each requires creativity and devotion. I am still a poet when I am lacing up my cleats for soccer practice and still an athlete when I am building metaphors in the back of my mind – and I have realized ice cream and gummy bears taste pretty good together.

The timeline of this essay spans from the writer’s childhood all the way to sophomore year, but we only see key moments along this journey. First, we get context for why the writer thought he had to choose one identity: his older brothers had very distinct interests. Then, we learn about the student’s 10th grade creative writing class, writing contest, and results of the contest. Finally, the essay covers the writers’ embarrassment of his identity as a poet, to gradual acceptance and pride in that identity. 

This essay is a great example of a narrative told over an extended period of time. It’s highly personal and reflective, as the piece shares the writer’s conflicting feelings, and takes care to get to the root of those feelings. Furthermore, the overarching story is that of a personal transformation and development, so it’s well-suited to this essay structure.

3. Series of anecdotes, or montage

This essay structure allows you to focus on the most important experiences of a single storyline, or it lets you feature multiple (not necessarily related) stories that highlight your personality. Montage is a structure where you piece together separate scenes to form a whole story. This technique is most commonly associated with film. Just envision your favorite movie—it likely is a montage of various scenes that may not even be chronological. 

Night had robbed the academy of its daytime colors, yet there was comfort in the dim lights that cast shadows of our advances against the bare studio walls. Silhouettes of roundhouse kicks, spin crescent kicks, uppercuts and the occasional butterfly kick danced while we sparred. She approached me, eyes narrowed with the trace of a smirk challenging me. “Ready spar!” Her arm began an upward trajectory targeting my shoulder, a common first move. I sidestepped — only to almost collide with another flying fist. Pivoting my right foot, I snapped my left leg, aiming my heel at her midsection. The center judge raised one finger. 

There was no time to celebrate, not in the traditional sense at least. Master Pollard gave a brief command greeted with a unanimous “Yes, sir” and the thud of 20 hands dropping-down-and-giving-him-30, while the “winners” celebrated their victory with laps as usual. 

Three years ago, seven-thirty in the evening meant I was a warrior. It meant standing up straighter, pushing a little harder, “Yes, sir” and “Yes, ma’am”, celebrating birthdays by breaking boards, never pointing your toes, and familiarity. Three years later, seven-thirty in the morning meant I was nervous. 

The room is uncomfortably large. The sprung floor soaks up the checkerboard of sunlight piercing through the colonial windows. The mirrored walls further illuminate the studio and I feel the light scrutinizing my sorry attempts at a pas de bourrée , while capturing the organic fluidity of the dancers around me. “ Chassé en croix, grand battement, pique, pirouette.” I follow the graceful limbs of the woman in front of me, her legs floating ribbons, as she executes what seems to be a perfect ronds de jambes. Each movement remains a negotiation. With admirable patience, Ms. Tan casts me a sympathetic glance.   

There is no time to wallow in the misery that is my right foot. Taekwondo calls for dorsiflexion; pointed toes are synonymous with broken toes. My thoughts drag me into a flashback of the usual response to this painful mistake: “You might as well grab a tutu and head to the ballet studio next door.” Well, here I am Master Pollard, unfortunately still following your orders to never point my toes, but no longer feeling the satisfaction that comes with being a third degree black belt with 5 years of experience quite literally under her belt. It’s like being a white belt again — just in a leotard and ballet slippers. 

But the appetite for new beginnings that brought me here doesn’t falter. It is only reinforced by the classical rendition of “Dancing Queen” that floods the room and the ghost of familiarity that reassures me that this new beginning does not and will not erase the past. After years spent at the top, it’s hard to start over. But surrendering what you are only leads you to what you may become. In Taekwondo, we started each class reciting the tenets: honor, courtesy, integrity, perseverance, self-control, courage, humility, and knowledge, and I have never felt that I embodied those traits more so than when I started ballet. 

The thing about change is that it eventually stops making things so different. After nine different schools, four different countries, three different continents, fluency in Tamil, Norwegian, and English, there are more blurred lines than there are clear fragments. My life has not been a tactfully executed, gold medal-worthy Taekwondo form with each movement defined, nor has it been a series of frappés performed by a prima ballerina with each extension identical and precise, but thankfully it has been like the dynamics of a spinning back kick, fluid, and like my chances of landing a pirouette, unpredictable. 

This essay takes a few different anecdotes and weaves them into a coherent narrative about the writer’s penchant for novel experiences. We’re plunged into her universe, in the middle of her Taekwondo spar, three years before the present day. She then transitions into a scene in a ballet studio, present day. By switching from past tense to present tense, the writer clearly demarcates this shift in time. 

The parallel use of the spoken phrase “Point” in the essay ties these two experiences together. The writer also employs a flashback to Master Pollard’s remark about “grabbing a tutu” and her habit of dorsiflexing her toes, which further cements the connection between these anecdotes. 

While some of the descriptions are a little wordy, the piece is well-executed overall, and is a stellar example of the montage structure. The two anecdotes are seamlessly intertwined, and they both clearly illustrate the student’s determination, dedication, reflectiveness, and adaptability. The writer also concludes the essay with a larger reflection on her life, many moves, and multiple languages. 

Unconventional College Essay Structures

Unconventional essay structures are any that don’t fit into the categories above. These tend to be higher risk, as it’s easier to turn off the admissions officer, but they’re also higher reward if executed correctly. 

There are endless possibilities for unconventional structures, but most fall under one of two categories:

1. Playing with essay format

Instead of choosing a traditional narrative format, you might take a more creative route to showcase your interests, writing your essay:

• As a movie script
• With a creative visual format (such as creating a visual pattern with the spaces between your sentences forming a picture)
• As a two-sided Lincoln-Douglas debate
• As a legal brief
• Using song lyrics

2. Linguistic techniques

You could also play with the actual language and sentence structure of your essay, writing it:

• In iambic pentameter
• Partially in your mother tongue
• In code or a programming language

These linguistic techniques are often hybrid, where you write some of the essay with the linguistic variation, then write more of an explanation in English.

Under no circumstances should you feel pressured to use an unconventional structure. Trying to force something unconventional will only hurt your chances. That being said, if a creative structure comes naturally to you, suits your personality, and works with the content of your essay — go for that structure!

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How to format and structure a college essay: A definitive guide

Bonus Material: Download 30 essays that worked for Princeton

Are you a rising high school senior preparing for the admissions process and aiming for one of those coveted spots at selective universities? Are you looking for help figuring out how to structure your college admissions essay to maximize your chances of acceptance?

 We’ve guided countless students through the application process to acceptances at the country’s most selective colleges. In this blog post, we’ll share some of our proven advice on how to structure and format your college admissions essay to make the best impression on admissions officers.

We’ve also included a set of 30 successful college application essays that helped students get into Princeton. There are few better resources to help your brainstorming than essays that you know worked!

Download Thirty Essays that Worked for Princeton

Jump to section:

What makes a successful college essay Types of College Essay Formats The Narrative Essay Format and Example The Montage Essay Format and Example The “I am…” Essay Format and Example The Creative/Artistic Format and Example Next Steps

What makes a successful college essay?

You can think of a college essay’s effectiveness as being made up of two things: the content, and the narrative structure. In other words, you need to have a strong topic, but you also need to structure and format the way you write about that topic in a specific way. Without the right format, even the most unique and moving topic won’t wow the admission committee.

We’ve written extensively about our step-by-step process for ensuring that you have the right topic in our post on the Diamond Strategy here . It’s a proven method for topic selection, and we encourage everyone to read it and use it.

Your choice of topic is going to heavily influence what format will work best for your college essay. Below, we’ll go into several specific college essay formats (with successful college admissions essay examples!), and we’ll discuss when to use each one.

Types of College Essay Formats

In this post, we’ll talk about four kinds of structures or formats that have been proven to work again and again for successful college admission essays.

• The Narrative – best if you want to describe one key moment in your life.
• The Montage – best if you have an eclectic mix of interests/experiences.
• The “I am…” – best if you have an identity or belief that’s important to you.
• The Creative/Artistic – Best if you have an unusual topic and like taking risks.

Remember: although each of these formats can be broken down into something like a template, it will always get its power from the specifics of your story and your experiences. Take a look at any of these successful college essays that worked and you’ll see that, no matter the format, the key to each is tons and tons of specific detail.

Also remember that these formats are not always interchangeable : if you want to write about what you learned from a pivotal moment in your life, you’ll probably want The Narrative and not, say, The Montage. 

The Narrative Essay Format and Example (best if you want to describe one key moment in your life).

The Narrative Essay format is one of the most popular and one of the most commonly seen on “Essays that Worked” blogs–and with good reason! This essay structure lets you tell a detailed story, keeping admissions counselors engaged while also conveying key insights about you as an applicant.

Here are the typical components of a Narrative Essay:

• Start in the middle of the story
• Show personal growth
• Reflect on what’s changed

So what does it look like? Let’s take a look at an actual sample essay from our Thirty College Essays that Worked for Princeton and break it down.

1 – Start in the middle of the story (media res)

Drop the reader right into the middle of a crucial moment, describing it like a scene in a film or movie.

To him, I was a stranger. He could not recall that I had fervently cared for him every day for the past five weeks. As I laughed at his trademark joke for the third time that day, he felt a familiar, but unidentifiable gratitude. When I mentioned a detail about his past, he blushed, realizing that I, a perceived stranger, knew him better than himself. The only recollection he had of me was of a girl with an unmatched dedication to his happiness. This man was one of the patients I encountered during my volunteer internship at Expressions, a hospital program for adults with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Notice how this begins the story with no preamble. If your essay topic is about a major event in your life, one of the strongest ways to begin your college essay is by jumping right into it.

2 – Zoom out

Once you’ve hooked the reader with your story, zoom out and provide more context and background information. How did you get there? What brought you to that moment?

On the second day of the internship, I strode through the door, eager to delve into my new daily responsibilities. As I approached the patients, I anticipated, somewhat naively, a chorus of welcomes and friendly receptions. But instead, I was met with puzzled glances and polite, but reserved greetings. I realized that no one remembered who I was. For the next several minutes, I questioned my purpose in a program where I could not permanently impact the participants. What motivation did I have to go beyond mediocrity when, no matter the quality of my service, I would be forgotten? But it was that morning, as I poured each patient a cup of coffee, smiled, and reintroduced myself, that I constructed my personal motto: “Initiative requires no incentive.” Throughout the rest of the day, I found motivation through mundane, yet meaningful moments, like helping a patient complete a crossword or color a picture. It was in those moments that I learned that dedication is not derived from a desire to make memorable change, but from a will to contribute to your community no matter the reward.

You want to maintain a high level of detail and specificity, but you also want to zoom out enough to make sure your reader understands the background and context of your story. This essay does that perfectly by explaining the internship and the student’s initial involvement. More importantly, it shows us what the student was thinking at the beginning, which provides an opportunity for growth and learning.

3 – Show personal growth/development/change

The narrative works because it’s about how you, as a student, college applicant, and human, have changed and grown through the experience you describe. So the next part of your essay should describe some element of change as it develops through this story. Take a look below:

Over the next few weeks, I discovered that because the patients had no recollection of the past, they cherished the present moment. It was this principle of mindful existence that taught me to love the moments of doing, rather than linger in the memories of “I have done.” To fulfill this principle, I sought to paint each moment with cheer and consideration. Through all their bursts of frustration, shivers of discomfort, and tears of untraceable nostalgia, I strove to offer warmth and support. On several occasions, I brought in my tutu and pointe shoes and performed a ballet variation. As I taught the participants ballet steps, the room rang with laughter and amusement. Hoping to inspire the creativity I find so empowering, I also orchestrated events from poetry slams to watercolor classes to recipe exchanges. By incorporating my individuality into the program, I reinvented my role as a volunteer, a community member, and an individual.

This process of “discovery” is one of the keys to the Narrative Structure. This college essay format is designed to let you bring out the personal growth that accompanied this event. In the body paragraphs, the author shows how she developed and “reinvented” her role through this experience.

4 – Reflect on what’s changed

As you bring your essay to a close, you should actively reflect on what has changed throughout this narrative. The closing can be short and sweet, and often refers back to the original story you told in the first paragraph.

On my last day at the program, I was leading a jewelry-making activity, when I noticed one of the participants becoming agitated. She was, among all the group members, the patient in the most advanced stage of memory loss and the patient I accompanied most often. I drew up a chair next to her and offered my help. Her head, previously hunched over scattered bracelet pieces, slowly lifted and her eyes turned to meet mine. As her eyes flickered across my face, I saw in her expression that she was searching for a thought, creeping to the forefront of her mind. Then, carefully she said, “Your name is Dana, right?” It had been nearly a year since she had remembered the last five minutes, yet she had remembered my name. As I smiled and nodded, she began to tear up, and we both silently rejoiced in the realization that she had momentarily overcome her disease. In that instant, my continuous acts of compassion, whether previously forgotten or anonymous, came to fruition. Service became more than the completion of routine tasks or the collection of volunteer hours; it became the responsibility to foster hope and prosperity within my community, the nation, and humanity.

This final paragraph beautifully brings the entire essay to a close: it recalls the opening paragraph, but now gives it a new and more positive spin. It also tells the admissions committee what this student has learned through this narrative. This student comes away from the experience with a new understanding of service.

This is one of the best examples of a successfully executed college essay in the Narrative style. It hooks the reader in from the beginning, making us want to figure out what’s going on. Then, it gives us the context we need to understand how the writer got to this point and who they are. Most importantly, it concludes the narrative by showing real, impressive personal growth in the student’s perspective on the world, ending with a reflection on what this writer values and brings to a college.

Yours will look different, of course. But if you want to understand why the narrative essay structure works, this impactful essay is a great place to start.

You can find more successful narrative essay examples in our Thirty College Essays that Worked for Princeton .

The Montage Essay Format and Example (best if you have an eclectic mix of interests/experiences)

The Narrative Structure is great if your essay topic can be conveyed through a single crucial moment or experience. But what if you want to show the admissions committee at your dream university some aspect(s) of your personality that can only be conveyed through multiple moments?

Here are the key elements of a Montage Essay:

• Introduce your theme
• Present a series of snapshots related to the theme
• Tie the snapshots to the theme

That’s the kind of topic the Montage Essay Format is designed for. You won’t go into as much detail as you would in the Narrative Essay. Instead, you will present the admissions committee with a series of snapshots from your life, all connected by a common theme.

These snapshots can be actual events, or they can be creatively selected items from your life that tell universities something about you–you might create a montage of what’s on your bookshelf or what kind of bumper stickers are on your car, for example.

1 – Start with the unifying thread or theme

Give us a bit of context for whatever unites the montage by setting it up. Alternatively, you can just jump right into one of the montage moments (like in the Narrative Format). The best option here will depend on your specific essay.

We can see an example from our collection of thirty actual sample essays below:

“You know nothing, Jon Snow” Being an avid Game of Thrones fanatic, I fancy every character, scene, and line. However,Ygritte’s famous line proves to be just slightly more relatable than the incest, corruption, and sorcery that characterizes Westeros. Numerous theories explore the true meaning of these five words, but I prefer to think they criticize seventeen-year-old Jon’s lack of life experience. Growing up in a lord’s castle, he has seen little about the real world; thus, he struggles to see the bigger picture until he evaluates all angles. Being in a relatively privileged community myself, I can affirm the lack of diverse perspectives —and even more, the scarcity of real-world problems. Instead, my life has been horrifically plagued by first world problems.

This introductory paragraph opens with something creative and catchy, then explains the purpose. It also sets up the montage that will follow: “the first world problems.”

2 – Present the montage!

Naturally, this is the biggest part of the Montage Format. The pieces of your montage can be short (as in the below example) or fairly long. The most important thing is that they are detailed, unique, and come together to tell the university admissions officers something about you.

I’ve written a eulogy and held a funeral for my phone charger. I’ve thrown tantrums when my knitted sweaters shrunk in the dryer. And yes, I actually have cried over spilled (organic) milk. Well, shouldn’t I be happy with the trivial “problems” I’ve faced? Shouldn’t I appreciate the opportunities and the people around me? Past the “feminism v. menimism” and “memes” of the internet, are heartbreaking stories and photos of life outside my metaphorical “Bethpage Bubble.” How can I be content when I am utterly oblivious to the perspectives of others? Like Jon Snow, I’ve never lived a day in another person’s shoes. Fewer than three meals a day. No extra blanket during record-breaking winter cold. No clean water. I may be parched after an intense practice, but I know nothing of poverty. Losing a loved one overseas. Being forced to leave your home. Coups d’état and dictatorial governments. I battle with my peers during class discussions, but I know nothing of war. Denial of education. Denial of religion. Denial of speech. I have an endless list of freedoms, and I know nothing of oppression. Malaria. Cholera. Cancer. I watch how Alzheimer’s progresses in my grandmother, but I know nothing of disease. Living under a strict caste system. Being stereotyped because of one’s race. Unwarranted prejudice. I may be in a minority group, yet I know nothing of discrimination. Flappers, speakeasies, and jazz. Two world wars. Pagers, hippies, and disco. I’m barely a 90’s kid who relishes SpongeBob episodes, and I know nothing of prior generations. Royal weddings, tribal ceremonies, and Chinese New Years. I fast during Ramadan, but I know nothing of other cultures. Hostile political parties. Progressive versus retrospective. Right and wrong. I am seventeen, and I know nothing of politics.

This montage is really a list of the first-world problems of the writer and the things the writer “knows nothing” about. In writing this list, however, the student is making clear that they’re aware of the limits of their own experience, and that kind of self-reflection is crucial for a winning college essay.

3 – Tie the moments of the montage together

Each montage essay must end by clearly drawing a lesson. The question every admissions officer will be asking is: what do all of these moments tell us about you?

Is ignorance really bliss? Beyond my community and lifetime exists myriad events I’ll never witness, people I’ll never meet, and beliefs I’ll never understand. Being unexposed to the culture and perspectives that comprise this world, I know I can never fully understand anyone or anything. Yet, irony is beautiful. Embarking on any career requires making decisions on behalf of a community, whether that be a group of students, or a patient, or the solar system. I am pleased to admit like Jon Snow, I know nothing, but that will change in college.

This reflection really doesn’t have to take up a lot of space. In just a few sentences, this author shows us why the montage matters: this student understands the limits of their experiences and knowledge, and, most importantly, is eager and willing to work to overcome them.

For more successful college application essays like this, check out our collection of actual sample essays below:

The “I am…” Essay Format (best if you have an identity or belief that’s important to you)

This format is the most direct way to approach a personal essay. By using this structure, you will directly present the admissions officers with some crucial aspect of your personality, background, or interests.

This essay format is best for students who want to highlight a particular quirk, lifelong challenge, or important aspects of their demographic background.

This kind of essay generally follows this structure:

• A surprising “I am…” statement
• Explanation of the statement with specific examples
• Reflection on how this has shaped you

Like all college admissions essays, this will require you to be specific and detailed. But, it might not involve much of an actual story or narrative (though it can!). Take a look at the breakdown of the example below to see how it’s done.

1 – Start with a surprising “I am…” statement

This essay structure depends on hooking your reader’s attention from the first line, so you want to start with something memorable, unexpected, and maybe even a bit confusing. Though often this means saying “I am…” it could just as easily be “I believe…” or “I have…”

I am an aspiring hot sauce sommelier. Ever since I was a child, I have been in search for all that is spicy. I began by dabbling in peppers of the jarred variety. Pepperoncini, giardiniera, sports peppers, and jalapeños became not only toppings, but appetizers, complete entrées, and desserts. As my palate matured, I delved into a more aggressive assortment of spicy fare. I’m not referring to Flamin’ Hot Cheetos, the crunchy snack devoured by dilettantes. No, it was bottles of infernal magma that came next in my tasting curriculum.

Here’s a classic example of how to start. “Hot sauce sommelier” is unusual and quirky enough that it holds the reader’s attention. Admissions officers will want to keep reading to see why this matters.

2 – Expand on the “I am…”

This can take different forms: you can explain how you came to be, say, a hot sauce sommelier. Or you can tell us what that looks like in your everyday life. It’ll depend in large part on what your individual story is, but the key is specifics, specifics, specifics.

Despite the current lack of certification offered for the profession which I am seeking, I am unquestionably qualified. I can tell you that a cayenne pepper sauce infused with hints of lime and passion fruit is the perfect pairing to bring out the subtle earthy undertones of your microwave ramen. I can also tell you that a drizzle of full-bodied Louisiana habanero on my homemade vanilla bean ice cream serves as an appetizing complement. For the truly brave connoisseur, I suggest sprinkling a few generous drops of Bhut Jolokia sauce atop a bowl of chili. Be warned, though; one drop too many and you might find yourself like I did, crying over a heaping bowl of kidney beans at the dining room table. Although I consistently attempt to cultivate the rarest and most expertly crafted bottles of molten spice, like an oenophile who occasionally sips on five dollar bottles of wine, I am neither fussy nor finicky. I have no qualms about dousing my omelets with Cholula, dipping my tofu in pools of Sriracha, or soaking my vegetarian chicken nuggets in the Frank’s Red Hot that my mom bought from the dollar store. No matter the quality or cost, when gently swirled, wafted, and swished; the sauces excite my senses. Each initial taste, both surprising yet subtly familiar, has taught me the joy of the unknown and the possibility contained within the unexpected.

Check out all specific details the writer uses in this portion of the essay! These moments both show the student’s skill as a writer and, more importantly, convey their very real passion for hot sauce. It doesn’t matter that it’s a little bit silly: what matters is showing the university that this student is dedicated to something .

3 – End by reflecting on how this aspect of your identity shapes who you are as a person and student

As always, these essays have to end with a bit of introspection: you’ve told us the story, now explain why it matters, as this student does.

My ceaseless quest for piquancy has inspired many journeys, both gustatory and otherwise. It has dragged me into the depths of the souks of Marrakech, where I purchased tin cans filled with Harissa. Although the chili sauce certainly augmented the robust aroma of my tagine, my food was not the only thing enriched by this excursion. My conquest has also brought me south, to the valleys of Chile, where I dined among the Mapuche and flavored my empanadas with a smoky seasoning of Merkén. Perhaps the ultimate test of my sensory strength occurred in Kolkata, India. After making the fatal mistake of revealing my penchant for spicy food to my friend’s grandmother, I spent the night with a raw tongue and cold sweats. I have learned that spice isn’t always easy to digest. It is the distilled essence of a culture, burning with rich history. It is a universal language that communicates passion, pain, and renewal. Like an artfully concocted hot sauce, my being contains alternating layers of sweetness and daring which surround a core that is constantly being molded by my experiences and adventures. I’m not sure what it is about spiciness that intrigues me. Maybe my fungiform papillae are mapped out in a geography uniquely designed to appreciate bold seasonings. Maybe these taste buds are especially receptive to the intricacies of the savors and zests that they observe. Or maybe it’s simply my burning sense of curiosity. My desire to challenge myself, to stimulate my mind, to experience the fullness of life in all of its varieties and flavors.

This student makes clear to colleges why this aspect of their personality matters. It has helped them learn and travel; it shows the student’s desire to “challenge” themselves and to “stimulate their mind,” which is exactly what a top-tier university is looking for.

The Creative/Artistic Format (Best if you have an unusual topic and like taking risks)

I’m cheating a little bit here: by definition, there’s no real format to these Creative/Artistic Essays. These are the most unique, the toughest to pull off, and the riskiest essays. But for certain students, they’re undoubtedly the right choice.

Although these essays aren’t as easy to bulletpoint out as the above, creative personal essays will always contain the following elements:

• A unique gimmick
• Meaningful information about the writer’s life or identity
• A mature reflection

The Creative/Artistic Essays make your essay stand out to colleges, but require careful planning and editing to pull off. If you’re an artist type, or, alternatively, if you feel your application needs something to separate you from the pack, these can be the right choice.

Consulting with one of our expert college essay coaches can be the best way to ensure that your Creative/Artistic Essay helps and not hurts your application.

Below is a successful example, and some analysis of why this essay works:

“Is it bigger than a breadbox?” “Yes.” I have always been tall, decidedly tall. Yet, my curiosity has always surpassed my height. Starting at a young age, I would ask countless questions, from “How heavy is the Earth?” to “Where does rain come from?” My curiosity, displayed in questions like these, has truly defined me as a person and as a student. Therefore, it is not surprising that I became transfixed the first time I played 20Q (the electronic version of Twenty Questions). Somehow, a little spherical device guessed what I was thinking. The piece of technology sparked my curiosity and instilled in me a unique interest in 20Q. This interest would later reveal valuable character traits of mine while also paralleling various facets of my life. “Does it strive to learn?” “Yes.” I became determined to discover how 20Q guessed correctly. After some research, I discovered artificial intelligence, more specifically, artificial neural networks—systems which learn and improve themselves. This idea fascinated me. I wanted to learn more. I read avidly, seeking and absorbing as much information as I could. When given the opportunity years later, I signed up for the first computer programming class available to me. I found myself in an environment I loved. I would stay after class, go in during free periods, make my own apps, and work over Cloud-based IDEs. I prized the freedom and the possibilities. “Is it driven?” “Yes.” After my introduction to 20Q, I began to play Twenty Questions (the traditional parlor game) and became determined to rival the guessing accuracy of the artificial intelligence. At first I was mediocre. However, through long car rides with family, good-natured yet heated competitions with friends, logical strategy, and time, I became more effective. I discovered the “secrets” to success: practice and perseverance. “Does it apply what it learns?” “Yes.” As 20Q implements what it learns, so do I. Throughout high school, I applied the “secret” of practice to my basketball career. I spent countless hours sharpening my skills in 90° summer heat to 20° late-winter cold, countless afternoons playing pickup games with my friends, and countless weekends traveling to AAU basketball tournaments. As a result, I became a starter for my school’s varsity team. I applied another “secret,” this time the “secret” of perseverance, by dedicating myself to physical therapy after knee surgery in order to quickly return to football. Later that year, I became the first player in my grade to score a varsity touchdown. “Does it attempt to better itself?” “Yes.” Once I became proficient at Twenty Questions, I strengthened my resolve to become masterful. To do so, I needed to become a skillful inquisitor and to combine that with my analytical nature and interpersonal skills, all of which are vital for success in Twenty Questions. Because I had been debating politics with my friends since the 8th grade, I recognized that debate could sharpen these skills. I began to debate more frequently (and later more effectively) in English and government class, at the lunch table and family gatherings, and whenever the opportunity presented itself. This spurred in me an interest for how public policy and government work, leading me to attend Boys State and receive a nomination for The United States Senate Youth Program. “Does it think deeply?” “Yes.” So far, I have realized that thriving at Twenty Questions, just like life, is all about tenacity, rationality and interpersonal skills. I have found that, as in Twenty Questions, always succeeding is impossible; however, by persevering through difficulties and obstacles, favorable outcomes are often attainable. As I have become better at Twenty Questions, so too have I improved in many other aspects of my life. Nonetheless, I realize that I still have unbounded room to grow. And much like 20Q, I will continue to learn throughout my life and apply my knowledge to everything I do. “Are you thinking of me?” “Yes.” Source: Johns Hopkins Essays that Worked

Framing this essay as a round of 20 questions is the kind of risky creative move that, in this case, can really pay off.

It works here because it isn’t just being creative or artsy for the sake of it: this format really allows the student to express multiple important aspects of their personality as it relates to their application.

You’ll notice that, like most creative essays, it combines elements of the other essay formats. But it does so in a unique way that can’t be replicated: nobody else can write a 20 Questions style essay without ripping off this author.

If you can find a creative idea like this one that lets you express unique elements of your story or personality in a fun, attention-grabbing structure, then this option might be the best one for you.

You should think of the steps outlined in this blogpost as the middle of the essay writing process. First, you need to brainstorm and select your topic (see our guide on that here) . Then, based on that topic, you can use this post to identify what structure and format will work best for crafting your essay.

If you’ve settled on an essay format, it’s time to move on to actually writing the essay itself. We recommend starting by reviewing some of the past successful essays linked below and by first reading our post on the Diamond Strategy for topic selection.

Of course, there’s no substitute for professional help: our expert essay coaches have helped countless students with brainstorming, topic choice, organization, crafting, and final touches on essays that have helped these students gain admission to Ivies and other elite colleges. If you’re interested in working with one of our college essay coaches, reach out to us here !

Top College Essay Posts

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• Qualities of a Successful College Essay
• 11 College Essays That Worked
• How to Answer the UC Personal Insight Questions
• How Colleges Read your College Applications (A 4-Step Process)
• How to Write the Princeton Supplemental Essays
• The Diamond Strategy: How We Help Students Write College Essays that Get Them Into Princeton (And Other Ivy League Schools)
• What is the College Essay? Your Complete Guide for 202 4
• College Essay Brainstorming: Where to Start
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• How to Format Your College Essay

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• How to Make Your College Essay Stand Out | Tips & Examples

How to Make Your College Essay Stand Out | Tips & Examples

Published on October 25, 2021 by Kirsten Courault . Revised on August 14, 2023.

While admissions officers are interested in hearing about your experiences , they’re also interested in how you present them. An exceptionally written essay will stand out from the crowd, meaning that admissions officers will spend more time reading it.

To write a standout essay, you can use literary devices to pull the reader in and catch their attention. Literary devices often complement each other and can be woven together to craft an original, vivid, and creative personal essay. However, don’t overdo it; focus on using just a few devices well, rather than trying to use as many as possible.

Table of contents

Essay structure devices, storytelling devices, imagery devices, tone devices, sentence-level devices, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about college application essays.

You can frame your essay with symbolism or extended metaphors, which both work well in a montage or narrative essay structure .

Symbolism is the use of tangible objects to represent ideas. In your college essay, you can use one major symbol that represents your essay’s theme. Throughout your essay, you can also intentionally place related minor symbols to communicate ideas without explicitly stating them. The key is to use original, meaningful symbols that are not cliché.

For example, if your essay’s theme is “family,” your symbol could be a well-worn beloved Lord of the Rings Monopoly game set. Rather than directly saying, “The Lord of the Rings Monopoly game has brought my family happiness,” share stories with this game to demonstrate your family’s closeness, joy, and loyalty.

Supporting symbols:

• Story 1: Chipped and mismatching collectible Gandalf the Grey coffee mugs surround the Monopoly board during a lazy weekend
• Story 2: A folding card table supports our family’s mobile Monopoly game while the family plays at a campsite
• Story 3: An extended edition LOTR box set plays in the background during Thanksgiving feasts with extended family. We have a Monopoly competition after dinner.
• Story 4: Matching Frodo, Sam, Pippin, and Merry Halloween outfits are proudly worn by me and my family members. We always play a game of Monopoly the afternoon before going out together to our town’s annual Halloween carnival.

In the example below, a student depicts “The Monster,” an imaginary symbolic figure that represents the student’s jealousy.

Main idea: I have been on a quest to slay the Monster, the toxic envy that overtakes me when I compare myself to one of my friends.

Narrative: I remember first encountering the Monster in second grade when Laurel bobbed her hair. Everybody raved about how cute she looked. The Monster had plenty to say about how ugly, unpopular, and undesirable I was compared to Laurel. After that day, the Monster never seemed to leave my side.

Extended metaphor

A metaphor directly compares two unrelated objects, giving deeper meaning and multi-dimensional imagery. Since metaphors create a new reality between two objects, use them sparingly throughout your essay to avoid overwhelming the reader with too many comparisons.

You can also use an extended metaphor, which builds upon a simple metaphor throughout the essay with other literary devices and more in-depth descriptions.

To brainstorm your extended metaphor, you should first identify feelings or values associated with your story and then brainstorm images associated with these feelings.

Keep the following in mind when crafting your extended metaphor:

• Keep the comparison simple.
• Use a few other literary devices such as imagery or anecdotes to enrich your extended metaphor.
• Avoid making cliché comparisons.
• Don’t exaggerate or make an unrealistic comparison.

In the example below, a student uses the extended metaphor of a museum to explore the theme of identity. Each anecdote is framed as an “exhibit” that tells us something about her life.

• The Sight Exhibit: Flashback illustrating how racial discrimination led to my identity as a writer
• The Sound Exhibit: Snapshots of musical memories, identity as a musical theater lover
• The Smell Exhibit: Scents of my family’s Thanksgiving meal, identity as a daughter, granddaughter, and member of the Arimoto family
• The Touch Exhibit: Feel of warm water washing away academic and extracurricular worries while washing dishes, identity as a level-headed honors student
• The Taste Exhibit: Taste of salty sweat while bike training with a friend, identity as an athlete

In the next example, a student uses the river as an extended metaphor for his educational journey. The different parts of the river’s course represent different challenges he has overcome.

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Here are the most effective literary devices to enrich your storytelling in college essays.

Into the midst of things, in medias res

In medias res , Latin for “into the midst of things,” is a device that involves starting in the middle of the action. Then, important details are added to fill in the story. Similar to the beginning of an action or thriller movie, in medias res immediately drops the reader into a scene, allowing them to discern the story through sensory imagery.

Unlike a linear chronological narrative, flashbacks can be used to transport your reader from the present moment to a key past event to give a clearer understanding of your current personality, values, and goals.

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more people. Using dialogue in your essay can sometimes create suspense, transport readers into a scene, or highlight an important message. However, it should be used sparingly and strategically to avoid an anti-climatic or redundant moment.

Famous quotes should be avoided since they are overused, but using quotes from important people in your life can be original, personal, and powerful. But make sure the quote adds value to your essay.

You can use both figurative and literal imagery throughout your essay to paint a clearer, richer image in your reader’s mind.

Similes , like metaphors, compare two unrelated objects but use the words “as” or “like.”

In a metaphor, the two objects are considered the same, but in a simile, the word “like” or “as” creates some distance between the objects.

Five senses

Illustrate your five senses with descriptive language to help your readers quickly imagine your story in a vivid, visceral way. Sensory language also helps to convey your interest and knowledge of a topic.

Personification

Personification uses human characteristics and behaviors to describe inanimate objects, animals, or ideas. This can help show your emotional connection to something in an original and poetic way.

Here are a few tone devices to help improve your essay’s authenticity and voice .

Colloquialisms

While most slang is too informal for college essays, regional colloquialisms can sometimes improve your essay’s authenticity when used strategically, enhancing your ability to connect with admissions officers and adding a memorable element.

However, you should ensure that they don’t seem shoehorned in or otherwise affect the flow, clarity, or professionalism of your essay. If applying to schools outside your region of origin (or if you’re applying as an international student ), be sure the colloquialism is one that will be widely understood.

Hyperbole is dramatic exaggeration to express the intensity of your feelings about something. Use hyperbole sparingly to ensure the greatest impact and avoid sounding overly dramatic. Make sure to be original, avoiding overused comparisons.

Sentence-level devices are useful for dramatic effect or to highlight a point. But use them sparingly to avoid sounding robotic, redundant, or awkward.

To have the greatest impact, use these devices against the backdrop of varying sentence structures and at a critical or vulnerable moment in your essay, especially during reflection.

If you want to know more about academic writing , effective communication , or parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Academic writing

• Writing process
• Transition words
• Passive voice
• Paraphrasing

 Communication

• How to end an email
• Ms, mrs, miss
• How to start an email
• I hope this email finds you well
• Hope you are doing well

 Parts of speech

• Personal pronouns
• Conjunctions

A standout college essay has several key ingredients:

• A unique, personally meaningful topic
• A memorable introduction with vivid imagery or an intriguing hook
• Specific stories and language that show instead of telling
• Vulnerability that’s authentic but not aimed at soliciting sympathy
• Clear writing in an appropriate style and tone
• A conclusion that offers deep insight or a creative ending

Your college essay accounts for about 25% of your application’s weight. It may be the deciding factor in whether you’re accepted, especially for competitive schools where most applicants have exceptional grades, test scores, and extracurricular track records.

Though admissions officers are interested in hearing your story, they’re also interested in how you tell it. An exceptionally written essay will differentiate you from other applicants, meaning that admissions officers will spend more time reading it.

You can use literary devices to catch your reader’s attention and enrich your storytelling; however, focus on using just a few devices well, rather than trying to use as many as possible.

You can use humor in a college essay , but carefully consider its purpose and use it wisely. An effective use of humor involves unexpected, keen observations of the everyday, or speaks to a deeper theme. Humor shouldn’t be the main focus of the essay, but rather a tool to improve your storytelling.

Get a second opinion from a teacher, counselor, or essay coach on whether your essay’s humor is appropriate.

Avoid swearing in a college essay , since admissions officers’ opinions of profanity will vary. In some cases, it might be okay to use a vulgar word, such as in dialogue or quotes that make an important point in your essay. However, it’s safest to try to make the same point without swearing.

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Are montage essays not strong for the personal statement?

I've been struggling to finish my common app essay because my narrative wasn't coming out how I wanted it to, but then I came up with a really great montage essay idea that I feel like speaks to who I am as an individual. I wrote it out and it seems really promising, but I've heard that these essays may be weaker because you can't dive into each section as much as a narrative that focuses on just one aspect of you. Any advice?

(Don't want to give away too much but essentially I have a really long name (9+ names) and each one has a different translation/meaning that correlates to a part of my personality or character)

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What to avoid in college application essays | College Connection

An important part of the Common Application, which is accepted by more than 1,000 colleges, is the personal essay. Students are given six options as prompts, as well as a seventh option which is to share an essay on a topic of choice.  So, students can write about anything at all.

The essay is an integral part of the application, as it is typically viewed by all the schools to which a student applies.  It is the one section where students have the opportunity to share what is unique about them and what qualities they will bring to their future college community.

To make their essay stand out, students should avoid some common pitfalls.

Do not cheat. That means students should not turn to ChatGPT or to another person  to write their essay. This should go without saying but, sadly, it does need to be said. College admissions officers know what the “voice” of a teenager sounds like, and that’s exactly what they’re looking for.

More: Top colleges where 'B' students are accepted | College Connection

Do not write about mental health issues. Although many young people, as well as those in every age group, deal with such issues, it is important not to share that information. Due to privacy laws, colleges are not able to contact parents if students struggle with depression, substance abuse, or any other troubling behavior. Therefore, students should not raise a red flag, or they will most likely find their applications in the “rejected” pile.

Do not be redundant. One’s personal essay is not the place to itemize the extracurricular, volunteer, and work experiences that are all included in the Activities section of the Common App. If there is one activity that dominated a student’s high school experience and is particularly compelling, it can be the topic of the essay. But students must elaborate on how they were profoundly impacted by their engagement. 

More: How where you live affects your college admissions chances | College Connection

Do not recycle successful essays that were submitted by prior applicants. Often, students turn to the multitude of articles showcasing essays written by students who were admitted to Ivy League and other elite institutions. What worked for a prior student will not be effective for another as it’s not their story. It’s vital for students to share their genuine story using their authentic voice.   The key to writing a thoughtful, introspective essay is to start early, carefully consider the story you want to share, and then do so in your very own style.

Susan Alaimo is the founder & director of Collegebound Review, offering PSAT/SAT ® preparation & private college advising by Ivy League educated instructors. Visit CollegeboundReview.com or call 908-369-5362 .

Democrats Embrace ‘Weird’ Messaging on Trump

As the Harris campaign pulls in donations at an impressive clip, Democrats are adopting a line of attack pioneered by Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota: Donald J. Trump and his Republican allies are “just plain weird.”

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Here’s the latest on the presidential race.

As Vice President Kamala Harris’s campaign reported a hefty fund-raising haul, high-profile Democrats derided former President Donald J. Trump and his running mate, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, as weird and strange on Sunday, embracing a characterization of the Republican ticket that the Harris campaign has also begun to try out.

Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, whose description last week of “weird people on the other side” was an online hit with Democrats, told CNN that Mr. Trump says “whatever crazy thing pops into his mind.” Pete Buttigieg, the secretary of transportation, said Mr. Trump was getting “older and stranger” while Senator Chuck Schumer, the majority leader, called Mr. Vance “weird” and “erratic.”

Here’s what else to know.

Raising cash and tempering expectations: The Harris campaign announced it had raised $200 million in the week since President Biden dropped out of the race , exceeding Mr. Biden’s fund-raising total for the entire first quarter. Two-thirds of that sum came from first-time donors, according to the campaign. But a spokesman warned that the race would be “very close,” a day after Ms. Harris said Democrats were the “underdogs.”

Vance campaigns in Minnesota: Mr. Vance, the junior senator from Ohio, visited a diner in a reliably red part of Minnesota , a day after he and Mr. Trump rallied supporters in nearby St. Cloud, where Mr. Trump made clear that any designs on national unity were over . Mr. Vance, whose best-selling memoir, “Hillbilly Elegy,” helped power his leap into politics, has gotten off to a rocky start since joining the ticket less than two weeks ago. Years-old comments resurfaced by Democrats and the news media, like his derisive comments about “childless cat ladies,” have threatened to undermine his standing with women, voters of color and blue-collar workers.

Democrats pivot to “weird”: Democrats are increasingly adopting the line of attack pioneered by Mr. Walz, with Ms. Harris saying on Saturday saying that some of the swipes the Republican candidates had taken against her were “just plain weird.” On CBS’s “Face the Nation” on Sunday, Mr. Schumer went after Mr. Vance, saying “Every day, it comes out Vance has done something more extreme, more weird, more erratic.” He suggested that Mr. Trump must be “scratching his head and wondering, Why did I pick this guy?”

V.P. contenders on the stump: With Ms. Harris expected to select a running mate by Aug. 7, potential V.P. picks made themselves heard on the air and on the ground. On CNN, Mr. Walz said he liked the “weird” approach because arguments about Mr. Trump threatening democracy and women’s lives gave him “too much credit.” He invoked statements Mr. Trump has made about sharks and the fictional serial killer Hannibal Lecter, as did Mr. Buttigieg, who told Fox News that Mr. Trump was getting “older and stranger.” Gov. Andy Beshear of Kentucky, in Georgia to open a swing-state campaign office for Ms. Harris, accused Mr. Vance of manufacturing his Appalachian origin story and highlighted his electoral success in a state that Mr. Trump carried by 26 points in 2020.

Anushka Patil

Vance heads west this week, and Shapiro and Whitmer rally in Pennsylvania.

Two prominent governors will headline a campaign event for Vice President Kamala Harris this week in Pennsylvania, while Senator JD Vance of Ohio heads west to Nevada and Arizona in what will be some of the Republican vice-presidential nominee’s first appearances for the Trump campaign outside the Midwest.

Governors Josh Shapiro of Pennsylvania and Gretchen Whitmer of Michigan will hold a rally on behalf of Ms. Harris on Monday, according to her campaign, in an event that Mr. Shapiro’s office said would be held outside of Philadelphia. Mr. Shapiro is one of the top contenders to be Ms. Harris’s running mate , and his state is widely considered a must-win for Democrats. (Ms. Whitmer, a co-chair of the Harris campaign who is also often mentioned as a vice-presidential contender, has said she has no plans to leave her current job.)

Mr. Vance will hold rallies on Tuesday in Henderson and Reno in Nevada, and on Wednesday in Glendale, Ariz. Thus far, Mr. Vance, who has had a rocky start , has mostly appeared on familiar Midwestern ground, including in his Ohio hometown, Middletown. The Arizona rally will come just a day after the state’s closely watched primaries, including for the Senate seat being vacated by Kyrsten Sinema, the Democrat turned independent who said in March that she would not seek re-election .

Ms. Harris and Donald J. Trump are also on the road this week. Ms. Harris will hold a rally in Atlanta on Tuesday to shore up support in the key swing state of Georgia, where support for President Biden had been slipping before he ended his re-election bid a week ago.

And Mr. Trump will host a rally in Pennsylvania’s capital, Harrisburg, on Wednesday, making his return to the state where he survived an assassination attempt two weeks ago. Mr. Trump has said he intends to hold another rally in Butler, where the attempt on his life took place, but has not said when.

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Al Gore, the former vice president who narrowly lost the 2000 presidential election, has endorsed Vice President Kamala Harris. Gore, a Democrat and outspoken environmentalist, said in a statement that Harris was a “climate champion,” citing battles she fought against oil companies when she was California’s attorney general.

Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg, a possible running mate choice for Vice President Kamala Harris, told Fox News that Donald J. Trump is getting “older and stranger,” saying that the former president has been “rambling” about sharks and Hannibal Lecter. His remarks echoed those of other Democrats who called the Republican ticket “weird” on Sunday, a line of attack that has become popular in recent days.

Maggie Astor

The Harris campaign says it has raised $200 million in less than a week.

Vice President Kamala Harris’s campaign said on Sunday that it had raised $200 million in the week since President Biden withdrew from the race — more than Mr. Biden’s haul in the first three months of the year.

Roughly two-thirds of that amount came from first-time donors, according to the campaign, offering another sign that Ms. Harris’s ascent to the top of the party’s ticket has invigorated Democrats. The campaign also said it had signed up more than 170,000 new volunteers.

And more money is coming: Ms. Harris will hold a fund-raiser in Houston on Wednesday, according to a copy of the invitation reviewed by The New York Times.

It is unclear how much of the $200 million has gone directly to the campaign versus to allied Democratic Party committees. But it is eye-catching, even in comparison with other surges recorded over the course of the 2024 race. Former President Donald J. Trump’s campaign reported raising nearly $53 million in the first day after his criminal conviction in May, a haul that helped him outpace Mr. Biden that month and erase what had been a significant financial advantage for the president.

The swell of support comes after Democrats, thrown for a loop by Mr. Biden’s poor debate performance, spent weeks loudly despairing about their prospects. Even so, Ms. Harris’s campaign has sought to tamp down expectations, as it faces the task of sustaining that enthusiasm into November.

A campaign spokesman, Michael Tyler, said in a statement, “The momentum and energy for Vice President Harris is real — and so are the fundamentals of this race: this election will be very close and decided by a small number of voters in just a few states.”

And Ms. Harris herself said at a fund-raiser on Saturday, “We are the underdogs in this race.”

Nicholas Nehamas and Theodore Schleifer contributed reporting.

Gov. Andy Beshear of Kentucky, one contender to be the vice president’s running mate, underscored his electoral record at the opening of a Harris campaign office near Macon, Ga. “I’m the guy that last November beat Donald Trump’s hand-picked candidate,” he said, referring to a five-point win in a state that Trump carried by 26 points in 2020. “And together we’re going to help Kamala Harris beat Donald Trump.”

Beshear also continued his attacks on Trump’s running mate, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, who has family roots in Kentucky. He told the crowd that Vance lacks “any conviction” and has manufactured an inauthentic origin story. “JD Vance ain’t from Kentucky,” he said. “He ain’t from Appalachia. And he ain’t going to be the vice president.”

Michael Gold

Reporting from Waite Park, Minn.

Vance stumps in a reliably Republican part of Minnesota after a rocky start.

When Senator JD Vance of Ohio arrived to the Park Diner in Waite Park, Minn., on Sunday morning — a remarkably traditional political stop after a week on the trail that has been anything but — he told the dozens gathered outside that he thought he and former President Donald J. Trump held a “great” and successful rally the day before in nearby St. Cloud.

Many of them hooted in agreement, because they had been there.

Mr. Vance’s visit to the diner, which was stocked with supporters invited by the Trump campaign, was the vice-presidential nominee’s latest stop in a rocky opening stretch that has raised questions about how the Trump campaign might use him to boost the ticket’s prospects in November.

As Mr. Trump looks to broaden the electoral map by putting in play states like Minnesota, which has not voted for a Republican president since 1972, he will likely need to win back voters in closely contested areas who helped him in 2016 then swung the other way four years ago. But Saturday’s rally and Sunday’s diner stop by Mr. Vance, a Yale-educated lawyer, were both in Stearns County — an area about an hour’s drive from Minneapolis and a place Mr. Trump won by more than 20 percentage points in 2016 and 2020.

Still, Mr. Vance insisted to the supporters greeting him that he and Mr. Trump were “going to turn Minnesota red,” telling reporters that Mr. Trump’s message would stand in sharp enough contrast to that of Vice President Kamala Harris, who he called a “San Francisco liberal,” that it would drive voters to the polls.

“We know that we have the votes in Minnesota to win the race,” Mr. Vance insisted. “We’ve just got to make sure that some of those low-propensity voters actually get out there and get to the polls and vote for us.”

Mr. Vance, who arrived at the diner with his wife, Usha, and two of his children, spent roughly 20 minutes inside, where staff members greeted his son, Vivek, and his daughter, Mirabel, with chocolate milk.

After ordering six Chubby Checker cinnamon rolls and six Big Bopper caramel rolls, he dropped two $100 bills as a tip, then wrote “No Tax on Tips” on the receipt, a reference to Mr. Trump’s relatively recent campaign pledge to make tipped income tax-free.

Mr. Vance’s reception among a crowd that included many supporters invited by the campaign was considerably smoother than the criticism that has greeted his debut on the trail, though when he arrived, one man shouted, “Where’s Trump?”

In the nearly two weeks since Mr. Vance was tapped for the ticket, a number of his previous comments have surfaced that threaten the idea that he might help Mr. Trump’s appeal to women.

Mr. Vance, a first-term senator who rose to prominence after his book “Hillbilly Elegy” made him a media darling, has responded by increasingly echoing Mr. Trump’s frequent criticism of the news media.

Democrats and the media, he said, “are going to attack us, they’re going to lie about us. That is the price of admission to governing this country. And I think it’s a shame.”

Mr. Vance cast Ms. Harris as too liberal on immigration and abortion, and sought to tie her to Mr. Biden’s handling of the economy.

But, he insisted, he was having fun. “I’m doing great, man. I’m having a good time. My family’s here, they’re hopped up on chocolate milk. It’s going to be a wild plane ride.”

Maya C. Miller

Senator Elizabeth Warren, Democrat of Massachusetts, used CNN’s “State of the Union” to push back on criticism of Vice President Kamala Harris’s record on immigration issues border, turning a question about her role in border policy into a reminder of how former President Donald Trump derailed a carefully negotiated piece of bipartisan legislation so he could campaign on the issue.

“This is a problem that ultimately has to be solved by Congress,” Warren said. “So it’s really a question of do you trust someone actually been a prosecutor who has been there in a border state who works with Congress toward a solution? Or do you trust someone who says, you know, chaos is politically helpful to him?”

In a rare Sunday television interview, Senator Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York and the majority leader, called Senator JD Vance “more erratic and more extreme” than former President Donald Trump. On CBS’s “Face The Nation,” he leaned into messaging that Democrats have adopted in recent days, calling Vance “weird” and suggesting that Trump was likely regretting his choice of running mate.

“I’ll bet President Trump is sitting there scratching his head and wondering, why did I pick this guy?” Schumer said. “The choice may be one of the best things he ever did for Democrats.” The majority leader also gave his “candid assessment” that Democrats would not only hold their majority in the Senate, but could even pick up a few seats.

Gov. Wes Moore of Maryland and Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois, interviewed on ABC this morning, both rejected the premise that Kamala Harris should consider prioritizing battleground-state residency in her choice of a running mate, saying they didn’t believe that would make a significant difference. Both blue-state governors have been floated as possible additions to the ticket.

Gov. Chris Sununu, Republican of New Hampshire, told ABC that polls wouldn’t reflect the true state of the race until after Labor Day, because Democrats are in a “honeymoon period.” He also brushed off Trump saying that Christians would never have to vote again if he’s elected. “I think he was just trying to make a hyperbolic point that it can be fixed as long as he gets back into office and all that,” he said. “But, you know, classic Trump right there.”

Sununu also acknowledged that Trump’s rhetorical gestures toward “unity” had not stuck. Asked whether Trump was missing an opportunity on that front, he said: “He’s missing it now, but hopefully they can get back on track.”

Gov. J.B. Pritzker of Illinois criticized JD Vance, the Republican vice-presidential nominee, for his past remarks disparaging “childless cat ladies.” “He apologized to cats, but he hasn’t apologized to women,” Pritzker said on ABC.

Gov. Wes Moore of Maryland said on ABC, regarding criticism of Kamala Harris’s positions on criminal justice: “First of all, it’s remarkably disingenuous to call someone who was a prosecutor for her entire career someone who is soft on crime, or someone who believed in ‘defund the police.’”

Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota, a contender to be Kamala Harris’s running mate, said on CNN that he liked the tactic of calling Donald Trump “ weird ” because arguments about him threatening democracy and women’s lives gave him “too much credit.” “I do believe all those things are real possibilities, but it gives him way too much power,” he said. “Listen to the guy. He’s talking about Hannibal Lecter and shocking sharks and just whatever crazy thing pops into his mind.”

When asked on CNN whether his policies in Minnesota, such as providing free meals for schoolchildren, could make him seem like “a big-government liberal” on a ticket with Harris, Walz replied: “What a monster! Kids are eating and having full bellies so they can go learn, and women are making their own health care decisions.”

Senator JD Vance of Ohio and his wife and children just arrived at a diner in Waite Park, Minn., where they were greeted by voters gathered by the Trump campaign. After asking if the dozens awaiting him in the parking lot had seen him at the rally yesterday, Vance asked how the crowd felt about Trump’s chances in Minnesota. “Turn it red,” someone shouted.

After spending about 20 minutes in the diner talking to patrons, Vance promised the crowd that he and Trump would turn Minnesota — which has voted for Democratic presidents since 1976 — red. Asked how, he told reporters that “the little bit of a bump” in popularity that Harris got this week would fade once voters learned about her record. And he said the campaign was focused on motivating people with a low propensity to vote in order to win here.

The Harris campaign said it had raised $200 million in the six days since President Biden withdrew from the race. That’s more than the Biden campaign raised during the full first quarter of the year. Roughly two-thirds of the total came from first-time donors — another sign that Vice President Kamala Harris’s ascent to the top of the ticket has galvanized Democrats.

Kellen Browning

In a surprising move, Donald Trump early on Sunday morning endorsed both leading Republicans in a race for a safely Republican House seat in Arizona ahead of a primary on Tuesday. Abe Hamadeh, who ran for attorney general in 2022 and already had Trump’s endorsement, and Blake Masters, who ran for Senate in 2022, were locked in a bitter fight for the seat, and now both have Trump’s backing. (J.D. Vance had previously endorsed Masters.)

Reporting from St. Cloud, Minn.

‘Maybe I’ve gotten worse’: Trump makes clear that unity is over.

Early in his speech in Minnesota on Saturday night, former President Donald J. Trump made clear just how quickly he has jettisoned the appeal for national unity that he made after he survived an assassination attempt in Pennsylvania two weeks ago.

“I want to be nice,” Mr. Trump said. “They all say, ‘I think he’s changed. I think he’s changed since two weeks ago. Something affected him.’”

But to a cheering crowd of thousands, Mr. Trump quickly conceded the point. “No, I haven’t changed,” he said. “Maybe I’ve gotten worse. Because I get angry at the incompetence that I witness every single day.”

Propelled by the upheaval in the presidential race caused by President Biden’s decision to end his campaign six days ago, Mr. Trump on Saturday once more escalated his attacks against Vice President Kamala Harris, now the presumptive Democratic nominee.

During a speech lasting roughly 90 minutes, Mr. Trump called Ms. Harris “evil,” “unhinged” and “sick.” He lied about her views on abortion in an effort to paint her as extreme, and he mocked her laugh and her demeanor.

“We have a brand-new victim,” Mr. Trump told thousands of people inside the Herb Brooks National Hockey Center in St. Cloud, Minn. “And, honestly, she’s a radical left lunatic.”

Mr. Trump spent considerable time attacking Ms. Harris’s views on public safety, taking aim at her efforts to portray herself as a “rule of law” prosecutor who contrasts starkly with Mr. Trump’s two impeachments, four criminal indictments and 34 felony convictions.

As he rallied some 60 miles from Minneapolis, where the killing of George Floyd in 2020 prompted a movement for criminal justice reform, Mr. Trump accused Ms. Harris of backing soft-on-crime policies, including a push to defund the police.

Ms. Harris told The New York Times in 2020 that she supported the “defund the police” movement’s idea of rethinking “what public safety looks like” and the size of police budgets. “But, no, we’re not going to get rid of the police,” she said. “We all have to be practical.”

But Mr. Trump, who throughout his third campaign for president has cloaked himself in support for law enforcement even as he grapples with criminal cases, used Ms. Harris’s past support of criminal justice reform to insist that he was “going to over-fund” the police.

Mr. Trump’s focus on public safety and his accusations that Democrats have allowed crime to run rampant in cities have been at the heart of his three political campaigns. His return to that message in Minnesota demonstrated how central his plea to law and order will most likely be to his effort to win over moderate and independent voters.

Mr. Trump and his team are eager to flip Minnesota, which last voted for a Republican president in 1972, but which also has a large population of working-class voters and union workers, groups that Mr. Trump drew support from in his previous elections. He lost the state by just 1.5 percentage points in 2016, only to lose it by a wider margin four years later.

Even as the race has changed dramatically, in St. Cloud, Mr. Trump drew on the same themes that have been animating his campaign all year: protectionist trade policies, an enormous crackdown on immigration and his relentless repetition of his false claims of widespread voter fraud in the 2020 election.

“Anybody that can cheat on elections like they cheat on elections, these are not stupid people,” Mr. Trump said of Democrats, even though there is no evidence to support his claims.

Still, Mr. Trump’s speech highlighted his struggle to adapt to a new opponent after years of preparing to face Mr. Biden. Though Mr. Biden is no longer on the Democratic ticket, Mr. Trump revived his derisive impressions of the president, caricaturing his gait and speech to suggest that Mr. Biden is not fit for office.

At one point in his speech, Mr. Trump appeared about to imitate Mr. Biden but then stopped himself. “I don’t want to waste a lot of time on it,” he said, “because it’s over now, right? He’s gone.” But he gloated: “I told you that he would be. I told you that he wasn’t going to make it.”

Sarafina Chitika, a spokeswoman for the Harris campaign, criticized Mr. Trump’s focus on Mr. Biden. “Tonight in Minnesota, a bitter, unhinged, 78-year-old convicted felon kept clinging to his lies about the 2020 election he lost being ‘rigged,’ rambled about his former opponent and golfing, and made excuses for why he’s afraid to debate Vice President Harris,” she said in a statement.

Saturday’s rally was Mr. Trump’s second joint rally with Senator JD Vance of Ohio since he chose Mr. Vance to be his running mate. Mr. Vance largely echoed Mr. Trump’s attacks, calling Ms. Harris overly liberal and a “card-carrying member of the San Francisco lunatic fringe.”

And Mr. Vance, whose rollout as the Republican vice-presidential nominee has not been wholly smooth , attacked the press for not being sufficiently critical of Ms. Harris.

“The media told us that Joe Biden was Abraham Lincoln,” Mr. Vance said. “And now the media tells us that Kamala Harris is Martin Luther King Jr.”

Chris Cameron

Reporting from Nashville

Trump, appealing to Bitcoin fans, vows that the U.S. will be the ‘crypto capital of the planet.’

Former President Donald J. Trump vowed on Saturday that he would turn the United States into a “Bitcoin superpower" if returned to the White House, wielding much of the same rhetoric of persecution that he has applied to himself and his supporters to appeal to cryptocurrency enthusiasts who want to see less regulation.

“Sadly, we see the attacks on crypto,” Mr. Trump told a gathering of cryptocurrency fans in Nashville. “It’s a part of a much larger pattern that’s being carried out by the same left-wing fascists to weaponize government against any threat to their power. They’ve done it to me.”

He added that, if he were elected, “Joe Biden and Kamala Harris’s anti-crypto crusade will be over” and that “the moment I’m sworn in, the persecution stops and the weaponization ends against your industry.”

Mr. Trump has been competing with Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the independent presidential candidate, for the support of cryptocurrency holders, and his remarks represented one of his most direct pitches yet.

Three large crypto firms have invested about $150 million to elect pro-crypto candidates in congressional races. In his speech, Mr. Trump promoted himself as “the first major party nominee in American history to accept donations in Bitcoin and crypto,” adding that his campaign has raised $25 million from cryptocurrency donations in the last two months.

The former president offered promises of sweeping deregulation and the establishment of a “strategic national Bitcoin stockpile.”

“I’m laying out my plan to ensure that the United States will be the crypto capital of the planet and the Bitcoin superpower of the world,” Mr. Trump said to raucous applause, adding that “America will once again be a nation that protects property rights, privacy, freedom of transaction, freedom of association and freedom of speech.”

Mr. Trump also said he would end efforts by the U.S. government to create a central bank digital currency , an initiative that cryptocurrency enthusiasts have long been critical of, and that he would establish a “Bitcoin and crypto presidential advisory council” to design new regulations “written by people who love your industry, not hate your industry.”

What exactly those new crypto-friendly regulations would look like was unclear, but Mr. Trump has attacked the Biden administration over moves that many in the industry have made plain they do not like. In response to concerns about increased risk and volatility in the crypto market , the Biden administration has taken steps toward regulating cryptocurrencies , while the Securities and Exchange Commission, led by Gary Gensler , has cracked down with fines and lawsuits after a prominent exchange suddenly collapsed and its founder was convicted of sweeping fraud charges.

Mr. Trump vowed in his speech to fire Mr. Gensler upon taking office, a promise that was met with energetic cheers.

“I didn’t know he was that unpopular,” Mr. Trump said after the crowd’s enthusiastic response. “Let me say it again: On day one, I will fire Gary Gensler.”

He also equated law enforcement seizing Bitcoin funds during criminal investigations to fascism and revived his “Pocahontas” insult for Senator Elizabeth Warren , Democrat of Massachusetts, who has pushed for tighter regulations for banking and other industries, including cryptocurrencies.

Attacking Ms. Harris, the likely Democratic nominee, Mr. Trump said she was “against crypto” and urged attendees to “get out and vote.”

“It should be no surprise that these same totalitarians are hell bent on crushing crypto,” Mr. Trump said of Mr. Biden and Ms. Harris, adding “That’s where this country is going. It’s a fascist regime.”

Mr. Trump headed a large Republican delegation to the Bitcoin Conference. Four senators and three Senate candidates, all Republicans, spoke at the conference, as well as Vivek Ramaswamy, the former presidential candidate and billionaire who is a surrogate for the Trump campaign.

After Mr. Trump’s speech, Senator Cynthia Lummis, Republican of Wyoming, unveiled legislation for the stockpile that would require the U.S. government to buy one million Bitcoin over five years — roughly five percent of the total supply and valued at tens of billions of dollars if bought at current exchange rates.

Mr. Kennedy addressed the conference a day before Mr. Trump, suggesting that the former president’s support for cryptocurrencies was new and politically expedient. Mr. Kennedy denounced policies in the Trump administration that he said had restricted the potential of cryptocurrency and highlighted Mr. Trump’s remarks after he left office describing Bitcoin as a “scam against the dollar.”

“During his years in the White House, President Trump consistently spoke out against Bitcoin,” Mr. Kennedy said on Friday, criticizing Mr. Trump for not pardoning Ross W. Ulbricht, the founder of Silk Road who was sentenced to life in prison for drug trafficking in 2015.

Because Silk Road had traded in Bitcoin , Mr. Ulbricht has become something of a martyr among cryptocurrency enthusiasts, and Mr. Trump promised on Saturday that he would commute his sentence if re-elected.

Mr. Ramaswamy, who spoke at the Bitcoin Conference after Mr. Trump, said in an interview that Mr. Kennedy’s speech “smacks to me of pandering,” adding that the best way for Mr. Kennedy to advance his platform would be to drop out and endorse Mr. Trump.

“If he has good ideas to be part of the future,” Mr. Ramaswamy said, endorsing Mr. Trump “would be a great way for him to have an impact on the country.”

Ken Bensinger

Elon Musk shares a manipulated video of Harris, in seeming violation of his platform’s policies.

Elon Musk, the world’s richest man, has waded into one of the thorniest issues facing U.S. politics: deepfake videos.

On Friday night, Mr. Musk, the billionaire owner of the social media platform X, reposted an edited campaign video for Vice President Kamala Harris that appears to have been digitally manipulated to change the spot’s voice-over in a deceptive manner.

The video mimics Ms. Harris’s voice, but instead of using her words from the original ad, it has the vice president saying that President Biden is senile, that she does not “know the first thing about running the country” and that, as a woman and a person of color, she is the “ultimate diversity hire.”

In addition, the clip was edited to remove images of former President Donald J. Trump and his running mate, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, and to add images of Mr. Biden. The original, unaltered ad , which the Harris campaign released on Thursday, is titled “We Choose Freedom.”

The version posted on X does not contain a disclaimer, though the account that first uploaded it Friday morning, @MrReaganUSA, noted in its post that the video was a “parody.” When Mr. Musk reposted the video on his own account eight hours later, he made no such disclosure, stating only, “This is amazing,” followed by a laughing emoji.

Mr. Musk’s post, which has since been viewed 98 million times, would seem to run afoul of X’s policies, which prohibit sharing “synthetic, manipulated or out-of-context media that may deceive or confuse people and lead to harm.”

Some observers quickly called out the post. “This is a violation of @X’s policies on synthetic media & misleading identities,” Alex Howard, a digital governance expert and the director of the Digital Democracy Project at the Demand Progress Education Fund, posted on the site on Saturday. “Are you going to retroactively change them to allow violations in an election year?”

Mr. Musk did not respond to a request for comment. The owner of the @MrReaganUSA account, who appears to be a conservative podcast host named Chris Kohls, also did not reply to a query. In a statement, the Harris campaign said, “The American people want the real freedom, opportunity and security Vice President Harris is offering; not the fake, manipulated lies of Elon Musk and Donald Trump.”

Pro-democracy groups have raised increasingly urgent alarms about deepfakes, a broad term for digital content that employs artificial intelligence and other technology to create audio, video or images that spread false information and could influence voter behavior.

In January, ahead of the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a robocall using A.I. technology to mimic Mr. Biden’s voice instructed voters not to participate in the election. The political consultant who orchestrated the calls was later indicted on state charges of impersonating a candidate and voter suppression. During this year’s Republican primary, deepfake videos depicting former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton endorsing Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida, or announcing his early withdrawal from the race, were rampant.

In March, the Global Network on Extremism and Technology , an academic research initiative, said the technology was “already having a corrosive effect on the democratic process,” and the Brennan Center for Justice said the most significant new threat to elections was “the impact of generative A.I. on the information ecosystem.”

The Federal Election Campaign Act prohibits fraudulent misrepresentation of federal candidates or political parties , but the law, written in 1971, is ambiguous when it comes to modern technologies such as artificial intelligence.

Last August, the Federal Election Commission approved a rule-making petition from the watchdog group Public Citizen calling for the law to be amended to clarify that it “applies to deliberately deceptive Artificial Intelligence (AI) campaign advertisements.” That amendment was supported by the Democratic National Committee, as well as 52 Democratic members of Congress, but it was opposed by the Republican National Committee, which said that it was “not a proper vehicle for addressing this complex issue” and argued that it could violate the First Amendment.

The commission, which is evenly divided between Democrats and Republicans and is often split on matters of policy, has not yet voted on the proposal.

Social media platforms, for their part, are more decided.

Meta, the company that owns Facebook and Instagram, requires that “manipulated media” be labeled as such and that context be appended to the post. In March, Google, which owns YouTube, announced a policy requiring users posting videos to disclose when “content a viewer could easily mistake for a real person, place, scene or event” is “made with altered or synthetic media, including generative A.I.”

X’s current policy was instituted in April 2023 , well after Mr. Musk took over. It defines misleading media as content that is “significantly and deceptively altered, manipulated or fabricated” and that is “likely to result in widespread confusion on public issues.” Such content, the policy states, must either be labeled or removed.

In the past, Mr. Musk has said that X’s “Community Notes” feature should be used to alert the public to possible misleading information . On Friday night, Community Notes users, a select group that proposes and votes on such notices, debated whether to add one to Mr. Musk’s post.

”This is an AI generated video of Vice President Kamala Harris using audio of clips that were never actually stated by the VP,” read one suggested Community Note. “Videos like this are dangerous to those who can not decipher AI generated content from reality.”

At least seven notes were proposed, but none had been added by Saturday evening to Mr. Musk’s post or the original post, and neither post has been removed from the site. Though there have been numerous posts on X by third parties questioning his amplification of a deepfake video, Mr. Musk, who frequently replies directly to critics on the site, has so far remained silent on the issue.

With 191 million followers, Mr. Musk is the most influential voice on the platform and, arguably, on all of social media, and he is able to make almost any content go viral simply by reposting it.

Two weeks ago, he endorsed Mr. Trump in a post on X shortly after the presumptive Republican nominee was shot in the ear in an assassination attempt during a campaign rally in Pennsylvania. That post has been viewed 218 million times.

In a post on Saturday afternoon, Mr. Musk used his account to boost a post by an anonymous user that said “wokeness is a threat to civilization.” Within six minutes, it had already been viewed 481,000 times.

Ryan Mac contributed reporting.

Jay Senter and Neil Vigdor

Jay Senter reported from St. Paul, Minn.

Minnesota’s governor, a possible Harris vice-presidential pick, calls Trump and Vance ‘weird people.’

In a potential audition to be Kamala Harris’s running mate , Gov. Tim Walz of Minnesota on Saturday cast former President Donald J. Trump and his vice-presidential pick, Senator JD Vance of Ohio, as a dangerous combination before their campaign visit to the state later in the day.

“The fascists depend on us going back, but we’re not afraid of weird people,” Mr. Walz said during an event organized by the Harris campaign. “We’re a little bit creeped out, but we’re not afraid.”

Speaking to a crowd of about 200 people packed into the Saint Paul Labor Center, an energetic Mr. Walz mocked Mr. Trump’s selection of Mr. Vance as his running mate.

“They went out, you know — because he’s a TV guy — they go out and try to do this central casting: ‘Oh, we’ll get this guy who wrote a book, “Hillbilly Elegy,” you know,’” he said, referring to Mr. Vance’s best-selling memoir, “because all my hillbilly relatives went to Yale and became, you know, venture capitalists.”

The rally, which also featured Senator Amy Klobuchar and Representative Betty McCollum, both Democrats of Minnesota, took place just hours before Mr. Trump and Mr. Vance were scheduled to headline their own rally in St. Cloud, a city of about 70,000 that narrowly went for Mr. Trump in 2016 but that President Biden won by a comfortable margin in 2020.

“The nation found out what we’ve all known in Minnesota: These guys are just weird,” Mr. Walz said of the Republican ticket, echoing a message he debuted on MSNBC this week and that the Harris campaign itself has begun to test drive .

Polling before Mr. Biden’s exit from the race six days ago had given Republican organizers hope that Minnesota, which has not supported a Republican nominee since Richard Nixon in 1972, could be in play in November. Mr. Walz and the other speakers sought to tamp down that notion on Saturday by focusing on two polls released on Friday that showed Ms. Harris leading Mr. Trump in the state.

“He’s here today, in the state of hockey, to complete his trifecta,” Mr. Walz said of Mr. Trump. “He lost in ’16. He lost in ’20. He loses in ’24.”

Asked about a report from Bloomberg News suggesting that he was among three finalists being considered to be Ms. Harris’s running mate, Mr. Walz told reporters that he was “honored to be in this conversation” and that he was excited by the energy that Ms. Harris’s choice was bringing to the Democratic Party.

“I love them all,” he said of the other vice-presidential contenders . “But this is the vice president’s pick. And I tell you what, I trust her judgment.”

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, help with montage college essay.

I've read about the montage-style college essay, but I'm not sure how to approach it. Can someone who has successfully written a montage essay give some advice or examples? Thanks!

Hey there! A montage essay is a creative way to show different facets of your personality, interests, and values. To start, you'll want to think about aspects of yourself that best showcase your uniqueness. Then, you'll weave these themes together by connecting them through a central concept or narrative structure.

For example, you might choose to discuss your love for baking, painting, and community service as separate elements that, when combined, reveal your passion for artistic expression and using it to help others. In this case, you could create a narrative of discovering different painted murals to represent your experiences with each activity.

One strategy for creating a strong montage is to focus on a common emotion or feeling you experience during these activities and show how each one contributes to that emotion. Alternatively, you can find an object or symbol that connects your different interests.

Remember to keep your essay engaging and personal; use vivid sensory details and anecdotes to convey your story. Be sure to demonstrate personal growth and self-reflection, and don't be afraid to reveal your emotions and thoughts.

Good luck with your montage essay! It's a fantastic opportunity to show your unique qualities and passions to your prospective colleges.

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