summarise.
Topic words (or keywords) are usually easy to locate. They tell you what you have to write about. Use these keywords to find information on your topic.
Restricting words are words or phrases that narrow the topic and make it more specific. Geographical location and date are both common restrictions.
Once you have analysed the question, check your understanding. Try to rewrite the question using your own words by completing the following sentence in no more than 25 words. E.g. The question is asking me to . . .
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Home > Essay writing and study advice
In most subjects, understanding and answering essay questions is a key academic skill.
At an advanced level of study, this requires not merely the description or repetition of knowledge itself, but the analysis, evaluation and interpretation of knowledge.
If you do not fully understand the question however, you cannot make a full and appropriate response to it and so will not achieve the highest marks.
Therefore, interpreting questions correctly is extremely important.
Use this list of question types as a starting point to help you understand and answer questions that you encounter in exams and assessed coursework.
Top tip: whenever possible talk to tutors and fellow students to help clarify your understanding.
| |
Analyse | |
Assess | |
Clarify | |
Comment (upon critically) | |
Compare (and contrast) | |
Consider | |
Contrast | |
Criticise | |
Define | |
Describe | |
Discuss | |
Distinguish | |
Evaluate | |
Examine | |
Explain | |
How | |
Justify | |
Outline | |
State | |
Summarise | |
This is really helpful for everyone who needs help breaking down what the essay question is really asking.
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“It is well worth the time to break down the question into its different elements.” Kathleen McMillan & Jonathan Weyers, How to Write Essays & Assignments
When you get an essay question, how do you make sure you are answering it how your tutor wants? There is a hidden code in most questions that gives you a clue about the approach you should be taking...
Here is a typical essay question:
Analyse the impact of the employability agenda on the undergraduate student experience.
Let's decode it...
Did you know that analyse means something different to discuss or evaluate ? In academic writing these have very specific and unique meanings - which you need to make sure you are aware of before you start your essay planning. For example:
Examine critically so as to bring out the essential elements; describe in detail; describe the various parts of something and explain how they work together, or whether they work together.
It is almost impossible to remember the different meanings, so download our Glossary of Instruction Words for Essay Questions to keep your own reminder of the most common ones.
Don't get thrown by other regularly used phrases such as "with reference to relevant literature" or "critically evaluate" and "critically analyse" (rather than simply "evaluate" or "analyse"). All your writing should refer to relevant literature and all writing should have an element of criticality at university level. These are just redundant phrases/words and only there as a gentle reminder.
Many students think this is the easy bit - but you can easily mistake the focus for the subject and vice versa. The subject is the general topic of the essay and the instruction word is usually referring to something you must do to that topic .
Usually, the subject is something you have had a lecture about or there are chapters about in your key texts.
There will be many aspects of the subject/topic that you will not need to include in your essay, which is why it is important to recognise and stick to the focus as shown in the next box.
Every essay has and needs a focus . If you were to write everything about a topic, even about a particular aspect of a topic, you could write a book and not an essay! The focus gives you direction about the scope of the essay. It usually does one of two things:
This could be something there were a few slides about in your lecture or a subheading in your key text.
I have to make up my own title.
If you have been asked to come up with your own title, write one like the ones described here. Include at least an instruction, a subject and a focus and it will make planning and writing the essay so much easier. The main difference would be that you write it as a description rather than a question i.e.:
An analysis of the impact of the employability agenda on the undergraduate student experience.
If you have been given assignment criteria, the question often still contains the information you need to break it down into the components on this page. For example, look at the criteria below. There are still instruction words, subjects and focus/constraints.
An understanding of learning theories is important to being an effective teacher. In this assignment you will select two learning theories and explain why they would help you in your own teaching context. You will then reflect on an experience from your teaching practice when this was, or could have been, put into practice.
Select two learning theories , referring to published literature, explain why they are relevant to your own teaching context.
Reflect on an experience from your teaching practice .
Explain why a knowledge of a learning theory was or would have been useful in the circumstances .
Think of each criterion therefore as a mini essay.
Last Updated: July 9, 2024 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Tristen Bonacci . Tristen Bonacci is a Licensed English Teacher with more than 20 years of experience. Tristen has taught in both the United States and overseas. She specializes in teaching in a secondary education environment and sharing wisdom with others, no matter the environment. Tristen holds a BA in English Literature from The University of Colorado and an MEd from The University of Phoenix. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 651,196 times.
Answering essay questions on an exam can be difficult and stressful, which can make it hard to provide a good answer. However, you can improve your ability to answer essay questions by learning how to understand the questions, form an answer, and stay focused. Developing your ability to give excellent answers on essay exams will take time and effort, but you can learn some good essay question practices and start improving your answers.
To write a good answer to an exam essay question, read the question carefully to find what it's asking, and follow the instructions for the essay closely. Begin your essay by rephrasing the question into a statement with your answer in the statement. Include supplemental facts and figures if necessary, or do textual analysis from a provided piece to support your argument. Make sure your writing is clear and to the point, and don't include extra information unless it supports your argument. For tips from our academic reviewer on understanding essay questions and dealing with testing nerves, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Words such as ‘explain’, ‘evaluate’ or ‘analyse’ – typical question words used in essay titles – provide a useful indication of how your essay should be structured
No matter their nature, question words are key and must always be adhered to. And yet, many students often overlook them and therefore answer their essay questions incorrectly. You may be a font of all knowledge in your subject area, but if you misinterpret the question words in your essay title, your essay writing could be completely irrelevant and score poorly.
For example, if you are asked to compare the French and British upper houses of parliament, you won’t get many points by simply highlighting the differences between the two parliamentary systems.
So, what should you do? We’ve divided the question words either by ‘critical’ or ‘descriptive’ depending on their nature, which should help you identify the type of response your essay requires.
These are the question words that are commonly asked:
Critical question words | Descriptive question words |
---|---|
Some question words require a critical answer and there are varying degrees of how critical your answers must be according to the requirements of the question. We’ve broken these down for you below:
Essay questions that ask you to ‘analyse’ a particular topic or argument expect a thorough deconstruction of the essay subject. In other words, this word requires you to break the essay topic down into its fundamental parts.
Once you have done this, it’s also important that you critically (more on this word later) examine each part. You need to use important debates and evidence to look in depth at the arguments for and against, as well as how the parts interconnect. What does the evidence suggest? Use it to adopt a stance in your essay, ensuring you don’t simply give a narration on the key debates in the literature. Make your position known and tie this to the literature.
When answering this essay question word, the key is to provide your opinion or verdict concerning the extent to which an argument or set of research findings is accurate. You may also be required to demonstrate the extent to which you agree with a particular argument or hypothesis.
It is essential to provide information on both sides of the debate using evidence from a wide range of academic sources. Then you must state your position basing your arguments on the evidence that informed you in arriving at your position.
With ‘justify’ question words, you need to explain the basis of your argument by presenting the evidence that informed your outlook. In such answers, you need to present your evidence in a convincing way, demonstrating good reasons for adopting your position.
Also, you may want to consider arguments that are contrary to your position before stating a conclusion to your arguments. This will help present a balanced argument and demonstrate wide knowledge of the literature. Here, a critical approach becomes crucial. You need to explain why other possible arguments are unsatisfactory as well as why your own particular argument is preferable.
To ‘critically evaluate’, you must provide your opinion or verdict on whether an argument, or set of research findings, is accurate. This should be done in as critical a manner as possible. Provide your opinion on the extent to which a statement or research finding is true. A critical evaluation of a subject will warrant an assertive essay response that details the extent to which you agree with a set of findings, a theory, or an argument.
The key to tackling these question words is providing ample evidence to support your claims. Ensure that your analysis is balanced by shedding light on, and presenting a critique of, alternative perspectives. It is also important that you present extensive evidence taken from a varying range of sources.
State your conclusion clearly and state the reasons for this conclusion, drawing on factors and evidence that informed your perspective. Also try to justify your position in order to present a convincing argument to the reader.
An answer to a ‘review’ question word should demonstrate critical examination of a subject or argument. This is done by recapping or summarising the major themes or points in question, and critically discussing them while giving your opinion.
Put another way, ‘review’ questions entail offering your opinion on the validity of the essay question. For example, you may be asked to review the literature on electoral reform in Great Britain. You'll need to give an overview of the literature. and any major arguments or issues that arose from it. You then need to comment logically and analytically on this material. What do you agree or disagree with? What have other scholars said about the subject? Are there any views that contrast with yours? What evidence are you using to support your assessment? Don’t forget to state your position clearly.
Review answers should not be purely descriptive; they must demonstrate a high level of analytical skill. The aim is not simply to regurgitate the works of other scholars, but rather to critically analyse these works.
In the case of ‘assess’ question words, you are expected to consider or make an informed judgement about the value, strengths or weakness of an argument, claim or topic. ‘Assess’ questions place particular emphasis on weighing all views concerning the essay subject, as opposed to your opinion only.
However, when assessing a particular argument or topic, it is important that your thoughts on its significance are made clear. This must be supported by evidence, and secondary sources in the literature are a great start. Essentially, you need to convince the reader about the strength of your argument, using research to back up your assessment of the topic is essential. Highlight any limitations to your argument and remember to mention any counterarguments to your position.
‘Discuss’ question words typically require an in-depth answer that takes into account all aspects of the debate concerning a research topic or argument. You must demonstrate reasoning skills with this type of question, by using evidence to make a case for or against a research topic/argument.
Give a detailed examination of the topic by including knowledge of the various perspectives put forward by other scholars in relation to it. What are your thoughts on the subject based on the general debates in the literature? Remember to clearly state your position based on all the evidence you present.
A close examination of a research topic or argument requires that you establish the key facts and important issues concerning the topic or argument by looking at them in close detail. This means that you must adopt a very critical approach with 'examine' question words.
You should also try to provide some context on why the issues and facts that you have closely examined are important. Have these issues and facts been examined differently by other scholars? If so, make a note of this. How did they differ in their approach and what are the factors that account for these alternative approaches?
‘Examine’ questions are less exploratory and discursive than some other types of question. They focus instead on asking you to critically examine particular pieces of evidence or facts to inform your analysis.
In essence, this asks how far you agree with a proposition put forward in the question. This requires a very in-depth assessment of the topic, and especially of the evidence used to present your argument.
Such questions require that you display the extent of your knowledge on a given subject and that you also adopt an analytical style in stating your position. This means that you must consider both sides of the argument, by present contrasting pieces of evidence. But ultimately, you must show why a particular set of evidence, or piece of information, is more valid for supporting your answer.
In some instances, question words require mostly a descriptive response as is the case with the words below:
Here, you must outline the precise meaning of the subject of the question. If the definition you provide is a contested one then make sure you mention this. How do other scholars define the subject? Why is its meaning contested and why have you chosen to use one meaning instead of the other if this is the case?
It is important that you provide more than one meaning if there are several of them as it shows that you are very familiar with the literature.
The key to tackling ‘demonstrate’ questions is to use several examples, evidence, and logical arguments. Essentially, you are required to show how a particular research topic or argument is valid by using evidence and arguments to support your claim.
Make sure you assert your position with these types of questions. It's even more important that you support your arguments with valid evidence in order to establish a strong case.
When describing something, you must provide thorough insight into the main characteristics of a research subject in an objective manner. As answers to such questions will be inherently descriptive, it is important that you recount or characterise in narrative form.
‘Describe’ question words focus less on the basic meaning of something, therefore, and more on its particular characteristics. These characteristics should form the building blocks of your answer.
Here, you are required to provide a lot of detail and information on a research topic or argument. ‘Elaborate’ questions tend to elicit descriptive responses. Therefore. it's important to demonstrate that you have done significant research on the topic to support the information you provide.
‘Explain’ questions expect you to basically clarify a topic. When answering such questions, it helps to imagine you are writing for someone who knows absolutely nothing of the subject. And remember two things. To provide as much detail as possible, and to give definitions for any jargon or key terms when used.
In addition, always remember to back any claims with academic research. In explanatory answers it is important that you demonstrate a clear understanding of a research topic or argument. This comes across most convincingly if you present a clear interpretation of the subject or argument to the reader. Keep in mind any ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘why’ questions as this will help you to structure a clear and logically coherent response. Coherence is extremely important in providing explanatory answers.
Needless to say, your answer must be exploratory and thus it is imperative that you adopt a questioning approach when answering such questions. Because of the exploratory nature of such essays, objectivity is key. That is, you should give an overview of all viewpoints before providing any of your own arguments.
A somewhat detached, dispassionate tone can be particularly effective, in contrast to the more assertive, argumentative tone you might adopt for other types of essay question. Just remember that the key objective here is to give a nuanced account of a research topic or argument by examining its composite parts.
Essay questions that require you to ‘identify’ something in relation to a research topic or argument require you to simply point out and describe the main ideas in a short and coherent way. A little like this paragraph.
Such an answer will generally involve the use of many examples, such as tables, figures, graphs, or concrete research statistics and evidence. The aim is to use these examples to demonstrate knowledge of the subject of the question and to further explain or clarify your answer.
outline answer requires you present an organised description of a research topic or argument. It is imperative that you provide the main points only (and any important supplementary information) as opposed to focusing on the minor details. Remember to present your answer in a systematic and coherent way.
When you are asked to summarise or present a summary of a research topic, you should give a condensed form of its main points or facts. You must omit all minor details and focus mainly on the key facts. As a result, summaries are typically brief and straight to the point. The key is to get all the main facts across to the reader in as punchy and succinct a manner as possible.
This means to provide insight into a subject, and quite literally, provide clarification. For example, this could be done by making an argument or topic more clear by explaining it in simpler terms.
Such questions require you to shed light on a topic or, in some instances, break down a complex subject into simple parts. Coherence is very important for acing such questions, remembering to present your answer in a systematic manner.
When asked to ‘compare’, you must identify any similarities between two or more subjects of discussion. You can go beyond making a basic comparison by trying to understand the roots of the similarities you identify, as well as their significance.
Furthermore, you may also want to emphasise any differences, although the focus of your essay should be on establishing similarities.
A ‘contrast’ question expects you to identify differences, not similarities, between subjects. What are the main dissimilarities between two or more subjects? What sets them apart? These are the general questions that you must keep in mind when addressing ‘contrast’ questions.
Courtesy of Oxbridge Essays : https://www.oxbridgeessays.com/blog/analyse-explain-evaluate-answer-essay-question-words/
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About the Author Stephanie Allen read Classics and English at St Hugh’s College, Oxford, and is currently researching a PhD in Early Modern Academic Drama at the University of Fribourg.
We’ve all been there. You’ve handed in an essay and you think it’s pretty great: it shows off all your best ideas, and contains points you’re sure no one else will have thought of.
You’re not totally convinced that what you’ve written is relevant to the title you were given – but it’s inventive, original and good. In fact, it might be better than anything that would have responded to the question. But your essay isn’t met with the lavish praise you expected. When it’s tossed back onto your desk, there are huge chunks scored through with red pen, crawling with annotations like little red fire ants: ‘IRRELEVANT’; ‘A bit of a tangent!’; ‘???’; and, right next to your best, most impressive killer point: ‘Right… so?’. The grade your teacher has scrawled at the end is nowhere near what your essay deserves. In fact, it’s pretty average. And the comment at the bottom reads something like, ‘Some good ideas, but you didn’t answer the question!’.
If this has ever happened to you (and it has happened to me, a lot), you’ll know how deeply frustrating it is – and how unfair it can seem. This might just be me, but the exhausting process of researching, having ideas, planning, writing and re-reading makes me steadily more attached to the ideas I have, and the things I’ve managed to put on the page. Each time I scroll back through what I’ve written, or planned, so far, I become steadily more convinced of its brilliance. What started off as a scribbled note in the margin, something extra to think about or to pop in if it could be made to fit the argument, sometimes comes to be backbone of a whole essay – so, when a tutor tells me my inspired paragraph about Ted Hughes’s interpretation of mythology isn’t relevant to my essay on Keats, I fail to see why. Or even if I can see why, the thought of taking it out is wrenching. Who cares if it’s a bit off-topic? It should make my essay stand out, if anything! And an examiner would probably be happy not to read yet another answer that makes exactly the same points. If you recognise yourself in the above, there are two crucial things to realise. The first is that something has to change: because doing well in high school exam or coursework essays is almost totally dependent on being able to pin down and organise lots of ideas so that an examiner can see that they convincingly answer a question. And it’s a real shame to work hard on something, have good ideas, and not get the marks you deserve. Writing a top essay is a very particular and actually quite simple challenge. It’s not actually that important how original you are, how compelling your writing is, how many ideas you get down, or how beautifully you can express yourself (though of course, all these things do have their rightful place). What you’re doing, essentially, is using a limited amount of time and knowledge to really answer a question. It sounds obvious, but a good essay should have the title or question as its focus the whole way through . It should answer it ten times over – in every single paragraph, with every fact or figure. Treat your reader (whether it’s your class teacher or an external examiner) like a child who can’t do any interpretive work of their own; imagine yourself leading them through your essay by the hand, pointing out that you’ve answered the question here , and here , and here. Now, this is all very well, I imagine you objecting, and much easier said than done. But never fear! Structuring an essay that knocks a question on the head is something you can learn to do in a couple of easy steps. In the next few hundred words, I’m going to share with you what I’ve learned through endless, mindless crossings-out, rewordings, rewritings and rethinkings.
I’ve lost count of the number of times I’ve been told to ‘write the question at the top of every new page’- but for some reason, that trick simply doesn’t work for me. If it doesn’t work for you either, use this three-part process to allow the question to structure your essay:
It sounds really obvious, but lots of students have trouble answering questions because they don’t take time to figure out exactly what they’re expected to do – instead, they skim-read and then write the essay they want to write. Sussing out a question is a two-part process, and the first part is easy. It means looking at the directions the question provides as to what sort of essay you’re going to write. I call these ‘command phrases’ and will go into more detail about what they mean below. The second part involves identifying key words and phrases.
Use forceful, persuasive language to show how the points you’ve made do answer the question. My main focus so far has been on tangential or irrelevant material – but many students lose marks even though they make great points, because they don’t quite impress how relevant those points are. Again, I’ll talk about how you can do this below.
It doesn’t matter how impressive, original or interesting it is. It doesn’t matter if you’re panicking, and you can’t think of any points that do answer the question. If a point isn’t relevant, don’t bother with it. It’s a waste of time, and might actually work against you- if you put tangential material in an essay, your reader will struggle to follow the thread of your argument, and lose focus on your really good points.
Let’s imagine you’re writing an English essay about the role and importance of the three witches in Macbeth . You’re thinking about the different ways in which Shakespeare imagines and presents the witches, how they influence the action of the tragedy, and perhaps the extent to which we’re supposed to believe in them (stay with me – you don’t have to know a single thing about Shakespeare or Macbeth to understand this bit!). Now, you’ll probably have a few good ideas on this topic – and whatever essay you write, you’ll most likely use much of the same material. However, the detail of the phrasing of the question will significantly affect the way you write your essay. You would draw on similar material to address the following questions: Discuss Shakespeare’s representation of the three witches in Macbeth . How does Shakespeare figure the supernatural in Macbeth ? To what extent are the three witches responsible for Macbeth’s tragic downfall? Evaluate the importance of the three witches in bringing about Macbeth’s ruin. Are we supposed to believe in the three witches in Macbeth ? “Within Macbeth ’s representation of the witches, there is profound ambiguity about the actual significance and power of their malevolent intervention” (Stephen Greenblatt). Discuss. I’ve organised the examples into three groups, exemplifying the different types of questions you might have to answer in an exam. The first group are pretty open-ended: ‘discuss’- and ‘how’-questions leave you room to set the scope of the essay. You can decide what the focus should be. Beware, though – this doesn’t mean you don’t need a sturdy structure, or a clear argument, both of which should always be present in an essay. The second group are asking you to evaluate, constructing an argument that decides whether, and how far something is true. Good examples of hypotheses (which your essay would set out to prove) for these questions are:
The final question asks you to respond to a quotation. Students tend to find these sorts of questions the most difficult to answer, but once you’ve got the hang of them I think the title does most of the work for you – often implicitly providing you with a structure for your essay. The first step is breaking down the quotation into its constituent parts- the different things it says. I use brackets: ( Within Macbeth ’s representation of the witches, ) ( there is profound ambiguity ) about the ( actual significance ) ( and power ) of ( their malevolent intervention ) Examiners have a nasty habit of picking the most bewildering and terrifying-sounding quotations: but once you break them down, they’re often asking for something very simple. This quotation, for example, is asking exactly the same thing as the other questions. The trick here is making sure you respond to all the different parts. You want to make sure you discuss the following:
Having worked out exactly what the question is asking, write out a plan (which should be very detailed in a coursework essay, but doesn’t have to be more than a few lines long in an exam context) of the material you’ll use in each paragraph. Make sure your plan contains a sentence at the end of each point about how that point will answer the question. A point from my plan for one of the topics above might look something like this:
To what extent are we supposed to believe in the three witches in Macbeth ? Hypothesis: The witches’ role in Macbeth’s downfall is deliberately unclear. Their claim to reality is uncertain – finally, they’re part of an uncertain tragic universe and the great illusion of the theatre. Para.1: Context At the time Shakespeare wrote Macbeth , there were many examples of people being burned or drowned as witches There were also people who claimed to be able to exorcise evil demons from people who were ‘possessed’. Catholic Christianity leaves much room for the supernatural to exist This suggests that Shakespeare’s contemporary audience might, more readily than a modern one, have believed that witches were a real phenomenon and did exist.
My final sentence (highlighted in red) shows how the material discussed in the paragraph answers the question. Writing this out at the planning stage, in addition to clarifying your ideas, is a great test of whether a point is relevant: if you struggle to write the sentence, and make the connection to the question and larger argument, you might have gone off-topic.
The final step to making sure you pick up all the possible marks for ‘answering the question’ in an essay is ensuring that you make it explicit how your material does so. This bit relies upon getting the beginnings and endings of paragraphs just right. To reiterate what I said above, treat your reader like a child: tell them what you’re going to say; tell them how it answers the question; say it, and then tell them how you’ve answered the question. This need not feel clumsy, awkward or repetitive. The first sentence of each new paragraph or point should, without giving too much of your conclusion away, establish what you’re going to discuss, and how it answers the question. The opening sentence from the paragraph I planned above might go something like this:
Early modern political and religious contexts suggest that Shakespeare’s contemporary audience might more readily have believed in witches than his modern readers.
The sentence establishes that I’m going to discuss Jacobean religion and witch-burnings, and also what I’m going to use those contexts to show. I’d then slot in all my facts and examples in the middle of the paragraph. The final sentence (or few sentences) should be strong and decisive, making a clear connection to the question you’ve been asked:
Contemporary suspicion that witches did exist, testified to by witch-hunts and exorcisms, is crucial to our understanding of the witches in Macbeth. To the early modern consciousness, witches were a distinctly real and dangerous possibility – and the witches in the play would have seemed all-the-more potent and terrifying as a result.
The best way to get really good at making sure you always ‘answer the question’ is to write essay plans rather than whole pieces. Set aside a few hours, choose a couple of essay questions from past papers, and for each:
You can get your teacher, or a friend, to look through your plans and give you feedback. If you follow this advice, fingers crossed, next time you hand in an essay, it’ll be free from red-inked comments about irrelevance, and instead showered with praise for the precision with which you handled the topic, and how intently you focused on answering the question. It can seem depressing when your perfect question is just a minor tangent from the question you were actually asked, but trust me – high praise and good marks are all found in answering the question in front of you, not the one you would have liked to see. Teachers do choose the questions they set you with some care, after all; chances are the question you were set is the more illuminating and rewarding one as well.
Image credits: banner ; Keats ; Macbeth ; James I ; witches .
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What does it mean to critically evaluate something or to provide a critical review? We won’t lie – these terms are complicated. But the following paragraph, and the rest of this blog post below, may help your understanding:
Typically, the word “critical” has a negative connotation. Think of words like “critique” and “criticise” and you see why. However, with essay writing, being asked to write “critically” does not necessarily mean you need to be negative. Instead, you are voicing your opinion in a logical and coherent way that is based upon evidence and evaluation.
When faced with the task to “critically evaluate” or to provide a “critical review”, it is important to remember that there is going to be some element of description. But you need to be able to build on that description to further justify your point. Let’s go through some examples.
Descriptive writing really focuses on answering the four ‘w’ questions – what, where, who, when. In descriptive writing you are going to need to focus on the following:
Who | What | Where | When |
---|---|---|---|
Who is the author? | What is this about? | Where does this take place? | When does this occur? |
Who is affected? | What is the context? | ||
Who is involved? | What is the main point? |
As you can see from the table above, all of the ‘w’ questions are really important and are essential components to writing a good essay . The purpose of these components is to let the reader get the essential information they need to understand the main idea. Yet if you stop here, you only end up with a descriptive essay, which does not meet the requirements of criticality that are requested by the professor or TA.
Critical writing gives you the opportunity to go beyond the descriptive, so when you critically evaluate or critically review something, you are moving toward analysis and evaluation. This type of critical writing asks you to assess the how, why, what if, so what and what next questions. As you will begin to notice, these questions require much more explanation that the ‘w’ questions (each of which you could likely answer in 10 words or less). Let’s look at some of these questions below:
How | Why | What if | So what | What next |
---|---|---|---|---|
How does this occur? | Why did this occur? | What if we are wrong? | What does this mean? | Is it transferable? |
How does it work? | Why was that done? | What if there was a problem? | Why is this significant? | What can we learn from it? |
How do the parts fit into the whole? | Why this argument / solution? | What if a certain factors were changed/ altered/ removed? | Is this convincing? Why? Why not? | What needs doing now? |
Anyone who has done a lot of writing or who has seen many students’ writing will tell you that there are plenty of ways to write an essay . Yet while there are many strategies, when writing in English, there are certain expectations that the reader has when working through a paragraph or larger piece of writing. Therefore, in order to satisfy the reader that you have successfully completed a critical review or evaluation, you need to make sure that the reader gets what they are expecting.
The first step is to carefully read the article/piece of work that you are going to be critically assessing. Often, students feel like, just because something has been published in an academic journal, that it is an excellent piece of writing that cannot be questioned. But this isn’t necessarily true. The author of that article made certain decisions during the research and writing processes. It is your job to evaluate and analyse what they have done and whether the author has presented any evidence that you can draw conclusions from or make links between areas of knowledge.
In an academic journal article, there are often two places where you will be able to find the easiest opportunities to critically evaluate the work: the methodology and the discussion. In the methodology, the author has made certain decisions about how they are going to answer the research question presented. They have usually (in empirical research) identified a sample, context, and certain instruments (e.g. questionnaire, interviews, observations, etc.). Perhaps one of the easiest ways you can critically evaluate this information is to determine whether or not the sample size is big enough or whether the context applies globally or only to the region where the research took place. For example, a sample of 250 undergraduate students might seem like a lot, but if they are all from a remote area of Pakistan, their situation may not be applicable to undergraduate students who are studying in the UK. Highlighting this issue is one of the more basic forms of criticality because you are applying your own judgements to a situation.
Another area where you might be able to critically evaluate a paper is in the discussion section. It’s in this section where the author expresses their point of view and how their findings relate to other aspects of research. In some articles, you might find that the author has made claims . So if we consider the same group of 250 undergraduate students in Pakistan, the author might find that of the 250 students 225 felt that learning English was important for job security in the future. Therefore, the author might claim that students should learn English if they want to secure a good job in the future. With this argument you could evaluate whether this statement is actually true. We already know that 250 is not representative globally, but we can also assume that students in a remote area of Pakistan may not have access to the same opportunities as students in Beijing. These students may come to a different conclusion about English (potentially).
The point of a critical evaluation is to demonstrate that you can think beyond what you are being told. By taking steps to question what is being written and presented to you, you may be better able to write a critical review and to reflect on how and why the author took the position they did. No research study is perfect and it is your job to determine what could have been modified or changed to fit a different situation.
Focus on directive essay words: “summarise”, focus on directive essay words: “elaborate”.
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When an essay title includes the word ‘Discuss’, this means that you are being asked to debate the subject of the essay. In other words, you need to be able to demonstrate that you have understood and evaluated both sides of the topic, problem, or opposing views in a theoretical perspective. At the same time, you need to be able to show, through rational evaluation of the evidence why you favour a particular view.
From this definition, it is clear that a ‘discuss’ essay is looking for balance, not bias or persuasion. In other words, the essay is not starting from one perspective and aiming to confirm this. Rather the intent of a ‘discuss’ essay is to deliver a work that clearly separates facts and opinions. The skills required for this include paraphrasing, summation, and the clear evaluation of different viewpoints. Common titles for a discuss essay include the format “AI is killing natural innovation from engineers. Discuss”, “Highlight and examine the advantages and disadvantages of home schooling for toddlers”, “Examine the arguments for and against the widespread mandatory delivery of the Covid-19 vaccine”. All of these titles require a discuss essay to be produced.
Introduction.
In all essays the best introductions are those which draw in the reader with a strong statement from the outset. The remainder of the introduction should give a brief indication of the subject being covered, the key points that will be discussed, and if you wish, anticipated conclusions. You should also incorporate any acronyms, or industry specific terms that will be covered in the essay.
The main body (or the meat of the essay) should be divided into separate paragraphs that each cover one distinct point or statement. A discuss essay requires presentation of evidence, so each paragraph should be focused on one point with both for and against perspectives, before a final summary point identifying one or the other as being justified. In all cases, any points made should be backed up by evidence, correctly cited and referenced at the end of your work.
Important point: The evidence provided, and references cited should only come from valid, credible sources, preferably peer-reviewed articles, and fully referenced. It is vital to ensure that the views expressed are not opinions but have been delivered based on evidence of wider reading in the field.
To ensure a logical flow, you should raise the main or key points of an arguments first, and then move onto sub-arguments, ensuring that all the paragraphs are well linked to deliver a cohesive, essay that flows in a logical way.
A discuss essay conclusion should contain two elements. Firstly, a summary of the core ideas, returning to the evidence presented and the points made, along with an indication of which you believe delivered the strongest arguments for or against the statement in the title.
Secondly, a discuss essay should give your opinion, which should be grounded in the presented evidence, to demonstrate your ability to draw a conclusion from the data considered. In other words, following an internal debate with yourself, evaluating the information available, you should demonstrate that you have an informed opinion on the subject under discussion.
To help you in the construction of your discussion essay, we have put together a list of key words and phrases that can be used to ensure you deliver a first-class piece of work.
When presenting evidence:.
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Published on January 11, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on August 15, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.
A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . It usually comes near the end of your introduction .
Your thesis will look a bit different depending on the type of essay you’re writing. But the thesis statement should always clearly state the main idea you want to get across. Everything else in your essay should relate back to this idea.
You can write your thesis statement by following four simple steps:
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What is a thesis statement, placement of the thesis statement, step 1: start with a question, step 2: write your initial answer, step 3: develop your answer, step 4: refine your thesis statement, types of thesis statements, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis statements.
A thesis statement summarizes the central points of your essay. It is a signpost telling the reader what the essay will argue and why.
The best thesis statements are:
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The thesis statement generally appears at the end of your essay introduction or research paper introduction .
The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts and among young people more generally is hotly debated. For many who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education: the internet facilitates easier access to information, exposure to different perspectives, and a flexible learning environment for both students and teachers.
You should come up with an initial thesis, sometimes called a working thesis , early in the writing process . As soon as you’ve decided on your essay topic , you need to work out what you want to say about it—a clear thesis will give your essay direction and structure.
You might already have a question in your assignment, but if not, try to come up with your own. What would you like to find out or decide about your topic?
For example, you might ask:
After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process .
Now you need to consider why this is your answer and how you will convince your reader to agree with you. As you read more about your topic and begin writing, your answer should get more detailed.
In your essay about the internet and education, the thesis states your position and sketches out the key arguments you’ll use to support it.
The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its many benefits for education because it facilitates easier access to information.
In your essay about braille, the thesis statement summarizes the key historical development that you’ll explain.
The invention of braille in the 19th century transformed the lives of blind people, allowing them to participate more actively in public life.
A strong thesis statement should tell the reader:
The final thesis statement doesn’t just state your position, but summarizes your overall argument or the entire topic you’re going to explain. To strengthen a weak thesis statement, it can help to consider the broader context of your topic.
These examples are more specific and show that you’ll explore your topic in depth.
Your thesis statement should match the goals of your essay, which vary depending on the type of essay you’re writing:
If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.
The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:
Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.
Follow these four steps to come up with a thesis statement :
The thesis statement should be placed at the end of your essay introduction .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, August 15). How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/academic-essay/thesis-statement/
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Success is subjective and varies, including financial gain, fulfillment, impact, or work-life balance.
In interviews , defining success shows your values and how you align with the company’s goals.
Prepare by reflecting on achievements, understanding company values, and aligning your goals with theirs.
Avoid sharing overly personal details or using someone else's definition of success.
Evaluate past successes, align with the company’s mission, and personalize your career success vision.
When you're in a job interview , the interviewer might ask, "How do you measure success?" or "What does success mean to you?"
These are open-ended questions with no right or wrong answers. They allow you to show qualities employers value, like determination, motivation, drive, enthusiasm, and a team-focused mindset.
So, in this guide, we’ll discuss how to give a strong answer to these questions, along with examples of good responses.
It might seem obvious, but it’s hard to answer this question without considering what success means to you personally.
For some, success is about making money . For others, it’s about being happy. While your idea of success may differ, one way to consider this question is by focusing on a positive outcome. This could relate to a work project, a goal, or a task.
To determine success, consider the outcomes you want in your work. Here are some examples:
Feeling fulfilled
Doing meaningful work
Having a purpose
Being valued and appreciated
Being recognized for your contributions
Continually growing
Making an impact at work, in your community, or with your team
Maintaining good health
Achieving financial stability
Balancing work and life
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What success means to you definition in an interview can reveal a lot about your values, work ethic, and personality. It shows what drives you to excel and what motivates you. Interviewers might also ask this question to see if your values align with theirs and if you share a similar vision.
These open-ended questions help interviewers understand if you’re the kind of employee who sets and meets goals. Think of it this way: if you take the personal part out of this question, success simply means something that turns out well. That’s what the interviewer is asking to know if you can achieve good results. If you can communicate that to a hiring manager, you’ll make a strong impression.
Defining success can be tricky because it's personal and changes over time. There's no single answer for what makes someone successful, and your idea of success will always be unique.
This is normal, but you'll need to focus on defining success in a work context for a job interview .
To prepare, shortlist your recent achievements or times when you accomplished something important. Think about your goals, milestones, and moments when you positively impacted others. Here are some examples:
Did you meet a sales target?
Did you start a new employee resource group after it was a company goal for months?
Did you begin saying "no" to clients, allowing you to focus on launching a new product for your company?
Did you try something new at work? If it didn't work out, did you learn something valuable for the future?
It's helpful to know what not to say when answering this question. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:
Don't share overly personal information about your family or yourself.
Don't discuss your political or religious beliefs.
Don't forget to keep your answer professional.
Don't use someone else's definition of success.
Don't make your response sound robotic. Remember, they want to hire a real person, not someone perfect!
Defining success is personal and can vary greatly from one person to another. It's easy to get caught up in how others measure success, but it's important to focus on what it means to you both as an individual and an employee.
To help you craft your answer for a job interview , here’s a three-step method that can guide you in defining and communicating what success looks like to you:
Before discussing future success, reflect on your past achievements. Consider the successes (and failures) you've experienced, your strengths (and weaknesses), and your long-term goals. This reflection will help you identify patterns in your past successes that can inform your definition of future success.
Take a moment to think about your past wins. What challenges did you overcome to achieve them? What did you learn about yourself in the process? By understanding your past accomplishments, you can articulate how you plan to succeed in your future role.
Example Answer:
"Success, to me, is about learning and growing in a role. In my last position as [JOB TITLE], I accepted a challenging project that required a significant learning curve. I learned new skills while completing [PROJECT] and achieving [RESULT]. Success, to me, is about continuous improvement and being open to learning."
Specific Examples of Achievements to Consider:
Organized schedules or logistics for the executive team
Collaborated with other departments
Improved or reorganized processes
Onboarded and trained new team members
Solved problems or implemented new ideas
Increased revenue, sales, or customer retention
Managed budgets or saved the company money
Contributed to good customer service or operational efficiency
When interviewers ask about your definition of success, they often look to see if your values align with the company's culture and mission. They want to know if you’re a good fit for the organization.
Before answering, research the company’s mission statement, core values, and culture. Make sure your goals align with what the company prioritizes. Whether the focus is collaboration, innovation, or revenue growth, tailor your answer to reflect the company’s values.
"I know that [COMPANY] places a strong emphasis on [VALUES]. For me, success means working collaboratively with a team to create impactful solutions while upholding these core values. I believe aligning with [COMPANY]'s mission is key to achieving meaningful success."
This is where you can personalize your answer. Think about what success looks like for you in the short term and long term. Consider how your past experiences and the company’s values align with your career goals.
Success can mean achieving specific workplace goals, stepping out of your comfort zone, or growing into a leadership role . It can also mean learning from past failures and using those lessons to improve.
"I define success as the combination of [COMPANY VALUE] and determination to achieve a goal. I feel a project has been successful when I see real growth in my skills and abilities. At [COMPANY], I would consider my first success to be joining the team. From there, I would build on that success by taking advantage of learning opportunities and collaborating with the talented individuals here."
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When asked "What does success mean to you," it's important to define it in a way that reflects your own values and goals. Whether in a job interview or in life, understanding what success means to you can guide your decisions and keep you focused on what truly matters. Remember, your definition of success is personal, so keep it simple, authentic, and aligned with your own aspirations.
Success means reaching goals that bring personal and professional satisfaction while enjoying the journey and making a positive impact on others.
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For women planning to have children in the future, ovarian reserve screening can give a clearer sense of their fertility timeline so that they may plan their pregnancies better amid competing priorities and life goals, say the founders of Taylor, an independent clinical health platform in Singapore.
Fertility screening is useful for Singapore women as they tend to marry at a later age and delay having children in lieu of other life priorities. (Photo: iStock/tonefotografia)
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What is your egg count? This is a question many women don’t think about, even if they are actively trying to get pregnant .
But the founders of Taylor – general practitioner Dr Jody Paige Goh and her business partner Eve Lee – believe this is a useful question that young women from their late twenties might ask, regardless of marital status, if they plan to have children in the future.
In the context of women marrying at a later age and facing competing priorities in life, fertility screening helps them understand their fertility health. This knowledge could help them to better plan out their lives.
An independent women’s health clinical platform launched in March, one of the key services Taylor offers is Ovarian Reserve Screening (S$98), done via a blood test and followed by a tele-consult.
“ Women are born with all the eggs they will ever have, and this supply decreases in both quality and quantity with age. [This screening] can give an idea of how many eggs are left and how many fertile years may remain,” said Dr Goh.
She added that the screening does not provide information about the quality of the eggs or the chances of getting pregnant naturally, which is dependent on other factors, and that is why a discussion with a healthcare provider is recommended.
“[Ovarian Reserve Screening] is for people who… want to think about whether egg freezing is urgent for them, or who just want to know their rough fertility timeline,” said Lee, who is the platform’s CEO.
BE PROACTIVE ABOUT FERTILITY CHECKS
“ We see more and more patients thinking about having children in their thirties and forties,” said Dr Goh.
“With more women and couples choosing to have children later in life , it becomes more important to be aware of potential fertility issues early on.
“Delaying family planning may reduce fertility due to the natural decline in egg quality and quantity with age, with a sharper decline beginning around 35 for women,” Dr Goh added.
This decline does not happen at the same rate for every woman, she said, which is why a personalised approach to family planning, based on information about one’s own fertility health, is useful.
The platform also offers more in-depth fertility screening to check for thyroid health and other signs of infertility, such as premature ovarian failure and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) , a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age.
“If certain fertility issues are found, women and couples can take proactive steps, like adjusting their family building timelines or considering fertility treatments like egg freezing or IVF (in-vitro fertilisation) sooner,” said Dr Goh.
Since July 2023, elective egg freezing is legal in Singapore for women aged 21 to 37, regardless of their marital status.
“If a woman at risk of early menopause chooses to freeze her eggs now, she is likely to obtain a greater number of higher-quality eggs as compared with if she were to choose to wait a few more years,” Dr Goh added.
Fertility screening is especially important for women who are at higher risk of subfertility (delay in getting pregnant), for instance, those who have undergone ovarian surgery or chemotherapy, Dr Goh said.
These procedures may damage parts of the ovaries, harm eggs, and lower the egg count.
Fertility screening is also recommended for those with a family history of early menopause, she added. These women may be at a higher risk of the condition as well.
If certain fertility issues are found, women and couples can take proactive steps, like adjusting their family building timelines or considering fertility treatments.
Dr Goh stressed that fertility issues affect both men and women. “Men also experience a decline in fertility, with sperm quality and quantity gradually decreasing starting around age 40,” she said.
“About half of all fertility struggles are related to male factors, such as sperm quality or quantity . Understanding and addressing these issues is crucial for both partners as they navigate their fertility journey together,” she said. To help the men, Taylor offers semen analysis as part of their Couple’s Fertility Screening package.
MORE FERTILITY SUPPORT FOR WOMEN
To make fertility screening accessible to more women, Taylor will hold a mobile fertility clinic on Sep 18, at Fusionopolis , its second since the platform’s launch.
“We hope to normalise the conversations around proactive fertility care,” Lee said.
When screening reveals severe conditions or specialised needs, such patients will be referred to specialists and IVF clinics. Taylor’s network includes seven IVF clinics in Singapore, 11 in Malaysia and eight in Thailand to cater to couples with different budgets and needs, said Dr Goh.
One common challenge for women undergoing egg freezing and IVF includes self-administered injections. Lee explained that the first part of the two processes involves 10 to 12 days of daily injections of fertility hormones.
“Some people are concerned about seeing the needle going into their own body or worry that they are not doing it properly,” said Lee.
To allay patients’ concerns, Taylor offers a home-injection service where trained nurses go to the woman’s home to help her. It costs S$85 per visit.
“Having someone professional doing it for you can give you a peace of mind, and in some cases, reduce couple friction,” Lee added.
Lee, who is married and underwent egg freezing last year at the age of 31 as part of family planning, said it is a stressful experience and wants to help other couples with it.
Taylor also offers the public a free app – Hey Taylor – with a range of services, including period tracking and alerts for abnormal symptoms based on certain clinical algorithms.
For example, if you experience period pain, heavy periods, or a combination of other symptoms, the app will send you a push notification with information about relevant conditions and suggest a medical consultation.
Beyond fertility, Taylor’s aim is to support women through major life transitions, from menstrual and sexual health through pregnancy and menopause.
CNA Women is a section on CNA Lifestyle that seeks to inform, empower and inspire the modern woman. If you have women-related news, issues and ideas to share with us, email CNAWomen [at] mediacorp.com.sg .
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IMAGES
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A 'consider' essay question typically includes key elements that guide your response. These elements may include specific theories, social phenomena, case studies, or debates within the field of sociology. Identifying and understanding these components is crucial for constructing a well-rounded and coherent essay.
Understanding instruction words in academic essay titles
Step 1: Understanding the essay question - The Writing Guide
The topic is the broad subject area of the question; the instruction tells you what, specifically, your entire essay is supposed to do; and the focus is the narrow aspect of the topic that the question asks you to address. To take the example above, an essay question may be broken up like this: Describe the five most important moments in the ...
22 Essay Question Words You Must Understand to Prepare ...
Question words like 'analyse', 'evaluate' and 'explain' in essay titles indicate how to structure your essay. These words often require critical responses of varying degrees, while some may only require a descriptive answer. It's important to always adhere to the question words regardless of their nature, as failing to do so can ...
Understanding the essay question is the first and most important step you will undertake with any assignment, as without fully understanding the task you cannot respond to it. Consider the key elements in the question e.g. Examine the role of women in Parliament since 1918, with reference to key Equality legislation and ask yourself: What is the main subject of the question?
Analysing an essay question
Analyse the question. Use question analysis for assignments, exam essays and short answer questions. Apply the following steps to all question analysis: 1. Read the whole question twice. It is important that you interpret the question accurately and clearly.
Common essay questions: The list below describes some of the most common types of essay question: Account for: Explain, clarify, give reasons. Analyse: Resolve into component parts. Examine critically and minutely. Assess: Determine the value of, weigh up (similar to evaluate). Compare: Look for similarities and differences between, perhaps ...
If your instructor has told you not to consider sources outside of those specified in the assignment, then you should follow that instruction. In those assignments, the instructor wants to know what you think about the assigned sources and about the question, and they do not want you to bring in other sources. • Consider your audience.
Before you start an essay, you need to understand the question. To do this, you need to identify the instruction words - the words in ESSAY TERMS EXPLAINED the question telling you what to do. Below is an explanation of some common instruction words you may come across in essay questions. ESSAY TERMS EXPLAINED Instruction words Meaning
Essay writing help. How to write the introduction to an essay; 10 things to remember when using paragraphs within your essay; How to begin a new paragraph. Useful linking words and phrases. The use of the apostrophe: avoid using contractions within your essay; On the importance of taking a critical approach in your essay writing
Essay writing: Analysing questions - Hull University Library
A Brief Guide to the Elements of the Academic Essay
How to Write a Good Answer to Exam Essay Questions
Question words drive your essay response. Words such as 'explain', 'evaluate' or 'analyse' - typical question words used in essay titles - provide a useful indication of how your essay should be structured. No matter their nature, question words are key and must always be adhered to. And yet, many students often overlook them ...
How to Structure an Essay | Tips & Templates
2) Be as explicit as possible. Use forceful, persuasive language to show how the points you've made do answer the question. My main focus so far has been on tangential or irrelevant material - but many students lose marks even though they make great points, because they don't quite impress how relevant those points are.
PREPARING EFFECTIVE ESSAY QUESTIONS
Typically, the word "critical" has a negative connotation. Think of words like "critique" and "criticise" and you see why. However, with essay writing, being asked to write "critically" does not necessarily mean you need to be negative. Instead, you are voicing your opinion in a logical and coherent way that is based upon ...
A discuss essay conclusion should contain two elements. Firstly, a summary of the core ideas, returning to the evidence presented and the points made, along with an indication of which you believe delivered the strongest arguments for or against the statement in the title. Secondly, a discuss essay should give your opinion, which should be ...
How to Write a Thesis Statement | 4 Steps & Examples
What Does Success Mean to You? It might seem obvious, but it's hard to answer this question without considering what success means to you personally. For some, success is about making money. For others, it's about being happy. While your idea of success may differ, one way to consider this question is by focusing on a positive outcome.
What is your egg count? This is a question many women don't think about, even if they are actively trying to get pregnant.. But the founders of Taylor - general practitioner Dr Jody Paige Goh and her business partner Eve Lee - believe this is a useful question that young women from their late twenties might ask, regardless of marital status, if they plan to have children in the future.