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GOAL 7: Affordable and clean energy

Learn more about SDG 7

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all:

Lack of access to energy supplies and transformation systems is a constraint to human and economic development. The environment provides a series of renewable and non-renewable energy sources i.e. solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, biofuels, natural gas, coal, petroleum, uranium. 

Increased use of fossil fuels without actions to mitigate greenhouse gases will have global climate change implications. Energy efficiency and increase use of renewables contribute to climate change mitigation and disaster risk reduction. Maintaining and protecting ecosystems allow using and further developing hydropower sources of electricity and bioenergy.

• 3 billion people rely on wood, coal, charcoal or animal waste for cooking and heating
• Energy is the dominant contributor to climate change, accounting for around 60 per cent of total global greenhouse gas emissions
• Since 1990, global emissions of CO2 have increased by more than 46 per cent.
• Hydropower is the largest single renewable electricity source today, providing 16% of world electricity at competitive prices. It dominates the electricity mix in several countries, developed, emerging or developing.
• Bioenergy is the single largest renewable energy source today, providing 10% of world primary energy supply.

Targets linked to the environment:

• Target 7.1: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services
• Target 7.2: By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix
• Target 7.3: By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
• Target 7.a: By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
• Target 7.b: By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States, and land-locked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support

To learn more about UN Environment Programme's contributions to SDG 7:

• SDG Issue Brief on  Ensuring Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All

Related Sustainable Development Goals

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IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, WHO. 2023. Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report. World Bank, Washington DC. © World Bank. License: Creative Commons Attribution—NonCommercial 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO).

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Tracking SDG7: The energy progress report 2023

This annual report tracks global progress toward Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7 : Achieving affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. It serves as a guide for policymakers and the international community in advancing energy access, energy efficiency, renewable energy and international cooperation to achieve SDG 7. IRENA produces the report jointly with the SDG 7 co-custodian agencies: the International Energy Agency (IEA), the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The preparatory process for the 2023 edition was chaired by the WHO.

The latest data indicate that the world is not on track to achieve any of the SDG7 targets. In 2021, 675 million people still lacked access to electricity. Of those, 567 million people lived in Sub-Saharan Africa – accounting for more than 80% of the global population without access. Meanwhile, 2.3 billion people lacked access to clean cooking, largely in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. At the current rate of progress, 660 million people are projected to still lack access to electricity in 2030, and 1.9 billion people would continue to rely on polluting cooking fuels. Meanwhile, renewable energy deployment has risen significantly in the power sector, growing by around 27 percent in 2010-2020 and 7 percent in 2019-2020 – the largest annual growth recorded over the past three decades. The share of renewable sources in total final energy consumption reached 19.1 percent globally in 2020, compared to 16.7% in 2010. However, current progress is insufficient and renewable energy deployment must accelerate considerably – particularly in heat and transport. Progress in energy efficiency measures is also off track, with only a 0.6% rate of improvement in 2021. Energy intensity must improve at no less than 3.4 percent annually from now until 2030 to make up for the shortfall. Meanwhile, international public financial flows to developing countries to support clean energy decreased for the third year running, amounting to USD 10.8 billion in 2021. This is only about 40% of the 2017 peak of USD 26.4 billion.

In order to realise SDG 7 and related SDGs by 2030, the SDG 7 custodian agencies emphasise the need for: stronger and more tangible commitments to close the gaps in access to electricity and clean cooking fuels and technologies; a fundamental transformation of the global energy system as a precondition for sustainable development and global energy security; and the importance of international cooperation and financing to deliver on the considerable promise of the energy transition.

Find the dashboards and additional information on the Tracking SDG 7 website .

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Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7)

Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) calls for “affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all” by 2030. It’s three core targets are the foundation for our work:

Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

From job creation to economic development, from security concerns to the full empowerment of women, energy lies at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - agreed to by the world’s leaders in September 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda. Further information on SDGs.

Globally, the number of people without access to electricity declined from 1.14 billion in 2010 to 675 million in 2021. Asia was the major driver of this decline, as the deficit there shrank from 516 million in 2010 to 69 million in 2021. Meanwhile, Africa saw only a marginal reduction of its unelectrified population, from 591 million to 586 million during the same period, influenced by its rapidly increasing population. The 2023 Tracking SDG7 Report  estimates 660 million people would still lack access in 2030, most of them in Sub-Saharan Africa.

At the same time, some 2.3 billion people remained without access to clean cooking in 2021, one third of the global population. Largely stagnant progress since 2010 leads to millions of deaths each year from breathing cooking smoke, and without rapid action to scale up clean cooking the world will fall short of its target by 30 percent come 2030. 

Goal 7 target areas

Sdg 7.1 - access to energy.

By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services

SDG 7.2 - Renewable energy

By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix

SDG 7.3 - Energy efficiency

By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency

15 Jul 2024

Data analysis

15 Aug 2023

14 Jun 2023

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SDG 7 – Affordable and clean energy

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THE 17 GOALS

Publications

End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.

Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.

Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Reduce inequality within and among countries.

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.

Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.

Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development.

Do you know all 17 SDGs?

Implementation Progress

Sdgs icons. downloads and guidelines, the 17 goals.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,  adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the  UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs

• In June 1992, at the  Earth Summit  in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178 countries adopted  Agenda 21 , a comprehensive plan of action to build a global partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the environment.
• Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the  Millennium Summit  in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to the elaboration of eight  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)  to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.
• The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of Implementation, adopted at the  World Summit on Sustainable Development  in South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty eradication and the environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium Declaration by including more emphasis on multilateral partnerships.
• At the  United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)  in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document  "The Future We Want"  in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the  UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development . The Rio +20 outcome also contained other measures for implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future programmes of work in development financing, small island developing states and more.
• In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member  Open Working Group  to develop a proposal on the SDGs.
• In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the  post-2015 development agenda . The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of the  2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development , with  17 SDGs  at its core, at the  UN Sustainable Development Summit  in September 2015.
• Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction  (March 2015)
• Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development  (July 2015)
• Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development  with its 17 SDGs was adopted at the  UN Sustainable Development Summit  in New York in September 2015.
• Paris Agreement on Climate Change  (December 2015)
• Now, the annual  High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development  serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.

Today, the  Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG)  in the United Nations  Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)  provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues, including  water ,  energy ,  climate ,  oceans ,  urbanization ,  transport ,  science and technology , the  Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR) ,  partnerships  and  Small Island Developing States . DSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.

Follow DSDG on Facebook at  www.facebook.com/sustdev  and on Twitter at  @SustDev .

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Every year, the UN Secretary General presents an annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in cooperation with the UN System, and based on the global indicator framework and data produced by national statistical systems and information collected at the regional level.

Please, check below information about the SDG Progress Report:

• SDG Progress Report (2024)
• SDG Progress Report (2023)
• SDG Progress Report (2022)
• SDG Progress Report (2021)
• SDG Progress Report (2020)
• SDG Progress Report (2019)
• SDG Progress Report (2018)
• SDG Progress Report (2017)
• SDG Progress Report (2016)

Please, check here for information about SDG indicators and reports: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs#

Additionally, the Global Sustainable Development Report is produced once every four years to inform the quadrennial SDG review deliberations at the General Assembly. It is written by an Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General.

• Global Sustainable Development Report (2019)
• Global Sustainable Development Report (2023)

SDGs Icons. Downloads and guidelines.

• Download SDGs icons according to guidelines at this link .
• Please send inquiries to: United Nations Department of Global Communications