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Analysis of inductive argument
This is a method of reasoning called induction. This method generally entails the use of inference method, collective principals, and law about a particular issue as well as argument. Moreover, in the case of opinion poll, it is the representation of a scientific research to rate the views of a given group. The group concerns are the union trade members, or those who participate in voting. In the American context, there are two main political parties namely the Democratic Party and the Republican Party (Moore, 2012, p.112).
For a particular organization to take a poll survey, it is important for the organization to formulate the questionnaire that will act as a guideline for the research. These usually enhance the accuracy of the research. Some of the questions that should feature include; is Election Day open on polling? Are the options available for the voter to choose? What parties can one vote? Who is the most popular presidential candidate?
The sample size that was used during the research constituted of 1054 people. The sampled individuals were mainly adults drawn from all parts of the nation. It is pertinent to note that this sample size was large enough to avoid hastiness despite having exceeded the recommend number, which is always 1000. This is a considerable number in that with the occurrence of the error notwithstanding, the target will be met Govier, 2009, p130). It is imperative that the sample brings into existence the landline and cell phones that came into operation. This work successfully came up by the use of random selection using a computer. This random selection came out of almost 69000 exchanges of residents across the country to ensure all regions of the country are equally represented. The use of a computer alleviated biasness whilst accounting for correct proportionality. It is pertinent to note that after each random exchange, the digits add up to make a full number of a telephone, therefore, enhancing accessibility to the unlisted and listed numbers. This enabled the cell phone random dial numbers reach the respondents. It is noteworthy that those who admit supporting the democrats are over sampled in the same poll. The sample came into another stage, where the Democratic Party literally compared to republican and other parties, thus bringing about the difference.
Biasing is another factor that can accrue whenever there is an election. Thus, United States is not exception since Obama’s success did encounter biasing. Bias result mostly in the media since it is the widest form of communication. In most cases, media frequently favors the one who is on powerful and president. Obamas’ team has the ability to put its pressure on the media. This is evident to the BBC news on recent period during the countries’ opinion poll voting. News did rotate around the good performance of the president. In 2011, September, more than 15000 voters did cast their opinion poll, and surprisingly 34% to 36% came about in favor of the Republican Party. Nevertheless, against much expectation, Washington Post/ABC did show that the data analysis came in favor of Obama by 5% surge.
The target population is always adults who has 18 years of age and who has actually had a birthday recently. In the household, this is the method pollster uses to select voters. Every adult individual has an opportunity to take participation in voting. There are two types of Gallup poll; these include traditionally stand-alone poll, and a night’s interview (Heit & Feeney, 2007). The Gallup poll is usually 1000 adults with an error margin of +or -4 points in percentage. However, the daily tracking plans has open Gallup poll analyst to use a considerable amount of groups. Fortunately, accuracy of the estimation does derive from a larger sample size that is marginal.
On scale representation, the rating is labeled 1 to 10 such that 1 denotes the weakest while 10 is the strongest. Polls can be rated as 5 because polls are neither weak nor strong. Poll depends with the nature of persons and the authority that the president, or the power holder posses unlike the civilians. If the government holds powerful opposition, the poll will be rated 5 (Chakraborti, 2006 p242). However, if atoll, opposition is weak, then biasing and other unfair factors will penetrate through and so the stability of the country will be poor and weak almost to one.
In conclusion, strong poll represents the voice of the citizens in a given country to facilitate change. In addition, if fairness undergoes consideration, people do vote and stand by their rights. If one passes the poll, he/she has respect of the natives of the country. Strong poll surpasses the set level by almost 10% and so this shows that when people speaks, so has spoken. Nevertheless, a weak poll is weak since the majority of its vote comes from a less number or portion of the entire country. This is a clear indication that where poll do not have fans or its not favorite party to peoples’ decision on getting change, or persuasive power of the competing party (Heit, 2007, 321). Weak poll entails how the party is as well weak, and a strong poll, entails how the party in favor is strong. Therefore, strong is always strong and weak is always weak.
Chakraborti, C. (2006). Logic: Informal, Symbolic and Inductive . PHI Learning Pvt.
Govier, T. (2009). A Practical Study of Argument. New Yok, NY: Cengage Learning.
Heit, E., & Feeney, A. (2007). Inductive Reasoning: Experimental, Developmental, and Computational Approaches . Cambridge University Press.
Moore, K. (2012). Developing Critical Thinking . Armstedam: Kendall/Hunt.
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Inductive and deductive are commonly used in the context of logic, reasoning, and science. Scientists use both inductive and deductive reasoning as part of the scientific method . Fictional detectives like Sherlock Holmes are famously associated with methods of deduction (though that’s often not what Holmes actually uses—more on that later). Some writing courses involve inductive and deductive essays.
But what’s the difference between inductive and deductive ? Broadly speaking, the difference involves whether the reasoning moves from the general to the specific or from the specific to the general. In this article, we’ll define each word in simple terms, provide several examples, and even quiz you on whether you can spot the difference.
Inductive reasoning (also called induction ) involves forming general theories from specific observations. Observing something happen repeatedly and concluding that it will happen again in the same way is an example of inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning (also called deduction ) involves forming specific conclusions from general premises, as in: everyone in this class is an English major; Jesse is in this class; therefore, Jesse is an English major.
Inductive is used to describe reasoning that involves using specific observations, such as observed patterns, to make a general conclusion. This method is sometimes called induction . Induction starts with a set of premises , based mainly on experience or experimental evidence. It uses those premises to generalize a conclusion .
For example, let’s say you go to a cafe every day for a month, and every day, the same person comes at exactly 11 am and orders a cappuccino. The specific observation is that this person has come to the cafe at the same time and ordered the same thing every day during the period observed. A general conclusion drawn from these premises could be that this person always comes to the cafe at the same time and orders the same thing.
While inductive reasoning can be useful, it’s prone to being flawed. That’s because conclusions drawn using induction go beyond the information contained in the premises. An inductive argument may be highly probable , but even if all the observations are accurate, it can lead to incorrect conclusions.
Follow up this discussion with a look at concurrent vs. consecutive .
In our basic example, there are a number of reasons why it may not be true that the person always comes at the same time and orders the same thing.
Additional observations of the same event happening in the same way increase the probability that the event will happen again in the same way, but you can never be completely certain that it will always continue to happen in the same way.
That’s why a theory reached via inductive reasoning should always be tested to see if it is correct or makes sense.
Inductive can also be used as a synonym for introductory . It’s also used in a more specific way to describe the scientific processes of electromagnetic and electrostatic induction —or things that function based on them.
Deductive reasoning (also called deduction ) involves starting from a set of general premises and then drawing a specific conclusion that contains no more information than the premises themselves. Deductive reasoning is sometimes called deduction (note that deduction has other meanings in the contexts of mathematics and accounting).
Here’s an example of deductive reasoning: chickens are birds; all birds lay eggs; therefore, chickens lay eggs. Another way to think of it: if something is true of a general class (birds), then it is true of the members of the class (chickens).
Deductive reasoning can go wrong, of course, when you start with incorrect premises. For example, look where this first incorrect statement leads us: all animals that lay eggs are birds; snakes lay eggs; therefore, snakes are birds.
The scientific method can be described as deductive . You first formulate a hypothesis —an educated guess based on general premises (sometimes formed by inductive methods). Then you test the hypothesis with an experiment . Based on the results of the experiment, you can make a specific conclusion as to the accuracy of your hypothesis.
You may have deduced there are related terms to this topic. Start with a look at interpolation vs. extrapolation .
Deductive reasoning is popularly associated with detectives and solving mysteries. Most famously, Sherlock Holmes claimed to be among the world’s foremost practitioners of deduction , using it to solve how crimes had been committed (or impress people by guessing where they had been earlier in the day).
However, despite this association, reasoning that’s referred to as deduction in many stories is actually more like induction or a form of reasoning known as abduction , in which probable but uncertain conclusions are drawn based on known information.
Sherlock’s (and Arthur Conan Doyle ’s) use of the word deduction can instead be interpreted as a way (albeit imprecise) of referring to systematic reasoning in general.
Inductive reasoning involves starting from specific premises and forming a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning involves using general premises to form a specific conclusion.
Conclusions reached via deductive reasoning cannot be incorrect if the premises are true. That’s because the conclusion doesn’t contain information that’s not in the premises. Unlike deductive reasoning, though, a conclusion reached via inductive reasoning goes beyond the information contained within the premises—it’s a generalization , and generalizations aren’t always accurate.
The best way to understand the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is probably through examples.
Go Behind The Words!
Examples of inductive reasoning.
Premise: All known fish species in this genus have yellow fins. Conclusion: Any newly discovered species in the genus is likely to have yellow fins.
Premises: This volcano has erupted about every 500 years for the last 1 million years. It last erupted 499 years ago. Conclusion: It will erupt again soon.
Premises: All plants with rainbow berries are poisonous. This plant has rainbow berries. Conclusion: This plant is poisonous.
Premises: I am lactose intolerant. Lactose intolerant people get sick when they consume dairy. This milkshake contains dairy. Conclusion: I will get sick if I drink this milkshake.
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Inductive Essay Examples. 20 samples. Unlike in a deductive essay, inductive texts explore the topic without arguing for the correctness of the hypothesis. Here you will provide evidence first and suggest your reasoning only in the concluding paragraph. In terms of structure, you move from the particular cases to the general principle.
Inductive reasoning generalizations can vary from weak to strong, depending on the number and quality of observations and arguments used. Inductive generalization. Inductive generalizations use observations about a sample to come to a conclusion about the population it came from. Inductive generalizations are also called induction by enumeration.
15 Inductive Reasoning Examples. Inductive reasoning involves using patterns from small datasets to come up with broader generalizations. For example, it is used in opinion polling when you poll 1,000 people and use that data to come up with an estimate of broader public opinion. Typically, inductive reasoning moves from the specific to the ...
Here are some examples of inductive essay topics: - Example 1: The Link Between Smoking and Lung Cancer: This essay could look at the studies and statistics that have been done on the link between smoking and lung cancer and come to a conclusion about how strong it is. - Example 2: The Effects of Social Media on Mental Health: This essay ...
Dr. Tamara Fudge, Kaplan University professor in the School of Business and IT There are several ways to present information when writing, including those that employ inductive and deductive reasoning. The difference can be stated simply: Inductive reasoning presents facts and then wraps them up with a conclusion. Deductive reasoning presents a thesis statement and…
Deductive and Inductive Arguments. In philosophy, an argument consists of a set of statements called premises that serve as grounds for affirming another statement called the conclusion. Philosophers typically distinguish arguments in natural languages (such as English) into two fundamentally different types: deductive and inductive.Each type of argument is said to have characteristics that ...
Induction and deduction are opposite forms of reasoning. Deduction is a type of formal logic in which you can arrive at a conclusion based on the truth of generalization. For instance, if all llamas are mammals, and Edgar is a llama, then you may deduce that Edgar is a mammal. Induction takes the opposite approach, ...
Revised on June 22, 2023. The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. In other words, inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalizations. Deductive reasoning works the other way around.
An inductive essay is a type of writing that aims to persuade the reader to accept a conclusion based on the presentation of evidence or examples. This type of essay is often used in academic writing to explore a particular topic, to draw conclusions about it, and to convince the reader that those conclusions are valid.
Inductive essay examples are useful for providing a clear understanding of how to construct an inductive argument. They can help students and writers learn how to effectively gather evidence, draw conclusions, and present logical reasoning in their essays. By studying examples, individuals can grasp the structure and flow of an inductive essay ...
Understanding different types of arguments is an important skill for philosophy as it enables us to assess the strength of the conclusions drawn. In this blog post, we'll explore the characteristics of three different types of argument and look at some examples: Deductive arguments; Inductive arguments; Abductive arguments
Inductive reasoning can often be hidden inside a deductive argument. That is, a generalization reached through inductive reasoning can be turned around and used as a starting "truth" a deductive argument. For instance, Most Labrador retrievers are friendly. Kimber is a Labrador retriever. Therefore, Kimber is friendly.
Writing the Inductive Essay. Going from examples to conclusions. Inductive Writing. Looks at specific instances and culminates in the conclusion. Used for controversial topics to maintain reader attention. A complete thesis in the beginning can deter readers who disagree. You can build your argument slowly.
Inductive reasoning is a method where specific observations or experiences are used to reach a broader, general conclusion. In contrast to deductive reasoning, which starts with a general statement and examines the possibilities to reach a specific conclusion, inductive reasoning begins with specific examples and tries to form a general rule.
In the context of this deductive reasoning essay, an argument from analogy is one of the examples under deductive reasoning. The rule underlying this module is that in the case where P and Q are similar and have properties a, b, and c, object P has an extra property, "x.". Therefore, Q will automatically have the same extra property, "x ...
Revised on 10 October 2022. The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalisations, and deductive reasoning the other way around.
If an inductive generalization is to be logically successful, it—like all other inductive arguments—must satisfy both the correct form condition and the total evidence condition. ... In deductively valid arguments, for example, the conclusion would be true every time you considered the premises; thus, they confer a probability of 1.00 on ...
"An inductive argument can be affected by acquiring new premises (evidence), but a deductive argument cannot be. For example, this is a reasonably strong inductive argument: ...If the arguer believes that the truth of the premises definitely establishes the truth of the conclusion, then the argument is deductive."
In inductive approach there is no theory at the beginning point of the research, and theories may evolve as a result of the research: It is noted that "inductive reasoning is often referred to as a "bottom-up" approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to describe a picture of the ...
Deductive and Inductive Arguments. Abstract: A deductive argument's premises provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion.An inductive argument's premises provide probable evidence for the truth of its conclusion. The difference between deductive and inductive arguments does not specifically depend on the specificity or generality of the composite statements.
Example of Inductive Reasoning. Joe wore a blue shirt yesterday. Joe's shirt today is blue. Joe will wear a blue shirt tomorrow as well. Notice how the inductive argument begins with something specific that you have observed. It moves to a drawing a more general conclusion based on what you have observed in a specific instance (or in this case, on two specific days).
Analysis of inductive argument. This is a method of reasoning called induction. This method generally entails the use of inference method, collective principals, and law about a particular issue as well as argument. Moreover, in the case of opinion poll, it is the representation of a scientific research to rate the views of a given group.
Inductive reasoning (also called induction) involves forming general theories from specific observations. Observing something happen repeatedly and concluding that it will happen again in the same way is an example of inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning (also called deduction) involves forming specific conclusions from general premises, as ...