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Linking Words & Connector Words: Ultimate List With Examples
Learn English
James Prior
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Updated February 23, 2024

Linking words and connector words are essential tools for effective communication and writing. They play a crucial role in connecting ideas, enhancing coherence, and guiding the flow of information. Whether you’re writing an essay, giving a presentation, or engaging in a conversation, using appropriate linking words can greatly improve the clarity and effectiveness of your message.

In this ultimate list of linking words, we have compiled a comprehensive collection of linking words along with examples to help you understand their usage and apply them in various contexts. From words that highlight contrast and similarity to those that indicate cause and effect or order of importance, this list covers a wide range of linking words to suit different purposes.

Ready to link your words? Let’s get started!

Table of Contents

What are linking words?

Linking words, also known as connector words or transition words, are words or phrases that connect ideas or parts of a text, providing coherence and smoothness to the overall flow of information. They serve as bridges between sentences, paragraphs, or even larger sections of a document, helping to establish relationships, indicate contrasts, add information, show cause and effect, provide examples, and more.

Here are some common categories of linking words with examples:

Linking words for addition

Addition: Words that show the addition of information or ideas.

These linking words and phrases can help you add information, reinforce ideas, or provide further examples in your writing or conversation. Use them appropriately to expand on your points and enhance the overall coherence and richness of your communication.

She is fluent in English, and additionally, she speaks French and Spanish.
The report highlights the benefits of renewable energy; furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of conservation.
The new system not only improves efficiency but moreover, it reduces costs.
In addition to his regular job, he volunteers at a local charity.
She not only excels in academics but also actively participates in extracurricular activities.
The team consists of experienced professionals as well as enthusiastic newcomers.
The company values teamwork; likewise, it fosters individual growth and development.
Besides working full-time, he manages to pursue his hobbies and spend time with famil
The website offers free shipping; what’s more, customers can enjoy a 30-day money-back guarantee.
On top of their regular duties, employees are encouraged to take part in professional development opportunities.
Developing strong interpersonal skills is equally important as acquiring technical knowledge.
The event attracted a large audience, not to mention the media coverage it received.
Along with the new software update, customers will also receive enhanced customer support.
The company achieved its sales targets for the year; what is more, it surpassed them by 20%.
The team completed the project ahead of schedule; besides that, they received positive feedback from the client.
The company’s commitment to quality, coupled with its competitive pricing, sets it apart from its competitors.

Linking words for contrast

Contrast: Words that highlight differences or contrasting ideas.

These linking words and phrases can help you express contrasting ideas and show the differences between two or more concepts or situations. Remember to use them appropriately based on the context and your intended meaning.

She studied hard; however, she didn’t pass the exam.
John loves traveling; on the other hand, his sister prefers staying at home.
The weather was terrible; nevertheless, they decided to go for a walk.
He had a sprained ankle; nonetheless, he played in the soccer match.
Despite the rain, they went to the beach.
In spite of the traffic, they arrived on time.
Although it was late, they continued with their work.
Even though she was tired, she went to the gym.
I enjoy reading, while my brother prefers watching movies.
Sarah loves cooking, whereas her husband prefers eating out.
Unlike his friends, Mark is not a fan of horror movies.
She hates winter; conversely, I love it.
She expected him to be upset; on the contrary, he was happy.
They planned to go to the cinema, but instead, they stayed home and watched a movie.
The cat is small and playful, in contrast to the dog, which is big and lazy.
He enjoys sports; conversely, his sister prefers art.
On one hand, the book is interesting; on the other hand, it’s quite lengthy.
They could go by car, or alternatively, they could take the train.
The movie received mixed reviews; nevertheless, it became a box office hit.
She didn’t pass the test, but in any case, she learned a lot from studying.

Linking words for similarity

Similarity: Words that highlight similarities or shared ideas.

These linking words and phrases can help you express similarities between two or more ideas, situations, or individuals. Use them appropriately based on the context to highlight shared characteristics or experiences.

Sarah enjoys reading; likewise, her brother is an avid reader.
John and Emily both love hiking; similarly, they enjoy spending time in nature.
Just as Sarah likes swimming, in the same way, her best friend enjoys diving.
Jack has a passion for photography, similarly to his sister who is also an enthusiast.
Just like her mother, Jane has a talent for playing the piano.
The two artists approach their work in a similar vein, both using vibrant colors and bold brushstrokes.
Mark loves cooking, and by the same token, he also enjoys experimenting with new recipes.
As the workload increased, the stress levels of the employees correspondingly rose.
Both Sarah and Emily are equally skilled in playing the guitar.
The designer creates unique clothing pieces, and in a similar fashion, the jewelry maker crafts one-of-a-kind accessories.
Just as the sun rises in the morning, the moon appears in the evening.
The teacher explains complex concepts in a simple and understandable way, in the same manner as her colleague.
He enjoys hiking and camping, and his friends, likewise, too, share his enthusiasm for outdoor activities.
Just as a bird builds its nest with care and precision, in the same way, an architect plans and constructs a building.
The two books explore themes of love and loss, along similar lines, inviting readers to contemplate the human experience.
As with all great artists, Picasso’s work continues to inspire and influence generations.
Exercise is essential for physical health, and just as importantly, it is crucial for mental well-being.
Much like a puzzle, life consists of various pieces that fit together to form a bigger picture.

Linking words for cause and effect

Cause and Effect: Words that demonstrate cause and effect relationships.

These linking words and phrases can help you express the cause-and-effect relationship between events or actions. Use them appropriately based on the context to convey the reason and result of a particular situation or occurrence.

He failed the exam because he didn’t study.
They arrived early since they left home on time.
As a result of heavy rainfall, the streets were flooded.
The event was canceled due to bad weather conditions.
The store was closed, therefore, they had to find another place to shop.
He missed the train, consequently, he arrived late to the meeting.
Owing to a power outage, the concert was postponed.
She didn’t have enough sleep, thus, she felt tired throughout the day.
He couldn’t attend the party, for this reason, he sent his apologies.
The storm caused damage to the houses, resulting in the need for repairs.
The baby was hungry, so she started crying.
Lack of exercise and poor diet often leads to weight gain.
They missed the train because of heavy traffic.
The roads were icy, this is why there were many accidents.
They spent all their money, as a consequence, they couldn’t afford the trip.
He quit smoking, and since then, he feels healthier.
The company introduced a new product, and in turn, its sales increased.
She studied hard so that she could pass the exam.

Linking words for time and sequence

Time and sequence: Words that indicate time or sequence of events or actions.

These linking words and phrases can help you express the chronological order and sequence of events or actions. Use them appropriately to guide your audience through the progression of ideas or to outline the steps in a process or narrative.

Firstly, let’s discuss the main causes of climate change.
Secondly, we need to consider the potential solutions to the problem.
Next, we will move on to the implementation phase of the project.
We need to complete the research phase first. Then, we can start analyzing the data.
After that, we can proceed with the construction of the building.
The company experienced financial difficulties. Subsequently, they had to lay off several employees.
The team was working on the project. Meanwhile, the marketing department was preparing the promotional materials.
The two processes are happening simultaneously, ensuring efficient production.
The report will be ready in a week. In the meantime, please proceed with the other tasks.
During the meeting, we will discuss the budget and timeline.
While he was studying, his friends were playing video games.
Please wait here until your name is called.
We need to complete the paperwork before the deadline.
She attended the conference, and afterward, she shared her insights with the team.
Finally, we reached an agreement after a long negotiation process.
In the end, they decided to cancel the project due to budget constraints.
The presentation was engaging, and at the same time, informative.
Initially, he struggled with the new software, but with practice, he became proficient.
At first, the project seemed overwhelming, but with proper planning, it became manageable.

Linking words for order of importance

Order of Importance: Words that highlight the hierarchy or ranking of ideas based on their significance.

These linking words and phrases can help you establish the order of importance when presenting ideas or arguments. Use them to emphasize the significance of certain points, highlight key considerations, or guide the reader’s attention to the most critical aspects.

Most importantly, we need to prioritize the safety of our employees.
Above all, we must prioritize the needs of our customers.
The company’s success primarily depends on effective leadership and strategic planning.
First and foremost, we need to address the urgent issue of inflation.
The new policy chiefly focuses on reducing waste and promoting sustainability.
Notably, the project resulted in significant cost savings for the organization.
Above anything else, maintaining a high standard of quality is our top priority.
It is essential to note that effective communication is the foundation of strong relationships.
It is worth mentioning that the company’s ethical practices have earned it a positive reputation.

Linking words for exemplification

Example: Words that provide examples or illustrate a point.

These linking words and phrases can help you introduce examples and provide further clarification or evidence to support your statements. Use them to enhance your explanations and illustrate your points effectively.

Here’s a list of linking words and phrases that are commonly used to illustrate an example, along with examples:

There are many fruits you can choose from, for example, apples, oranges, and bananas.
Many countries have implemented environmental policies; for instance, Sweden has significantly reduced its carbon emissions.
I enjoy outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and swimming.
The party was attended by several guests, including friends, family, and colleagues.
He has many hobbies, like painting, playing the guitar, and photography.
The company provides various employee benefits, as an illustration, health insurance, retirement plans, and paid time off.
Let me give you an example to illustrate my point.
There are several endangered species in the area, namely the African elephant, the Bengal tiger, and the giant panda.
The city offers various attractions, in particular, museums, parks, and historical landmarks.
The project requires specific skills, specifically programming and data analysis.
By way of example, let’s consider the case of a successful startup that disrupted the market.
To give an example, let’s say you want to improve your fitness; you can try activities like jogging, swimming, or joining a gym.
The experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effects of temperature on plant growth.
As a case in point, many countries have implemented renewable energy initiatives to combat pollution.
I will use a specific scenario to exemplify how the new policy can be implemented effectively.
The job requires strong communication skills , in essence, the ability to express ideas clearly and persuasively.
The city has invested in renewable energy projects to reduce its carbon footprint. One example of this is the installation of solar panels on public buildings.
To be specific, the company offers three main product lines: electronics, appliances, and furniture.
The data collected serves as proof that the new marketing strategy is effective.
In a similar manner, many companies have embraced remote work as a response to the pandemic.

Linking words for focusing

These linking words and phrases can help you direct attention or emphasize a specific aspect of your discussion or argument. Use them appropriately to highlight the main points or focus areas, ensuring clarity and precision in your communication.

Here’s a list of linking words and phrases that are commonly used to express focusing or directing attention, along with examples:

Specifically, we need to address the issue of employee turnover in our department.
The marketing team has made significant progress, particularly in digital advertising.
In particular, we need to improve our customer service to enhance customer satisfaction.
Notably, the company achieved a record-breaking sales figure in the last quarter.
This task requires attention to detail, especially when dealing with sensitive data.
Specifically speaking, the new software update addresses the security vulnerabilities.
Above all, we must prioritize the safety of our employees.
The company’s success mainly relies on customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
The primary goal of our project is to reduce waste and promote sustainability.
Essentially, our focus should be on optimizing operational efficiency.
Individually, each team member plays a crucial role in achieving our objectives.
Precisely, we need to adhere to the project timeline to meet the deadline.
Specifically, with regards to customer feedback, we have received positive reviews.
The new product line has a sleek design, not to mention its advanced features.
It is worth noting that the market trends are shifting towards online shopping.
Above everything else, we need to prioritize the quality of our products.
In essence, our primary objective is to provide exceptional customer service.
To be more precise, we should focus on improving our supply chain management.
In specific terms, the sales team needs to focus on building client relationships.
More importantly, we need to address the concerns raised by our customers.

Linking words for conclusion

Conclusion: Words that summarize or conclude a text.

These linking words and phrases can help you signal the conclusion of your argument, presentation, or essay. Use them to summarize key points, restate your main argument, or provide a final thought or recommendation.

In conclusion, it is evident that deforestation poses a significant threat to our planet.
To sum up, the project was a great success, exceeding all expectations.
Ultimately, the decision lies in your hands.
All in all, it was a memorable vacation filled with adventure and relaxation.
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone for their hard work and dedication.
In summary, the findings of the study suggest a strong correlation between exercise and mental well-being.
To conclude, the evidence supports the hypothesis that regular exercise improves cardiovascular health.
The data collected consistently points to the same conclusion; therefore, we can confidently assert our findings.
In essence, the research demonstrates that social media has a profound impact on interpersonal relationships.
The campaign received widespread support, and as a result, donations increased significantly.
In a nutshell, the project aims to promote sustainability through renewable energy initiatives.
The experiments consistently yielded similar results; thus, we can draw a definitive conclusion.
The evidence strongly suggests a link between smoking and lung cancer; hence, it is crucial to raise awareness about the risks.
In light of these findings, it is necessary to reconsider the current educational policies.
The company faced financial challenges, and consequently, had to downsize its workforce.
In conclusion, it can be stated that effective communication is the key to successful teamwork.
Taking all factors into account, it is clear that globalization has both positive and negative consequences.
The lack of investment resulted in decreased productivity, as a consequence, the company experienced a decline in profits.
The study findings reveal a correlation between stress levels and sleep quality; thus, it can be inferred that managing stress positively affects sleep.
Given these points, it is evident that the project should be prioritized for its long-term benefits.

If you’d like more examples, check out this list of other ways to say in conclusion .

Conclusion: Ready to link your words?

These are just some examples of linking words, and there are numerous other linking words and phrases available for different purposes and contexts. Using them appropriately can greatly enhance the clarity and coherence of your writing or speech. So, if you want to become more fluent in English, it’s time to start thinking about linking words!

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Linking Words, Connecting Words: Full List and Useful Examples

Linking words (connecting words) are something we need to know in any style of writing, because it helps the reader to follow the flow of what you are saying. Whether it’s an argument in an essay , or an epic scene in a fantasy novel, your reader needs to be able to follow what you are saying. So, what are linking words, why should you bother learning them, and what does it look like in practice? Well, this guide will answer all of those questions!

Linking Words

What Are Linking Words?

Linking words are words that connect ideas together in a piece of writing . It shows that two things are related in some way, or that the point you are making has supporting information. The difference between linking words and simple paragraph starters that we looked at previously, is that linking words can be found at the start of paragraphs, but also in the middle of sentences to connect two ideas together too.

Why Should I Learn Linking Words/Connecting Words?

The answer to this one is fairly straightforward. If you don’t know a variety of linking words to connect ideas together in a piece of writing, then you’re writing won’t make sense. In the very best case here, your reader will become confused and fail to follow the message you are trying to get across in your writing, because the bits of text that should ordinarily fit together, just won’t without the linking words there to connect them.

So, you know what they are and why you need to know them – but what are some examples of linking words? We couldn’t possibly include them all because there are literally hundreds, but hopefully by highlighting some examples and showing their importance in a sentence, you’ll be able to understand the job they do more clearly and focus on learning some other ones for yourself.

Examples of Linking Words

Linking words to add more information.

These words simply add additional information to your sentence or paragraph to show that two ideas are similar. Here are some examples:

It started to rain and I got soaked – ‘and’ is the linking word that connects the two ideas of the individual being in the rain and getting soaked.
It can’t be the dog’s fault nor the cat’s – ‘nor’ connects the idea that neither the cat or dog was at fault.
We could go shopping first then get a bite to eat – ‘then’ shows that both ideas are connected, it also adds some sequence to the sentence by showing the order of things.

Linking Words to Contrast a Point

Sometimes you need to link two ideas together that are actually opposites in terms of what you are trying to say. Here are some words that will help you do that:

Annie could have gone for a run but she decided she was too tired – ‘but’ connects two ideas that are related, but they oppose one another. She could have gone for a run, but she didn’t.
It’s my turn to make dinner tonight although a takeout might be easier – ‘although’ provides an opposite argument again, so it links the ideas in a contrasting way.
Carrots seemed to be the bunnies preferred food. On the other hand , lettuce was chosen second most frequently and the difference was marginal – ‘on the other hand’ shows clearly to the reader that a different point of view is coming.

Linking Words to Support a Point

If you’re trying to prove something or say something happened as a result of something else, then you will need words like the following:

I failed my test because I didn’t study – ‘because’ gets the reader ready to learn why somebody failed their test.
I could have done something differently, in fact we all could have – ‘in fact’ shows that the two ideas are linked together and support one another.
Jack had been sad since his girlfriend broke up with him – ‘since’ is being used here to explain why Jack was sad, so it links the ideas again.

There are many more examples and reasons for using linking words, but if you do some more research into the different linking words that there are, you’ll be able to see how you might use them to connect two ideas together in some way. Remember, they don’t always need to support one another. Sometimes ideas are connected because they oppose one another too.

Learn more with an ultimate guide to transition words and phrases in the English language.

Complete List of Linking Words & Connecting Words

Linking words – result.

Function: To provide the result of what has been stated or has occurred

Accordingly
As a consequence (of)
As a result
Consequently
For this reason

Connecting Words – Emphasis

Function: To put forward a point or idea more forcefully

Importantly
It should be noted
Particularly / in particular
Surprisingly
To emphasize
Undoubtedly
Unquestionably
With attention
Without a doubt

Linking Words – Addition

Function: To add to what has been previously stated

Additionally/an additional
Apart from this
As well as that
Coupled with
Furthermore
In addition
In addition to this
In the same fashion
Not only…but also
Not to mention
Together with

Linking Words – Reason

Function: To provide reasons for what has been stated or has occurred

For the purpose of
Granted that
In order to
Provided that
Seeing that
With this in mind
With this intention
With this purpose

Connecting Words – Illustration

Function: To provide examples

As an example of
For example/ For instance
For one thing
Illustrated by
In another case
In the case of
In this case
In this situation
On this occasion
Proof of this
Specifically
To demonstrate
To demonstrate/ To clarify
To simplify

Linking Words – Contrast

Function: To show how things are different

Alternatively
As opposed to
Contrary to
Despite/in spite of
Differing from
In contrast (to)
In opposition
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Notwithstanding
On the other hand

Linking Words – Comparison

Function: To show how things are similar

By the same token
Compare / compare(d) to (with)
Correspondingly
In a similar manner
In like manner
In the same way
In the spitting image of
Just as…so too
Most important
Still another

Connecting Words – Order

1. Function: To indicate the order of what is being said

First/ firstly
Second/ secondly
Third/ thirdly
At this time
Subsequently

2. Function: To mark the end of an ascending order

Lastly and most importantly
Last but not least

3. Definition: To mark the beginning of a descending order

First and foremost…

Connecting Words – Summary

Function: To sum up what has been previously stated

All things considered
As demonstrated above
As shown above
As you can see
By and large
Generally speaking
Given these points
In any event
In conclusion
In the final analysis
On the whole
To conclude
To summarise

Linking Words – Condition

Function: To provide a condition to what has been stated

Although this may be true
In that case
In the event that
On the condition that

Connecting Words – Concession

Function: Connecting words and phrases to accept a point or idea with reservation

All the same
Although/Even though
Be that as it may
Even though
In spite of
Regardless of this
Up to a point

Connecting Words – Generalisation

Function: To make a general statement

Broadly speaking
For the most part
In general/ Generally
In most cases
More often than not
Predominately

Connecting Words – Restatement

Function: To express an alternative to what has been previously stated

Alternatively stated
Expressed simply
In a nutshell
In other words
In simple language
In simple terms
In summation
Otherwise stated
Put differently
Put in another way
Said differently
That is to say
To put it differently

Connecting Words – Reference

Function: To a relationship between continuing ideas presented in your essay.

As applied to
Considering
In connection to
Pertaining to
Some examples of these might be:
Speaking about/of
The fact that
With regards to
With respect to

Connecting Words – Clarification

Function: To indicate that you will be exploring your ideas in more detail.

In explanation
In lay terms
Simply stated
To break it down
To clearly define
To make plain
To put it clearly
To put it in another way

Connecting Words – Space/ Location

Function: To clarify spatial relationships/ provide spatial order and reference.

At the rear
Surrounding
To the left

Linking Words and Phrases | Video

Learn transition words video with American English pronunciation.

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75 linking words for academic writing (+examples)

Linking words play an important role in academic writing: They connect different paragraphs, sections or ideas in a text. Therefore, they considerably improve the readability and argumentation of academic texts such as a thesis, dissertation, essay or journal publication. This list of 75 linking words includes examples of how they can be used in academic writing.

Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links, which means I may earn a small commission if you make a purchase using the links below at no additional cost to you . I only recommend products or services that I truly believe can benefit my audience. As always, my opinions are my own.

Linking words expressing order and sequence in academic writing

Linking words expressing additions in academic writing, linking words expressing cause and effect in academic writing, linking words expressing contrasts and comparisons in academic writing, linking words expressing emphasis in academic writing, linking words expressing illustrations in academic writing, linking words expressing summaries and conclusions in academic writing, linking words expressing conditionality in academic writing, linking words expressing generalisations in academic writing, linking words expressing concessions in academic writing.

1. First(ly), second(ly), third(ly)

Example: First, I review the existing literature on cross-border collaboration. Second, I explain the methodology …

Example: The thesis starts with a literature review. Next, I describe the case study design.

Example: Finally, recommendations for future research are presented.

4. Subsequently

Example: Study participants underwent several experiments and were subsequently examined.

5. Afterwards

Example: The event increased public awareness of this issue. Afterwards, politicians debated it more openly.

6. Eventually

Example: Eventually, this led to the creation of a social movement.

Example: Before scientists discovered the role of neurons in information processing, they assumed that…

8. Previously

Example: Previously, scholars believed that nurture was the most important factor in a child’s development.

Example: Scholars examine the causes and effects of poverty.

10. Furthermore

Example: Furthermore, the data illustrates the number of chemicals that can be found in drinking water.

11. Additionally

Example: Additionally, the interviewee lamented a lack of attention to his work.

12. As well as

Example: Scholars utilise qualitative as well as quantitative methods to study this phenomenon.

13. Besides

Example: Besides the public outreach component, we wrote a handbook to disseminate the research results in the academic community.

Example: The financial compensation was also appreciated by the study participants.

15. Moreover

Example: Moreover, interviewees were asked to describe their own experiences.

You may also like: How to paraphrase a quote: 4 simple strategies

16. Because

Example: This theory was ultimately rejected because it was built on a flawed dataset.

Example: The outcomes improved since different parties joined forces.

Example: As the number of studies increases, better conclusions can be drawn.

Example: Scientists realised that the data analysis had flaws. So they decided not to run the same data analysis again.

20. Therefore

Example: Many researchers have conducted this experiment with similar results. Therefore, this theory can be debunked.

21. Consequently

Example: The literature highlights the importance of age and physical fitness. Consequently, these factors will be investigated further.

Example: Due to a low response rate, the study’s validity is low.

23. Nevertheless

Example: One academic study found the opposite results. Nevertheless, it can be argued that…

Example: Many scholars have explored this issue. Yet, to date, no inclusive framework exists to explain…

25. Although

Example: Although a confidentiality agreement was provided, study participants were hesitant to disclose private information.

26. In spite of

Example: In spite of the different study contexts, all experiments pointed to similar results.

27. Whereas

Example: People often stated that they are aware of the rules whereas they behaved as if they did not.

Example: While older studies often emphasise structural effects, newer ones tend to highlight the role of agency.

29. In contrast

Example: In contrast to previous findings, my analysis shows that…

30. Similarly

Example: One study found that the majority of residents in disadvantaged areas do not have access to sufficient resources. Similarly, my research revealed that most residents live too far away from the services and resources they would need to climb the social ladder.

31. Equally

Example: E qually important, however, is the role of personal beliefs in decision-making processes.

32. Likewise

Example: The interviewee considered this issue important and expected his colleagues to do likewise.

33. On the other hand

Example: On the one hand, research in this field advanced considerably in the last 20 years. On the other hand, a lot remains unclear.

Example: Unlike social scientists, physical scientists often conduct laboratory examinations.

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35. Particularly

Example: Particularly relevant for this study is the molecular orbital theory.

36. Especially

Example: Especially younger interviewees expressed dissatisfaction with the status quo.

37. Above all

Example: Above all, this method can generate better insights into the physical processes at hand.

Example: Indeed, motivation turned out to be a defining factor of academic success.

38. Clearly

Example: Clearly, these scholars were not aware of recent advances in medical sciences.

39. Definitely

Example: This was definitely the most important event of the year.

40. Importantly

Example: More importantly, the findings underscore the importance of conflict resolution.

41. Undoubtedly

Example: Undoubtedly, all stakeholders had good intentions.

42. Obviously

Example: Obviously it is too early to draw final conclusions.

43. Of course

Example: Of course, this study should be replicated in a different context.

44. Surprisingly

Example: Surprisingly, all results were unambiguous.

45. Such as

Example: Scientists have explored different parts of the problem, such as CO2 emissions and hydrological processes.

46. For example

Example: Many interviewees were nervous. For example, when asked to describe the event, some of them started to stutter.

47. For instance

Example: Scholars have criticised this approach for different reasons. For instance, they argued that qualitative methods are insufficient to draw generalisable conclusions.

48. In this case

Example: Difficulties arise when no study participants can be found. In this case, alternative methods should be considered.

50. To conclude

Example: To conclude, the empirical analysis supports previous research findings.

51. In conclusion

Example: In conclusion, the reviewed literature highlights a clear research gap.

52. To sum up

Example: To sum up, a mixed methods approach is a better choice than a purely quantitative one.

53. In summary

Example: In summary, it is my opinion that conditions should be improved.

54. In short

Example: In short, scholars call for more research on climate change mitigation.

55. Altogether

Example: Altogether, these examples support the main argument.

Example: Energy supply became a growing problem. Thus, new policies were implemented.

Example: The first dataset was incomplete. Hence, a new dataset had to be developed.

Example: Unless stated otherwise, I refer to the concept as…

59. As long as

Example: As long as the conditions do not change, the results should remain stable.

Example: If scientists study this phenomenon in the future, they should pay attention to structural drivers.

61. Provided that

Example: Provided that nothing changes, the effects on society will be negative.

Example: Should the distribution change, it is fair to expect…

63. Even if

Example: Even if more experiments are conducted, human behaviour remains hard to predict.

Example: Often, this issue was flagged by interviewees themselves.

65. Commonly

Example: Commonly, this criterion is used for categorising plants.

66. Overall

Example: Overall the data confirmed the hypothesis.

67. Typically

Example: Typically emotions run high in such situations.

68. Generally

Example: Generally speaking, scholars address this issue from two angles.

Example: Mainly researchers in the global North discuss this phenomenon.

Example: Mostly, these results cannot be replicated outside of the lab.

71. Even if

Example: This is hard to prove. Even if the study sample is large enough.

72. Regardless of

Example: Regardless of their genetic makeup, mice showcased the same symptoms.

Example: Albeit experiencing setbacks, successful students do not get discouraged.

74. Admittedly

Example: Admittedly, the validity of this study should be increased.

75. Nonetheless

Example: Nonetheless, this study can be seen as a valuable contribution to the international literature.

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