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Assignment Sale in Ontario: Definition & How It Works

Real Estate Law

Updated on 

August 11, 2024

An assignment sale is a unique transaction in the real estate market where the property’s original buyer (assignor) transfers their rights and obligations under a purchase contract to a new buyer (assignee) before the property’s completion. Particularly common in pre-construction projects in Ontario, this type of sale offers flexibility for investors and those whose circumstances may have changed. This article explores the definition, legal framework, and process of assignment sales in Ontario, providing essential insights for buyers and sellers engaged in these transactions.

What is an Assignment Sale?

What do the terms assignor and assignee mean, who pays hst on assignment sale, is builder’s consent required for assignment sale, how we can help.

An assignment sale is a transaction in the real estate market where the original purchaser of a property, known as the assignor, transfers their rights and obligations under a purchase agreement to another party, called the assignee, before the completion of the property. This type of sale is usually associated with pre-construction homes or condos that are yet to be built or are under construction at the time of the sale. The assignee takes over the rights and obligations of the original buyer, including any remaining payments to the developer and all other terms originally agreed upon in the contract.

The primary benefit of an assignment sale is its flexibility. It provides an exit strategy for buyers willing to complete the purchase. It offers potential for profit or entry into a property that might otherwise have been unavailable on the open market. For the assignor, it can be a way to liquidate their investment without waiting for the property to be completed. It can be particularly advantageous if their financial situation changes or market conditions favour such a move. Meanwhile, assignees can purchase a new property without waiting for a new phase of development to be launched, potentially benefiting from price appreciation since the original sale.

The assignor is the person or entity that originally purchased a property and holds the rights and responsibilities under the initial purchase agreement. This individual or entity may have entered into a contract to buy a property before its construction but decided to transfer this agreement to another party before the property was completed.

The assignee is the person or entity who accepts the transfer of the property purchase agreement from the assignor. By assuming the assignor’s agreement, the assignee agrees to fulfill the original contract’s terms, including any payments to the developer and adherence to any conditions specified in the agreement.

When a property is sold through assignment, the assignor is responsible for paying the Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) on the sale price, which includes the original price and any profit made on the transaction. To ensure clarity and avoid any legal issues, it is recommended that a Real Estate lawyer prepare the assignment agreement with all necessary information.

The builder’s consent is usually a requirement for assignment sales. The builder’s contract will specify if it is allowed and under what conditions. This clause is necessary because it lets the builder maintain control over who is becoming a part of the development and ensures that the assignee has the financial capability to complete the purchase.

Acquiring the builder’s consent can come with additional fees, and approval procedures can vary depending on the developer. Some builders may charge a flat fee, a percentage of the sale price, or a combination of both to grant permission for the contract assignment. Additionally, the builder may have specific requirements that must be met before approving the assignment, such as the construction status or payment of a certain percentage of the original purchase price. It is advisable to review the terms of the original agreement carefully and prepare for any financial or procedural requirements that obtaining such consent might entail.

It is often possible to obtain a builder’s consent to assign an agreement, even if such consent was not included in the original contract. Many builders will waive the clause prohibiting assignment from the agreement, provided that certain criteria and forms are followed and any required fees are paid. The builder’s sales office can determine if consent is possible and under what conditions. Different builders have varying processes for property assignment.

Assignment sales involve complex legal and financial considerations requiring thorough understanding and careful handling. Potential participants in assignment sales should consult with real estate professionals and legal advisors to navigate the process effectively and ensure compliance with all relevant legal requirements.

Insight Law Professional Corporation is a real estate law firm located in Toronto. If you need more information on real estate transactions, contact us today and learn how a real estate lawyer can help you .

The information provided above is of a general nature and should not be considered legal advice. Every transaction or circumstance is unique, and obtaining specific legal advice is necessary to address your particular requirements. Therefore, if you have any legal questions, it is recommended that you consult with a lawyer.

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Insight Law Professional Corporation is a Law Firm situated in the heart of Midtown Toronto. We specialize in Real Estate Law, Business and Commercial Law, Wills & Estates, as well as offering Notary Public & Commissioner of Oaths services.

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The Assignment of Commercial Contracts in Legal Practice

Contracts are a prime example of intangible property. Parties to commercial contracts, like other property owners, frequently want to transfer their property to a third party. The transfer of a contract refers to the assignment of some or all of a party’s rights or the delegation of some or all of a party’s performance, or both, to a non-party to the agreement.

Some common instances in which a contracting party in a commercial context may desire to assign contractual rights, performance responsibilities, or both are as follows:

• In an asset sale, a corporation sells parts or all of its company.
• A contractor who subcontracts its work under certain projects.
• A business conglomerate that is going through an internal corporate reorganization.
• The borrower who offers its lender a security interest in its assets.
• A manufacturer who sells its receivables to a third party.

In any of these cases, the non-transferring party may object to assignment or delegation for a variety of grounds, including:

• The desire to choose the party with whom it does business.
• Concern that a different obligor or obligee may jeopardize the non-transferring party’s capacity to benefit from the contractual deal

To decide whether the transferring party (also known as the transferor) can execute the proposed transfer without gaining the non-transferring party’s approval, the transferring party must turn to relevant legislation and the plain text of the contract. If consent is necessary and not obtained, the transferring party faces the following risks:

• Violation of the contract.
• Making an ineffective and invalid transfer.

The Definitions of Assignment and Delegation

Each party to a contract is an:

• Obligee in terms of its contractual rights; and
• Obligor in terms of its contractual performance responsibilities.

Contract “assignability” is a term frequently used by contracting parties and practitioners. While they may expressly address the assignment of a party’s rights under the contract in some contexts, they frequently use the term “assignment” to refer to both:

• The delegation of duty to perform.
• The assignment of rights to obtain performance.

However, assignment and delegation are two distinct legal concepts that must be treated individually due to the fact that they might have different outcomes.

What is an Assignment?

Assignment is the transfer of some or all of an obligee’s (assignor’s) rights to receive performance under a contract, generally but not always to a non-party (assignee). A contract benefit is a right (a chose in action) that, in theory, may be delegated by the benefiting party to a non-party. For clarity purposes, this informative piece will assume that the assignee is a non-party, although the rights and responsibilities of the parties addressed apply equally to an assignee who is also a party to the agreement. When these rights are assigned, the assignor no longer has any claim to the advantages of the given rights, which are completely passed to the assignee.

Technically, a contract’s burden cannot be assigned under the law (see National Trust Co. v. Mead [i] and Irving Oil Ltd. v. Canada [ii] ). Transferring performance responsibilities under a contract requires the approval of all parties, making such a transfer a novation.

In practice, parties frequently refer to “assigning a contract” or “allowing the assignment of a contract,” which is actually an inaccurate representation of their intentions. For example, the parties may plan for some or all of the following:

• The contract’s rights or benefits may be assigned.
• The contract’s burdens or performance duties may be transferred.
• Rights and burdens may be transferred.

The Effects of Assignment

The assignor is no longer entitled to any benefits from the assigned rights, which have all been passed to the assignee; nonetheless, even if the assignor is stripped of its contractual rights, assignment does not decrease or remove the assignor’s duties to the non-assigning party. As previously stated, a contract’s burden may only be assigned to a third party with the approval of all parties. As a result, the assignor is still obligated to fulfill its contractual commitments. The non-assigning party retains the following:

• Its entitlement to get performance from the assignor; and
• Its remedies against the assignor in the event of non-performance.

The ordinary rule is that a party can only assign its benefits without the consent of the other party to the contract and will remain liable to the other party for its performance obligations (see National Trust Co. v. Mead [iii] and Rodaro v. Royal Bank [iv] ). If the assignor intends to transfer its obligations and both the non-transferring party and the potential assignee agree, the parties should enter into a novation agreement, which results in a new contract between the assignee and the old contract’s remaining (non-transferring) party. In practice, the assignee often undertakes the contract’s performance responsibilities as of the date of assignment, and the assignor gets an indemnity from the assignee in the event of a breach or failure to perform.

A clear, present, purpose to transfer the assigned rights without needing any additional action by the assignee is required for an assignment to be effective, which means that a promise to assign in the future is ineffective as an actual transfer. Otherwise, no special terminology is necessary to draft an effective assignment.

What is Delegation?

Delegation is the transfer of some or all of an obligor’s (delegating party’s) performance responsibilities (or conditions demanding performance) under a contract to a non-party (delegatee). To be effective, a delegation requires the delegatee to agree to take on the delegated performance; however, unless the non-delegating party has consented to a novation, the delegating party remains accountable for the delegated performance, whether or not it has also transferred its contractual rights.

This is distinct from an assignment of rights, in which the assignor relinquishes its contractual claims upon assignment. As a result, even if the delegating party can effectively delegate its actual performance to the delegatee (such that the delegatee’s actual performance discharges the delegating party’s duty), the delegating party cannot be relieved of its obligation to perform and liability for non-performance unless the non-delegating party agrees to a novation.

There is no precise wording necessary to create an effective delegation, just as there is not for the assignment of rights. When performance is effectively delegated, the delegatee assumes liability for the delegating party’s performance obligations (under an assumption agreement), even if the delegating party retains liability to the non-delegating party for the delegatee’s failure to adequately perform the delegated obligations in the absence of a novation. Under an assumed agreement, the delegating party may have recourse against the delegatee, which is frequently addressed through a contractual indemnity right.

If the delegating party wishes to entirely exclude itself from liability for non-performance, it must get the non-delegating party’s approval to the contract (novation). In the majority of novations, the delegating party, the delegatee, and the non-delegating party all agree on the following:

• The delegatee replaces the delegating party as a party to the contract.
• The delegating party is no longer liable for contract performance.
• The delegatee is directly and solely liable for the delegating party’s contract fulfillment.

Types of Assignment – Legal (Statutory) Assignment vs. Equitable Assignment

• Legal (Statutory) Assignment: An assignment that satisfies the provisions of the appropriate province or territory laws (for example, the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act [v] )
• Equitable Assignment: An equitable assignment may be enforced even if it does not fulfill the statutory requirements for a legal assignment.

Requirements for a Legal (Statutory) Assignment

All of Canada’s common law provinces have enacted legislation allowing the transfer of contract rights. Notably, the legislation for Ontario is the Conveyancing and Law of Property Act .

These statutory assignments are enforceable if the parties comply with the following procedures:

• The assignment is absolute.
• The assignment is in writing, signed by the assignor
• the non-assigning obligor is given express written notice.

A statutory assignment does not need consideration, and no precise words or form are necessary. They can be made as gifts and be valid.

Requirements for an Equitable Assignment

An assignment may be enforceable as an equitable assignment even if it does not fulfill the formality criteria of a statutory assignment. An equitable assignment does not necessitate the use of any specific terms or form. However, in order to comply with any provincial statutes of frauds regulations, the assignment must be in writing. The phrasing must clearly indicate that the assignee is to benefit from the rights being assigned. In contrast to a statutory assignment, consideration is required until there is a full transfer, such as a gift. It is not necessary to provide the non-assigning obligor with express written notification (except in the case of a transfer of land). However, notification is often given largely to assure that:

• The obligor ceases to pay the assignor.
• The assignee has priority over subsequent encumbrances.

Contractual Anti-Assignment & Anti-Delegation Clauses

Rather than relying on relatively uncertain legal rules, most commercial contract parties handle transferability issues in the written agreement. As a result, most commercial contracts include a negative covenant that restricts one or both parties’ rights to assign.

These clauses frequently include specific exceptions that allow one or more of the parties to assign and delegate rights and duties, often to designated non-parties such as affiliates and successors-in-interest to the transferring party’s business.

Courts frequently uphold provisions that prevent assignment because they favor the rights of parties to freely contract. However, subject to specific limitations, there is a broad assumption that contractual rights are assignable. As a result, the case law on anti-assignment provisions is a little erratic. Some courts have upheld anti-assignment clauses and declared the agreement unenforceable. Others have argued that an anti-assignment provision cannot preclude assignment.

Overall, contractual anti-assignment and anti-delegation provisions are commonly included in many types of business contracts. If not, transferability is determined by the contract’s subject matter and the nature of the rights and obligations to be transferred. It is important to stay knowledgeable the existence of such contractual terms when dealing with various commercial contracts…such as contracts for the sale of goods, personal service contracts, commercial real estate leases and various other types of contracts.

If you have any questions about your business’s contractual assignment or delegation needs, contact Cactus Law today to speak with a lawyer specializing in commercial law.

Disclaimer:

The information presented above is solely for general educational and informational purposes. It is not intended to be, and should not be taken as, legal advice. The information given above may not be applicable in all cases and may not even reflect the most recent authority after the date of its publication. As a result, please refer to all updated legislation, statutes, and amendments. Nothing in this article should be relied on or acted upon without the benefit of legal advice based on the specific facts and circumstances described, and nothing in this article should be interpreted otherwise.

About the Author:

Kanwar Gujral is entering his third year at Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto, Ontario. He has a dedicated interest in real estate, business, and corporate law.

[i] National Trust Co. v. Mead , 1990 CarswellSask 165 (S.C.C.).

[ii] Irving Oil Ltd. v. Canada , 1984 CarswellNat 137 (Fed. C.A.).

[iii] Supra note 1.

[iv] Rodaro v. Royal Bank , 2002 CarswellOnt 1047 (Ont. C.A.).

[v] Conveyancing and Law of Property Act , R.S.O. 1990, c. C.34.

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Assignment Clause

In regards to the assignment clause below, would this clause be added to the Agreement of Purchase and Sale between the assignor and the assignee?

The Buyer acknowledges that the Seller has purchased the property by way of a prior accepted Agreement of Purchase and Sale, a copy of which is attached as Schedule “_____” hereto, and the Seller is assigning the Seller’s rights thereunder to the Buyer. Upon acceptance of this Offer, the Seller shall give written notice of Assignment to any other parties affected by this Agreement. If the Seller is unable to complete the transaction by reason of default of the party from whom the Seller has purchased the property, the Seller shall not be liable for any damage or loss incurred by the Buyer, and this Agreement of Purchase and Sale shall become null and void and the deposit shall be returned to the Buyer in full without deduction.

There is actually an “Assignment Agreement” which deals with this in greater detail upon the assumption that it is an unregistered condominium. It deals with a variety of additional issues, not just the actual assignment itself.

It’s important to remember, that all contracts can be assigned unless the original Seller has included a clause which would prevent an assignment.

Usually, assignments are prevented unless the original Seller consents, and they will do so, only upon their own terms.

Brian Madigan LL.B., Broker

www.OntarioRealEstateSource.com

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Assignment of Commercial Contracts

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• What is Assignment?
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• Requirements for an Equitable Assignment
• Voluntary and Involuntary Transfers
• Change of Control
• Non-Assignable Contracts
• Contractual Anti-Assignment Clauses
• Directly Addressing Assignment and Delegation
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• Designating the Non-Transferring Party's Consent Rights
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Understanding the Assignment Clause Q & A: How It Works in Contracts and Agreements

• 24 July 2023
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• Assignee assignment clause Assignor Buying Property Buying Real Estate Contract modification Contractual transfer Knowing Your Property Q&A Real estate transaction
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• Understanding the Assignment C ...

In real estate transactions, an assignment clause is a contractual provision that allows one party (the “assignor”) to transfer their rights, interests, or obligations under the contract to a third party (the “assignee”). The assignment clause provides the framework for how such transfers can take place and outlines the conditions and terms for the assignment.

It’s important for both buyers and sellers in real estate transactions to be aware of the assignment clause’s existence in the purchase agreement. Properly understanding and complying with the assignment clause can facilitate a smooth and lawful transfer of rights or ownership in the property.

An assignment clause is a legal provision that can be found in contracts and agreements. It outlines the conditions under which one party (the assignor) can transfer their rights, duties, or obligations under the contract to another party (the assignee). Assignment clauses are commonly used in a variety of contracts, including leases, loans, and business agreements. Understanding this clause is important, as it can have significant implications for all parties involved.

An assignment clause, found in various contracts and agreements, delineates the conditions under which one party can transfer their rights, obligations, or benefits to another party. This clause is pivotal because it affects the dynamics of the contractual relationship.

Typically, an assignment clause stipulates whether assignment is allowed and, if so, whether it necessitates the consent of the non-assigning party. This consent can be absolute or subject to reasonable conditions. In some cases, contracts explicitly forbid assignment, while others differentiate between assigning rights (e.g., payment entitlements) and duties (e.g., service obligations).

Understanding the assignment clause is essential as it carries significant legal and financial implications. Assignors might still be held liable if the assignee fails to meet obligations, and financial obligations may shift hands. Parties should carefully review this clause to ensure compliance and consider seeking legal advice when necessary, as it can have a lasting impact on the contract’s execution and outcomes.

Questions & Answers (Q & A)

Q: What is an assignment clause in a contract?

A: An assignment clause is a contractual provision that allows one party to transfer or “assign” their rights, benefits, and obligations under the contract to a third party, known as the “assignee.” This provision outlines the conditions and terms under which such transfers can occur.

Q: How does an assignment clause work?

A: When one party to the contract wishes to transfer their rights and obligations to another party, they must review the assignment clause to determine if it permits such transfers. In many cases, the assignor (the party making the assignment) must obtain the written consent of the other party to the contract before proceeding. Once the assignment is completed and the assignee assumes the rights and duties, the assignor is usually released from further obligations under the original contract.

Q: What are the key elements of an assignment clause?

A: The key elements of an assignment clause include:

• Clearly defining the parties involved (assignor and assignee).
• Stating the conditions under which assignments are allowed.
• Specifying the procedures for seeking consent and providing notice.
• Outlining the liabilities and obligations of the assignee after the assignment.

Q1: What are the typical conditions for assignment?

A1: The conditions for assignment can vary based on the specific contract and the intentions of the parties involved. Some common conditions include obtaining the consent of the other party, providing written notice of the assignment, and ensuring the assignee has the necessary qualifications to fulfill the obligations under the contract.

Q2: What are the requirements for making an assignment under the clause?

A2: The specific requirements for making an assignment under the clause are typically outlined in the contract. They may include obtaining the consent of the other party, providing written notice of the assignment, or complying with any conditions set forth in the clause. It is essential for the assignor to adhere to these requirements to ensure a valid and enforceable assignment.

Q3: Why are assignment clauses included in contracts?

A3: Assignment clauses are included in contracts to provide flexibility and allow parties to transfer their rights and obligations under the contract when needed. They can be beneficial in situations where a party wants to sell or transfer their interests in a project, business, or real estate property without entirely terminating the contract.

Q4: Are there any restrictions on assignments?

A4: Yes, some contracts may include restrictions or prohibitions on assignments. These restrictions are typically in place to protect the interests of the parties involved. For example, contracts involving personal services or unique skills may restrict assignments to ensure the intended parties are directly involved.

Q5: What happens if an assignment is not allowed or improperly executed?

A5: If an assignment is not allowed or not executed according to the terms of the assignment clause, it could result in a breach of contract. The party attempting to make the assignment may face legal consequences, and the other party may seek damages or take legal action to enforce the original contract.

Q6: Can an assignment clause be modified or negotiated in a contract?

A6: Yes, like any other contractual provision, the assignment clause can be negotiated and modified between the parties before the contract is finalized. Parties may choose to include specific language or conditions regarding assignments to suit their particular needs and interests.

Q7: What happens to the original party after the assignment is made?

A7: Once the assignment is completed and the assignee assumes the rights and obligations, the original party (assignor) is generally released from any further duties under the contract. The assignee becomes the new party responsible for fulfilling the terms of the agreement.

Q8: Should legal advice be sought before making an assignment?

A8: Yes, seeking legal advice is highly recommended before making an assignment or responding to an assignment request. An attorney can review the contract, assess the implications of the assignment, and ensure that all legal requirements are met to avoid potential disputes or breaches of contract.

Q9: What is the significance of the assignment clause in a real estate contract, and why is it crucial for both buyers and sellers to be aware of its implications?

A9: The assignment clause in a real estate contract outlines whether the buyer can transfer their rights and obligations to another party. It is crucial for both buyers and sellers to understand this clause as it can impact the transaction’s dynamics. For sellers, it can determine if the buyer can assign their purchase agreement to another party. Buyers need to know if they have the flexibility to assign their contract to someone else. Being aware of the assignment clause’s implications ensures all parties involved in the transaction are on the same page and that the process proceeds smoothly.

Q10: In what situations might a buyer or seller want to exercise their rights under the assignment clause, and how does this affect the real estate transaction?

A10: Buyers might want to exercise their rights under the assignment clause if they are unable to complete the purchase themselves, perhaps due to a change in circumstances. Similarly, sellers might allow the assignment if they are open to selling to another party. The key is to understand that the assignment clause can lead to a change in the buyer, which could affect the deal’s terms or timeline. Both buyers and sellers should assess the potential impact of an assignment on the transaction and decide if it aligns with their goals.

Q11: Can real estate brokers play a role in helping clients navigate assignment clauses, and how can they assist in this regard?

A11: Real estate brokers can certainly play a valuable role in helping clients understand assignment clauses. They can explain the clause’s terms, implications, and its importance. Brokers can facilitate communication between buyers and sellers regarding assignments and help negotiate terms that are acceptable to both parties. Their expertise in contract interpretation and negotiation can be instrumental in ensuring that the assignment process, if it occurs, is conducted smoothly and in compliance with the contract.

Q12: What are the potential legal and financial risks involved with assignment clauses in real estate transactions, and how can these be mitigated?

A12: Legal and financial risks in real estate assignments can include potential disputes, unexpected liabilities, or financial implications. To mitigate these risks, it’s essential to have clear and well-defined assignment terms within the contract. Engaging a real estate attorney to review the assignment clause can help ensure its legality and enforceability. Additionally, conducting thorough due diligence on the assigned party and their financial capacity can reduce financial risks.

Q13: How does the presence or absence of an assignment clause affect the marketability and flexibility of a property in the real estate market?

A13: The presence or absence of an assignment clause can impact a property’s marketability and flexibility. Properties with more flexible assignment clauses might appeal to a broader range of potential buyers, including those who might consider an assignment. On the other hand, properties without an assignment clause might appeal to buyers seeking more control over the transaction. It’s essential for sellers to work with their real estate brokers to determine the right approach for their property, considering market demand and their own preferences.

Q14: How can real estate professionals, such as brokers and agents, help clients draft or negotiate assignment clauses to better protect their interests?

A14: Real estate professionals can collaborate with clients to draft or negotiate assignment clauses that protect their interests. They can ensure that the language is clear and specific, addressing the conditions under which assignments are allowed and any consent requirements. Brokers and agents can also help clients define any limitations, timeframes, or potential consequences related to assignments. The goal is to create an assignment clause that aligns with the client’s objectives and provides legal protection.

Q15: In the context of real estate investments, how does understanding and effectively using assignment clauses contribute to a more flexible and profitable investment strategy?

A15: For real estate investors, understanding and effectively using assignment clauses can enhance investment flexibility and profitability. Investors can use assignment clauses to capitalize on market opportunities by allowing the transfer of purchase agreements to other investors or entities. This flexibility can help investors quickly exit deals or capitalize on changing market conditions. However, it’s crucial to navigate assignment clauses with a clear understanding of the legal and financial implications to maximize profitability while minimizing risks.

Q16: What potential challenges or disputes might arise regarding assignment clauses in real estate transactions, and how can these be resolved or prevented?

A16: Challenges or disputes in real estate transactions related to assignment clauses can arise when one party wishes to assign the contract, and the other party disagrees or when the terms of the assignment are unclear. To prevent or resolve such issues, it’s crucial to have a well-drafted assignment clause that clearly outlines the process and conditions. Communication between all parties is essential to avoid misunderstandings. If disputes do occur, mediation or negotiation might be used to reach a resolution, and in some cases, legal action may be necessary. The best prevention, however, is to have a well-crafted contract that anticipates and addresses potential issues.

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Assignments of Agreement of Purchase and Sale – An Overview

What is an assignment.

The assignment of an agreement of purchase and sale is a legal transaction whereby a party to a contract transfers their rights and obligations in that agreement and associated property, to another party. It is commonly used in Ontario real estate transactions as a means of selling a property before the original purchase agreement is completed. Assignments are often pursued by buyers or investors who wish to purchase a property for a lower price than the original purchase price or who seek to benefit from a changing market or financial circumstances. In an assignment, the original purchaser (the assignor) sells their rights and benefits under the agreement to a third party (the assignee) for a negotiated price.

Benefits, Disadvantages, and Uses of an Assignment Transaction

There are several benefits to pursuing an assignment. For the assignor, it may provide an opportunity to sell the property at a profit without having to close on the purchase themselves. It may also allow them to avoid closing costs and other fees associated with the purchase. For the assignee, an assignment can offer an opportunity to purchase a property at a lower price than the original purchase price, particularly if the market has changed or the original purchaser is in financial distress. However, there are also potential drawbacks to assignments, such as uncertainty regarding the closing date, tax implications, higher than anticipated closing costs and the potential for disputes between parties.

Assignment Process

The assignment process typically involves several steps. First, the assignor must find a willing assignee who is willing to purchase their interest in the property. They may need to advertise the property and assignment (provided this is permitted by the original vendor in a pre-construction transaction) and negotiate a price with the assignee. Once an assignee is found, the parties must draft an assignment agreement that outlines the terms of the assignment, including the purchase price, closing date, obligations of each party and other relevant details. The assignment agreement must be signed by both the assignor and assignee and may need to be registered with the relevant authorities, such as the Land Registry Office. Finally, the assignee assumes the rights and benefits of the original agreement and is responsible for completing the purchase on the closing date. Throughout the assignment process, it’s important to seek legal advice and follow the requirements outlined in the original purchase agreement.

Fees and Default

Assignment agreements generally include an ‘Assignment Fee’ payable by the assignee to the assignor in exchange for the right to acquire the property. It is important to determine when this fee is payable. If any funds are to be released to the assignor prior to the completion of the original transaction, it must be specified. Otherwise, the default is that they are to be held in trust by the assignor’s solicitor, until the completion of the original agreement of purchase and sale.

If a seller defaults on the original agreement (i.e. fails to close the transactions), the assignment becomes null and void. The funds are returned to the assignee, and the assignor is not liable for any expenses or losses incurred therefrom by the assignee. The assignor can commence legal proceedings against the seller for failing to close the transaction, however, the assignee has little to no such legal remedy available, even in the face of changing market conditions.

Other Considerations

On a final note, the tax implications of assignments can be complex, and it’s important for buyers and sellers to seek legal advice before pursuing an assignment. Depending on the circumstances, both the assignor and assignee may be subject to various taxes, such as capital gains tax, HST, or land transfer tax. For example, while the resale of a residential property is naturally not subject to HST and, accordingly, there is no HST payable on the assignment fee, extra steps must be taken to ensure the same result for new-build properties; the assignment agreement must include a provision stating that part of the consideration is attributable to the reimbursement of a deposit paid by the assignee to the builder. As with the Land Transfer Tax, it is payable by the assignment after the completion date of the original transaction, on the aggregate purchase price (including the assignment fee).

Assignment of agreements of purchase and sale are a common tool used in Ontario real estate transactions to transfer property ownership rights and benefits. They can offer benefits such as flexibility and financial gain but also carry risks and challenges. Understanding the legal, financial, and practical implications of assignments is crucial for anyone considering pursuing this approach.

If you have any questions about assignments of agreement of purchase and sale or real estate law generally, please contact  Jonathan at 289-220-3229 or  [email protected]

• Jonathan Dippolito
• 289-220-3229
• (905) 668-9737
• [email protected]

Assignment Agreements

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What is an Assignment?

When one party transfers their right on one property to another, it is known as an assignment. There are two types of assignment, legal and equitable. Contact us for Assignment Agreements.

If we look at a contract, one party (the assignor) can transfer their right under a contract to a third party (the assignee). The assignor does not need the other party’s consent in the contract as per the express terms and conditions of the contract.

While rights under a contract can be assigned, obligations under the contract cannot be transferred to a third party. Novation is the only method to transfer obligations.

What Are the Legal Implications of An Assignment?

As per the clauses outlined in the Law of Property Act 1925, legal or debt benefits can be assigned to another person. For a legal assignment, there are few requirements:

• Benefits under an agreement can be assigned
• Assignment should be absolute
• The rights under the debt to be assigned should be fully identifiable and whole and should not relate to any parts
• The assignor needs to sign the agreement, and the assignment should be in writing
• All parties to the assignment should receive notice of the assignment

What are Property Assignments?

Any legal sales transaction is an assignment where the assignor (original purchaser) of the property transfers their rights and obligations under the contract to the new assignee (purchaser). In simple terms, the new assignee pays a fee for purchasing the desired property.

The assignment is considered to take place from the original agreement of sale between the original purchaser and developer. The assignment happens before the property is completed.

The assignee assumes all the obligations and duties of the assignor. The original agreement of sale includes these duties and obligations such as included items, deposits, required disclosure statements, and completion date.

The assignee is granted title to the property once the property gets completed. All assignment fees are borne by the original purchaser and are charged by the developer.

The legal owner of the property is the developer till the transfer of title happens legally on completion of the property. For all assignment transactions, the developer needs to give written consent.

How can assignments from builders be done for Pre-Construction Condos?

Before project completion, many investors end up selling their builder agreement properties. The assignment is when the purchaser-investor’s interest in the builder agreement of purchase and sale is transferred to a new buyer or assignee.

Builder’s written consent is required before an assignment can take place by the purchaser-investor. Many builders can also withhold the assignment clause as per their agreement.

Whether you are moving into the property or purchasing a condo for investment, it is advisable to get the agreement reviewed by a real estate lawyer. You can understand your options and request an amendment to the agreement of purchase and sale to allow for future assignments.

Can an Assignment be done only for Pre-Construction Condos?

Any type of property can be assigned to a person, whether it is a resale or a pre-construction one. There should not be any restrictions against assignment in the original contract for the assignment to be possible.

How Can Consent from Builder be Received?

Builder’s requirements, process, and fees should be determined once the buyer confirms that they possess the right to assign the agreement as per the contract. If the agreement prohibits assignment and the builder refuses to allow them, the original buyer will have to wait to sell the property after closing. In many circumstances, the builder’s consent to agreement assignment can be obtained even if such consent was not present in the original contract. Many builders waive the assignment prohibiting clause from the agreement once builder specified criteria and forms with fees are followed.

The sales office can help in determining if the builder can provide consent and under what conditions. Different builders have a varying set of processes on the assignment of their properties.

What are the Salient Features of the Assignment Process?

• The buyer takes over the assignment agreement and pays the adjustments to the builder at the time of closing. New and original buyers may split the adjustments if that is decided as per the agreement
• Assignment fees are typically paid by the original buyer to the builder
• In the original contract, the buyer has paid deposits to the builder. Once the contract gets assigned to the new buyer, they also take over the deposits. In most cases, the original buyer gets their deposits back once the builder gives their signed consent to the assignment of property to the new buyer.
• The original buyer gains by the difference of funds at the time of final closing.
• The closing of the transaction is dependent on the construction level of the condo unit. The buyer can occupy the unit once the occupancy closing takes place. Once the occupancy closing is done, once the builder signs the consent to an assignment, the final closing date can be set.
• The new buyer is responsible for paying the occupancy fees from the date of the property being occupied.

What Are the HST Implications of The Purchase of A Newly Built Residential Property On Assignment From A Builder?

The purchase price on the Agreement of Purchase and Sale with the Builder is already inclusive of HST and an HST New Housing Rebate. However, there are some cases where the Builder will not credit the HST New Housing Rebate on closing as a result of an Assignment, despite the eligibility of the Assignee/Purchaser for the Rebate. If you are buying on Assignment and the Builder does not credit you the HST New Housing Rebate, you will need to pay the same to the Builder as an Adjustment on final closing.

To recover your HST New Housing Rebate, you will need to apply for the HST New Housing Rebate yourself after final closing with the Builder. To be eligible for the same, you will need to have acquired the property to move into the property and that you will have actually moved into the property after closing with the Builder. Please note that if the Assignor had used the property for rental purposes after taking possession on occupancy, it will affect your eligibility for the HST New Housing Rebate and it is important to ensure the Assignor has not done so.

If you are buying on Assignment for investment purposes, you will need to obtain an HST Rental Rebate by entering into a lease to a Tenant to move into the property for at least a one-year period and apply for the HST Rental Rebate within 2 years of your final closing.

You are advised to speak to a real estate lawyer about the HST Rebate applicable to your Assignment purchase.

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• Advice for Agents
• Legal Issues

Assigning an Agreement of Purchase and Sale

Martin Rumack | Jul 26, 2016 | 0 comments

At its essence, an assignment of an Agreement of Purchase and Sale – informally known as “flipping a home” – is a simple concept: A buyer of a new home allows someone else to take over the purchase contract, which allows that person to buy the home.

More specifically, the original buyer enters into a formal Agreement of Purchase and Sale with a builder, and then allows another person – who we will call the “new buyer” – to step into his or her shoes through what is legally known as an “assignment” of that original agreement or offer to buy. The new buyer pays the original buyer a higher price than what was set out in that original agreement; the difference is the original buyer’s profit. All of this takes place after the original buyer has agreed to buy from the builder, but before the deal closes; the original buyer never takes title to the property.

This arises primarily with homes: For newly built homes with typically long closing dates (often 18 months or more), an assignment is particularly attractive in situations where the builder has already sold all of the units in the development early on, but where there is still demand for soon-to-be-completed homes and new condominium units in the development.

The assignment of a new condominium unit is also interesting for similar reasons, although the time frame may be significantly longer depending on when the assignment occurs. This puts the original buyer in position to make a profit by inflating the new price well above what he or she agreed to pay the builder in the first place.

What is the benefit to the new buyer? There can be several:

• The new buyer may be able to buy into a desirable neighbourhood at a time when there are no more units available to be purchased directly from the builder;
• Even taking the original buyer’s profit into account, the assignment may give the new buyer a price advantage over other properties that are currently on the market; and
• Depending on the timing of the assignment, the new buyer may be positioned to choose finishes and make minor changes to the yet-to-be-built home.
• Whatever the respective motivations of the original and new buyer, the assignment of an Agreement of Purchase and Sale has many specific features – and just as many potential pitfalls.

When can an agreement of purchase and sale be assigned?

Unlike the standard Ontario Real Estate Association (OREA) agreements, many builders’ own (customized) Agreements of Purchase and Sale contain a clause that generally prohibits the assignment of the contract outright – or else allows it only with strict conditions and in exchange for a significant fee payable to the builder.

In fact, the vast majority of new home or condominium-purchase agreements do not allow the original buyer to assign the contract to someone else and stipulate that any attempt by the buyer to do so, or to list the home for sale on the MLS system or otherwise, or else list the property for rent, will put the original buyer in breach of the agreement. This triggers the builder’s right, with notice, to terminate the original agreement, keep the original buyer’s deposit and seek additional damages from him or her. (And in most cases, the original buyer’s agreement is “dead”; he or she cannot go back and try to complete the transaction as if no assignment had taken place).

All of this means that anyone who has agreed to purchase a home from a builder should give careful consideration to, and should seek legal advice prior to signing the agreement, or in the case of condominium units during the 10-day cooling-off period in order to determine whether it’s possible to assign the agreement in the first place.

This in turn involves a careful review of the clauses in that agreement.

Typical (and not-so-typical) provisions

As a practical matter, there are as many variations in these types of provisions as there are builders.

Many Agreements of Purchase and Sale will include a largely standard “no assignment” clause, which disentitles the original buyer from “directly or indirectly” taking any steps to “lease, list for sale, advertise for sale, assign, convey, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of” the property or any interest in it.

A potential exception – and this is important – arises if the builder gives prior written consent, although in the more draconian version of these kinds of contract, that consent may be “unreasonably and arbitrarily withheld” by the builder, essentially on its whim. In other words, the buyer is not allowed to deal with the property, unless the builder pre-approves it in writing, but in many cases the builder has no obligation to give that approval and may withhold it for any reason whatsoever, including unreasonable and arbitrary ones.

(With that said, the “no assignment” clause in some agreements will allow for express exceptions or situations where the builder will not withhold consent, for example: a) assignments made to a member of the original buyer’s immediate family; or b) where the builder has determined that a sufficient and satisfactory percentage of the available units have already been sold).

The bottom line is that the basic clause in an Agreement of Purchase and Sale may or may not allow for the assignment of the agreement to a new buyer, and if it is allowed, it will be subject to specified conditions such as obtaining the builder’s written consent. Most agreements will embellish this basic clause by adding further written stipulations such as:

• Having both the original buyer and the new buyer sign an Assignment Agreement that has been drafted by the builder;
• Mandating the original buyer will not assign the agreement until the builder has managed to sell a certain percentage of the units in the overall development (for example, 85 or 90 per cent), and even then it must be with the builder’s written consent as usual;
• Requiring the original buyer to pay a fee to the builder of (for example) $5,000 plus taxes as part of obtaining the builder’s consent to the assignment;
• Requiring the original buyer to pay another fee plus taxes to the builder’s lawyer (ostensibly as a sort of “legal processing fee”);
• Getting the pre-approval of any lending institution or mortgagee that is providing funding to the builder for construction or otherwise;
• Assuming the builder agrees to the assignment in the first place, prohibiting any further assignments of the offer by the new buyer to any subsequent party;
• Confirming that the breach of any of the original buyer’s promises in relation to how and when an assignment can occur will be considered a breach of the whole agreement (and one that cannot be remedied); and
• Requiring the original buyer to confirm in writing that the property is not being purchased for short-term speculative purposes.

Note that even if the Agreement of Purchase and Sale does not expressly allow or provide for it in writing, some builders will permit an original buyer to make an assignment nonetheless. This is because it is always in the builder’s discretion to give up (usually for a fee) its right to technically insist on the purchase going ahead with the original buyer.

Getting the builder’s consent

It’s important to remember that, initially, the original buyer and the builder had a valid legal contract in place that obliged the buyer to purchase a home or condominium unit from the builder. That original buyer, for whatever reason – whether it’s a change of circumstances (such as a change in a marital situation, job transfer to another city, province or country; birth of children resulting in a home/condominium unit being too small for the buyer), cold feet, or simply the desire to make a profit – has subsequently decided to “sell” that right to buy to the new buyer.

To protect the builder, the assignment will contain clauses that are designed to safeguard the builder’s rights. The most important one is that, as discussed, the builder must give its written consent to the assignment. This will often involve specific builder-imposed requirements, fees and forms that must be completed.

Once consent has been obtained, there may be additional restrictions on the manner in which the original owner can market the property. For example, some builders will insist that the property is not to be listed on the MLS system (where it may be competing with the builder’s own listings for still-unsold homes and units in the same development); if the original owner does so nonetheless, it will be tantamount to a breach of the Agreement of Purchase and Sale, which could entitle the builder to damages, or rescission of the Agreement of the Purchase and Sale while retaining the deposits paid, as well as the monies paid for extras.

However, aside from any marketing/advertising restrictions that may be imposed, the original buyer must clearly indicate in any listing that it is an assignment of an Agreement of Purchase and Sale, not merely an ostensible sale from the original buyer.

Continuing liability after assignment

One key provision in the Agreement of Purchase and Sale – and one that is easy to overlook – may significantly impact whether an original buyer will want to assign his or her agreement at all.

Even though the original buyer has essentially transferred his or her right to buy the property to the new buyer, the original buyer is not fully off the hook. Rather, under the terms of the assignment document, the original buyer can remain liable to go through with the contract if the new buyer does not complete the transaction with the builder.

This written obligation appears in the original buyer’s Agreement of Purchase and Sale, and is couched in phrases that give the buyer continuing liability for the “covenants, agreements and obligations” contained the original agreement. But the net effect is that the original buyer remains fully liable should the agreement between the builder and the new buyer collapse. The agreement may also stipulate that the assignee, meaning the person receiving the benefit of the assignment (the new buyer) must sign an “assumption covenant”, which creates a binding contract between the new buyer and the builder.

(Incidentally, in contrast some builder’s agreements quite conveniently allow the builder itself to freely assign the agreement to any other builder registered with Tarion, which completely releases the builder from its obligations.)

The original buyer’s continuing liability under the Assignment Agreement is a major drawback in these types of arrangements. The original buyer always has to balance the risks and rewards inherent in this scenario.

Documenting the transaction

Assuming that the assignment of an offer is even permitted by the builder, then (as with all contracts) it must be documented to reflect and protect the legal right of the parties.

The technical aspects of an assignment require more than simply taking the original buyer’s Agreement of Purchase and Sale with the builder, scratching out his or her name, and replacing it with the new buyer. (Although, in some cases people do try to “squeeze in” assignment-of-offer terminology into a new Agreement of Purchase and Sale made out in the new buyer’s name – but this is definitely NOT recommended).

Rather, a properly documented transaction makes reference to the Agreement of Purchase and Sale between the original buyer and the builder, but adds a separate document called an “Assignment of Agreement of Purchase and Sale.”

OREA provides a standard form that can be used, although in many cases those builders who permit assignments will insist that the original buyer and the new buyer use the builder’s customized assignment forms, rather than the OREA standardized version.

The specifics of the deal – who pays what?

1) recouping the original buyer’s costs .

At the point where the assignment is being negotiated, the original buyer has typically paid a deposit to the builder, may have pre-paid for certain upgrades and extras and has a large balance owing. This means that in the course of striking a deal to achieve the assignment, the original buyer should give some serious thought to the various costs, fees, pre-paid deposits and tax repercussions of the deal, and how these should be reflected in the price that he or she will want the new buyer to pay under the Assignment Agreement. The timing of the payment(s) will also be a consideration.

For both original buyer and new buyer who are considering an assignment arrangement, here are some of the questions to ask:

• Does the price to be paid by the new buyer include any fee that the builder is charging in exchange for the original buyer’s right to assign the Agreement of Purchase and Sale?
• Does it include any deposits paid by the original buyer to the builder, after the agreement was signed? Does it include any interest that has been earned on those deposits?
• Does it clearly state that the new buyer will take over the entire contract, including the adjustments that are to be paid to the builder on closing? Or are those adjustments to be split between new and original buyer?
• Does the price include money paid by the original buyer for extras and upgrades?
• Are there any additional deposits that are still owing to the builder, under the original agreement?
• Who is responsible to pay the additional fee (the builder-imposed fee) in exchange for the builder giving consent? Usually this will be the original buyer, but the parties may negotiate otherwise.
• Does the new buyer agree to take on responsibility under the original agreement for making additional deposit payments until the final closing date (which may still be months or even years away)?
• Does the new buyer have a full understanding of the amount of all the adjustments that must be paid to the builder pursuant to the original agreement?
• If the original buyer has negotiated any special financial incentives into the Agreement of Purchase and Sale that has been reached with the builder, have these been addressed in terms of whether the new buyer will receive the benefit of them?

In any case, the final purchase price payable from the new buyer to the original buyer will typically be made up of:

• The outstanding balance owed to the builder by the original buyer, that will now be payable by the new buyer;
• The total deposits already paid by the original buyer to the builder;
• The total payments already paid by the original buyer to the builder for any upgrades and extras and
• The profit that the original buyer stands to make in the deal.

2) Deposits and interest on deposits

The treatment of deposits and the interest they may have earned merits a brief separate discussion.

Under virtually all Agreements of Purchase and Sale with builders, the original buyer will be required to pay a series of deposits to the builder, starting with the initial deposit paid when the agreement is signed and on a set payment schedule thereafter. The total of those deposits can be significant.

Once the agreement has been assigned to the new buyer, how those deposits are treated will form part of the negotiations. Typically, the original buyer will get those deposits back from the new buyer as part of the overall purchase price of the assignment transaction; he or she will usually receive them at the time the assignment agreement is entered into and the builder has consented to the assignment.

The potential problem with an Assignment Agreement is financing. The original buyer will want his deposit funds returned before closing, but if the new buyer does not have funds on-hand, he or she may find that financing is very difficult to obtain because banks do not advance mortgage funds at the time an Assignment Agreement is entered into; rather, the financial institution will provide funds only on final closing. This can serve as a roadblock to the new buyer’s ability to repay the deposits and potentially to embark on the transaction at all.

The question of who is entitled to the interest on any deposits pre-paid to the builder is also a topic for the original and new buyers to discuss. In many cases, the interest will be only a small amount (if any) and may be credited to the new buyer, rather than the original one. However, in cases where the original buyer has paid significant deposits over time, and where larger interest amounts have accrued, the parties may want to negotiate a different outcome.

3) Land Transfer Tax

When negotiating the deal, the original buyer and the new buyer must discuss the structure of the deal between them, to ascertain the exact selling price on which the Land Transfer Tax (and any Municipal Land Transfer Tax) should be payable; whether it is the original buyer’s price with the builder (net of HST and the HST New Housing Rebate, which is discussed below), or whether it’s the newly inflated price being paid by the new buyer under the assignment.

Generally speaking, it will be the latter, although in some assignment arrangements the parties have attempted to structure it so that they pay the Land Transfer Tax based on the lower initial price asked by the builder, while taking the position that difference between that and the increased price is merely the “fee” paid to acquire the original Agreement of Purchase and Sale entered into with the builder (thus avoiding having the tax calculated on the higher sale price).

In any case, once the Assignment Agreement is reached, it will be the new buyer who is obliged to pay Land Transfer Tax and any Municipal Land Transfer Tax on closing, not the original buyer.

4) HST and the HST New Housing Rebate 

The issue of how HST is to be treated in an assignment scenario is crucial, but is fraught with pitfalls.

The first issue is how HST on the transaction should be calculated. Because the new buyer’s price will inevitably be higher than the one the original buyer agreed to pay to the builder, there is an important issue as to whether the difference – meaning the original buyer’s profit – should be subject to HST (and if so, who will pay it in the transaction).

This determination hinges on whether the assignment is a “taxable supply” under the tax legislation and on whether the original buyer can be considered or deemed a so-called “builder” of the home for HST purposes. This, in turn, involves a number of complex legal concepts and factual findings – including the intentions of the original buyer as to whether the home is going to be a primary residence.

Next, there is the issue of the HST New Housing Rebate. In a typical scenario, the original buyer may have been entitled to the HST New Housing Rebate, based on meeting numerous qualifying requirements and stipulations. However, once he or she assigns the agreement, that eligibility is obviously lost because he or she is no longer taking title to the home on closing. Only one HST New Housing Rebate application per dwelling can be filed.

But once there has been an assignment, it is the new buyer’s circumstances that will determine whether the opportunity for an HST Rebate exists. He or she will have to meet the stipulated legislated requirements and may either apply directly to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), or arrange with the builder to have the rebate amount credited right at closing.

Note that the new buyer may want to take steps to protect his or her position in this regard. For example, when negotiating the Assignment Agreement, the new buyer should make the agreement conditional on receiving written confirmation from the builder that any HST New Housing Rebate will be credited to him or her on closing, assuming that the qualifying requirements are otherwise met. Otherwise, if this commitment is not in writing, the builder, being entitled to exercise its discretion on whether to credit the buyer with the rebate amount on final closing, can withhold it and force the new buyer to apply to CRA directly after closing. Obtaining this commitment in writing is especially important, given the likely lack of prior dealing between the builder and the new buyer.

Other things to consider:

1) who is responsible for the documentation.

In addition to ascertaining whether the original buyer or the new buyer will pay for certain items, it is also important to determine – in advance – which of them will take care of arranging the documentation. The questions to ask:

• Who will prepare the documents needed to achieve the assignment? And who will bear the cost?
• Will the builder’s lawyer prepare the builder’s needed consent to the assignment?
• Since the new buyer cannot renegotiate any of the provisions of the agreement that the original buyer entered into with the builder, are any of those terms objectionable, and if so, how will they be resolved and who will bear the cost?

As discussed, the Assignment Agreement will be conditional on the builder giving its consent. From the new buyer’s standpoint, it should also be made conditional on him or her giving close review to the original Agreement of Purchase and Sale (as signed by the original buyer), the Assignment Agreement, as well as any amendments, waivers, notices (and for condominium purchases, the Disclosure Statement). If for no other reason, it will give the new buyer a chance to consider the specific list of adjustments for which he or she will be responsible to pay on closing. Needless to say, this review should be undertaken with the guidance of an experienced lawyer.

Once the terms of the assignment are settled and the builder’s written consent has been obtained, the Assignment Agreement must be drafted and is attached to the original Agreement of Purchase and Sale that the original buyer entered into with the builder.

Incidentally, the builder may have certain requirements that must be incorporated into the process and accommodated as well. For example, the builder will require the new buyer to provide I.D. and will need confirmation that he or she has the financing required to close in place.

2) Tarion registration 

When negotiating the assignment arrangement, the original and new buyers must be aware of the impact of the New Home Warranty Program as administered by Tarion, particularly if the home being “flipped” is a condominium unit.

3) Financing

There may be financial issues for the new buyer to work out before the deal can go ahead.

As usual, the transaction may be conditional on financing, which will be arranged on the higher price that the new buyer has agreed to pay. However, since some mortgage brokers may be unfamiliar with financing an assignment transaction, getting approval for the new buyer’s purchase may be challenging. This is something that needs to be investigated long before the original buyer and the new buyer start their negotiations in earnest.

4) Commission

A final issue to be negotiated is who is paying the commission with respect to the Assignment Agreement transaction. This includes consideration of the specific commission rate, together with the details on how and when the commission gets paid.

While an Assignment Agreement can be beneficial to both the original and the new buyer – and even to the builder (in extra fees) there are many issues to be addressed and negotiated.

As an agent, make sure your client obtains legal advice prior to finalizing any agreement to assign the original Agreement of Purchase and Sale.

Be careful… be aware… and think!

• Agreement of Purchase and Sale

Toronto lawyer Martin Rumack’s practice areas include real estate law, corporate and commercial law, wills, estates, powers of attorney, family law and civil litigation. He is co-author of Legal Responsibilities of Real Estate Agents, 4th Edition, available at the TREB bookstore and at LexisNexis . Visit Martin Rumack’s website .

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