anatomy of human body essay

Human Body Essay

Introduction.

It is surprising to see how a human body functions with maximum capability. Whether we are talking, walking or seeing, there are distinct parts in our body that are destined to perform a particular function. The importance of each part is discussed in this human body essay. When we feel tired, we often take a rest and lie down for a moment. But our body continues to work, even when we take a break. Even if you are tired, your heart will not stop beating. It pumps blood and transports nutrients to your body.

The human body is made up of many parts and organs that work together to sustain life in our body. No organ or body part is more important than the other, and if you ignore one of them, then the whole body will be in pain. So, let us teach the significance of different parts of the body to our children through this essay on human body parts in English. To explore other exciting content for kids learning , head to our website.

Different Systems in the Human Body

The human body looks very simple from the outside with hands, legs, face, eyes, ears and so on. But, there is a more complex and significant structure inside the body that helps us to live. The human body is made up of many small structures like cells, tissues, organs and systems. It is covered by the skin, beneath which you could find muscles, veins, and blood. This structure is formed on the base of a skeleton, which consists of many bones. All these are arranged in a specific way to help the body function effectively. In this human body essay, we will see the different systems in the human body and their functions.

The circulatory system, respiratory system, digestive system and nervous system are the main systems of the human body. Each system has different organs, and they function together to accomplish several tasks. The circulatory system consists of organs like the heart, blood and blood vessels, and its main function is to pump blood from the heart to the lungs and carry oxygen to different parts of the body.

Next, we will understand the importance of the respiratory system through this human body essay in English. The respiratory system enables us to breathe easily, and it includes organs like the lungs, airways, windpipe, nose and mouth. While the digestive system helps in breaking down the food we eat and gives the energy to work with the help of organs like the mouth, food pipe, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and anus, the nervous system controls our actions, thoughts and movements. It mainly consists of organs like the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

All these systems are necessary for the proper functioning of the human body, which is discussed in this essay on human body parts in English. By inculcating good eating habits, maintaining proper hygiene and doing regular exercises, we can look after our bodies. You can refer to more essays for kids on our website.

Frequently Asked Questions on Human Body Essay

Why should we take care of our bodies.

Most of the tasks we do like walking, running, eating etc., are only possible if we have a healthy body. To ensure we have a healthy body, all the systems must function properly, which is determined by our lifestyle and eating habits. Only a healthy body will have a healthy mind, and hence, we must take good care of our bodies.

What are some of the body parts and their functions?

We see with our eyes, listen with our ears, walk with our legs, touch with our hands, breathe through our nose and taste with our tongue.

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Human body systems

Author: Jana Vasković, MD • Reviewer: Nicola McLaren, MSc Last reviewed: November 03, 2023 Reading time: 24 minutes

The human body is a biological machine made of body systems; groups of organs that work together to produce and sustain life. Sometimes we get lost while studying about cells and molecules and can’t see the forest for the trees. It can be helpful to step back and look at the bigger anatomical picture.

This topic page will provide you with a quick introduction to the systems of the human body, so that every organ you learn later on will add a superstructure to the basic concept you adopt here.

Skeletal system

Muscular system, cardiovascular system.

• Respiratory system

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system, somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

• Digestive system

Urinary system

Endocrine system.

• Lymphatic system

Reproductive system

• Integumentary system

Related articles

The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages . There are two parts of the skeleton; axial and appendicular. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the head and trunk . The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles .

There are 206 bones in an adult human body. The place at which two bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments . Functions of the skeletal system are mechanical support, movement , protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation.

Elements of the skeletal system are adjusted to the function of the body part they support. Thus, the anatomy of bones, joints and ligaments is studied topographically, as the bones of the; head and neck , thorax , abdomen , upper and lower limbs .

Get started with skeletal system anatomy by checking out the study unit and custom quiz below.

The muscular system consists of all the body muscles. There are three muscle types ; smooth , cardiac and skeletal muscles. Smooth muscle is found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. Cardiac muscle cells form the heart muscle, also called the false . Skeletal muscles attach to the bones of the body.Among these three, only skeletal muscles can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement, while the function of other two muscle types is regulated by the autonomic nervous system and is absolutely unconscious.

Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive fashion giving a striped appearance, hence are called striated muscle .

Smooth muscle does not contain repetitive sarcomeres , thus is non-striated muscle.

Learn all about the muscular system in the study unit below, or consolidate what you already learned with our fully customizable quiz.

The cardiovascular system is comprised of the heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels. The heart is composed of four chambers; two atria and two ventricles . Blood enters the heart through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles. Heart valves prevent the backflow of blood.

The heart acts as a two-way pump. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs , where the blood is reoxygenated again. While the left side of the heart simultaneously pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues . The regular pumping, or heartbeat , is controlled by the conduction system of the heart .

The circulatory system, also called the vascular system, consists of arteries, veins and capillaries . They all comprise a continuous network of vessels which act to carry blood around the body. Blood leaves the heart via arteries , these progressively reduce in size to continue as smaller arterial vessels called arterioles . Arterioles end in a web of even smaller vessels called capillaries . The exchange of gases and nutrients occurs through the capillary walls.

Small veins, called venules , leave from capillaries and gradually increase their lumen on the way to the heart to end as veins . There is a certain histological difference between arteries and veins , but their main functional difference reflects the direction in which they conduct blood: the arteries convey blood from the heart to the periphery, whereas the veins convey blood from the periphery to the heart. 

There are three separate circuits to the circulatory system.

• The pulmonary circulation which carries blood between the heart and the lungs;
• The coronary circulation which supplies blood to the muscle of the heart;
• And the systemic circulation which carries blood to the rest of the body.

Major arteries within the systemic circulatory system are the aorta and its branches, while the main representatives of the veins are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava .

Learn everything about the heart, arteries and veins faster with our cardiovascular system diagrams, quizzes and free worksheets .

Major functions of the cardiovascular system include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body within the blood, and as well as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste.

Learn more about the major arteries, veins and nerves of the body with Kenhub resources!

The respiratory system consists of a series of organs; the nasal cavity , pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , bronchioles and lungs ( alveoli ). The nasal cavity and pharynx are together called the upper respiratory system , while the remainder of the organs comprise the lower respiratory system .

Respiratory system organs, with the exception of the alveoli, function to conduct air into the lungs aided by the muscles of respiration (mainly the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ).

Once air is in the lungs it enters alveoli (the site of gas exchange) and interacts with blood transported by the pulmonary circulation. Here carbon dioxide is removed from, and oxygen returned to, the blood. Thus the major respiratory system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. 

Fortify your knowledge about the respiratory system with this content we have prepared for you.

• Nervous system

Nervous system controls how we interact with and respond to our environment, by controlling the function of the organs in our other body systems. The nervous system organs are the brain , spinal cord and sensory organs. These are connected by neurons , which act to transmit neural signals around the body. 

Morphologically and topographically, the nervous system is divided into the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. Whilst functionally, the nervous system is considered as two parts; the somatic (SNS) or voluntary nervous system, and the autonomic (ANS) or involuntary nervous system.

The  central nervous system definition is that it receives information from the body’s environment and generates instructions, thereby controlling all the activities of the human body. This two-way information flow into, and out of, the CNS is conveyed by the peripheral nervous system. 

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is placed within the  neurocranium , and is formed from the cerebrum , cerebellum and brainstem ( pons and  medulla oblongata ). The central parts of the CNS are occupied by spaces called ventricles filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . The spinal cord is placed within the vertebral column . The spinal canal extends through the central part of the spinal cord. It is also filled with CSF and it communicates with the ventricles of the brain.

The CNS is made of neurons and their processes ( axons ). Gray matter is made of neuron cell bodies, it is found in the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord. White matter is made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways . The gray matter is where the instructions generate, while the white matter is the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs.

The peripheral nervous system definition is that it conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS. It consists of nerves and their ganglia . Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs (for example eye , tongue , nasal mucosa, ear , skin ) to the CNS are called the ascending, afferent or sensory nerve fibers. Fibers that carry information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands) are the descending, efferent , motor or secretory nerve fibers.

A ganglion is a cluster of neural tissue outside of the CNS, made of neuronal cell bodies. Ganglia can be both sensory and autonomic. Sensory ganglia are associated with spinal nerves and some cranial nerves ( V , VII , IX , X ). 

Peripheral nerves emerge from the CNS. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves which arise from the brain, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves which extend from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves are named I to XII, determined by their skull exit location (anterior to posterior). Spinal nerves are divided into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve , depending on vertebral level from which they arise. In certain areas of the body peripheral nerves interconnect, creating neural networks called plexuses . Notable plexuses are the:

• Cervical plexus (C1-C4) – innervates the back of the head , some  neck muscles , pericardium and diaphragm via great auricular, transverse cervical nerve , lesser occipital, supraclavicular, and phrenic nerves .
• Brachial plexus (C5-T1) – innervates the upper limb with nerves such as median , ulnar , radial , musculocutaneous  and  axillary nerve .
• Lumbar plexus (L1-L4) – innervates the muscles and the skin of the abdomen and pelvis , as well as thigh muscles via iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral , lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral nerves .
• Sacral plexus (S1-S4, with branches from L4, L5) – innervates the muscles and skin of parts of the pelvis, posterior thigh , lower leg and foot via the following nerves; gluteal, sciatic , posterior femoral cutaneous, pudendal, nerve to piriformis, nerve to obturator internus , and nerve to quadratus femoris . 

The somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are divisions of the peripheral nervous system, with information conveyed through the cranial and spinal nerves. 

The somatic nervous system definition is that it allows voluntary control over our movements and responses. It conveys sensory and motor information between the skin, sensory organs, skeletal muscles and the CNS; establishing communication of the human body with its environment and response to outside stimuli. Major somatic peripheral nerves include the median nerve, sciatic nerve and femoral nerve. 

The autonomic nervous system definition is that it controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands . Functionally, the ANS is divided into sympathetic   (SANS) and parasympathetic   (PANS) autonomic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system definition is informally known as producing the „flight or fight“ state as it is the part of the ANS which is mostly active during stress.PANS dominates during rest, and is more active in „rest and digest“ or „feed and breed“ activities. The centers of SANS and PANS are within the brainstem and spinal cord, and they communicate with SANS and PANS ganglia located throughout the body. Note that there isn’t any pure SANS or pure PANS nerve, instead their fibers are added to the specific somatic nerves, making them mixed.

The digestive system function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy. It consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs.

The digestive system organs spread from the mouth to the anal canal. So it’s actually a tube consisting of the mouth , pharynx , esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , and anal canal . Accessory digestive organs assist with the mechanical and chemical food breakdown, these are the tongue, salivary glands , pancreas , liver and gallbladder .

Master the digestive system anatomy starting with this study unit and custom quiz:

Urinary system is a body drainage system comprised of the group of organs that produce and excrete urine. It consists of the kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder and urethra .

Kidneys  are paired bean-shaped organs placed retroperitoneally. The kidneys have a rich blood supply provided by the renal artery . Nephrons within the kidneys filter the blood that passes through their web of capillaries ( glomerulus ). The blood filtrate then passes through a series of tubules and collecting ducts, eventually forming the final ultrafiltrate, urine . Urine passes into the ureters , tubes of smooth muscle that convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder . The bladder is a hollow muscular organ that collects and stores urine before disposal by urination (micturition). Functions of the urinary system include; elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood pH.

Get started with the urinary system with these resources:

The endocrine system is a collection of specialised organs (endocrine glands) scattered throughout the body that act to produce hormones. The main organs of the endocrine system can be seen in the diagram below.

With regards to the endocrine system function; hormones produced by the endocrine system act to regulate a wide variety of bodily functions, such as triiodothyronine which regulates metabolism, or estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle. Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to regulate the function of distant target organs. 

We have you covered with everything you need to know about the endocrine system here.

The  lymphatic system  is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the intercellular fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (white blood cells) of the immune system and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. The lymphatic system function is to; convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body; recirculate proteins; and defend the body from microorganisms.

Lymph is a watery tissue fluid with a similar consistency to blood plasma. It starts as interstitial fluid which occupies the spaces between cells. Excess fluid is picked up by lymphatic capillaries and transported through lymphatic plexuses into lymphatic vessels , filtering through lymph nodes along its journey. Superficial lymphatic vessels are found in the subcutaneous tissue alongside veins. They drain into deep lymphatic vessels that follow the arteries. Lymphatic vessels empty into larger lymphatic trunks, which unite to form one of the two main collecting ducts; the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct .

The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli , collecting lymph from the left side of head, neck and thorax, left upper limb, abdomen and both lower limbs and draining it into the left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins). The right lymphatic duct drains the rest of the body and empties into the right venous angle. From the venous angles, cleaned lymph is returned to the circulatory system, rejoining with the fluid of the blood. Note that the central nervous system was previously thought to have no lymphatic vessels. However, recent research has shown its lymph is drained by lymph vessel-like structures found in the meninges.

Lymphatic system organs are divided into primary and secondary organs. Primary lymphatic organs produce lymphocytes and release them into lymphatic vessels. The two primary lymphoid organs are the thymus and red bone marrow . Secondary lymphatic organs include lymph nodes, tonsils , appendix and spleen . Lymph nodes are masses of lymphocyte containing lymphoid tissues, attached to lymphoid vessels. Lymph nodes function to filter cellular debris, foreign pathogens, excess tissue fluid, and leaked plasma proteins. There are aggregations of lymph nodes at key points around the body (cervical, axillary , tracheal, inguinal, femoral, and deep nodes related to the aorta).

The reproductive system, or genital system, is a system of internal and external sex organs which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process. Unlike other systems of organs, the genital system has significant differences among sexes.

The external female sex organs , also known as the genitals, are the organs of the vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). The internal sex organs are the ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus and vagina . The vulva provides an entry to, and protection, for the vagina and uterus, as well as the proper warmth and moisture that aids in its sexual and reproductive functions. In addition, it is important for the sexual arousal and orgasm in females.

The vagina is the canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix (neck) of the uterus. Ovaries secrete hormones and produce egg cells, which are transported to the uterus fallopian tubes . The uterus provides protection, nutrition, and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus. In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus contribute to pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.

The external male sex organs are the testes and penis , while the internal are the epididymis, ductus deferens and accessory glands. Functionally, they can be grouped into three categories.The first category is for sperm production (the testes ), and storage ( epididymis ). The second category organs produce ejaculatory fluid; the ductus deferens and the accessory glands ( seminal vesicles and prostate ). The final category is those used for copulation and deposition of the sperm, these include the penis , urethra and ductus deferens.

The integumentary system is the set of organs that forms the external covering of the body. It includes the skin, skin appendages , sweat glands and sensory receptors.

The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three layers; epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is a thick keratinized epithelium made of multiple cell layers. Underneath the epidermis is the dermis , a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin. The underlying fascia, also called the hypodermis , consists of fat , connective tissue and skin appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands).The integumentary system functions are various. It forms a continuous layer that protects the body from various damaging events, such as external injuries, loss of water and heat, and the carcinogenic effects of UV rays. It also excretes waste, contains sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature, and provides for vitamin D synthesis.

Go through these resources to reinforce your knowledge of the skin:

References: 

• Haines, D. E., Mihailoff, G. A. (2018). Fundamental neuroscience for basic and clinical applications. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
• Moore, K. L., Dalley, A. F., & Agur, A. M. R. (2014). Clinically Oriented Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Netter, F. (2019). Atlas of Human Anatomy (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
• Standring, S. (2016). Gray's Anatomy (41st ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
• Tamura, R., Yoshida, K., & Toda, M. (2019). Current understanding of lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system. Neurosurgical Review, 43(4), 1055–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143...

Article, review and layout:

• Jana Vaskovic
• Nicola McLaren

Illustrations:

• Digestive system (anterior view) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Skeletal system (an overview) - Irina Münstermann
• Cardiovascular system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Respiratory system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Nervous system (an overview) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Cranial nerves (a diagram) - Paul Kim
• Digestive system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Organs of the endocrine system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Lymphatic system (a diagram) - Begoña Rodriguez
• Integumentary system (a diagram) - Paul Kim

Articles within this topic:

• Anatomy of breathing
• Autonomic nervous system
• Central nervous system and brain lymphatics
• Circulatory (cardiovascular) system
• Clinical case: Schwannoma of the nasal cavity
• Development of the central nervous system
• Development of the digestive system
• Digestive system quizzes and free learning tools
• Embryology: 3rd week of development
• Endocrine system: Quiz questions, diagrams and study tools
• How many bones can you find in the human body?
• Hyperthyroidism
• Learn the bones of the body with skeletal system quizzes
• Lymph nodes of the head, neck and arm
• Main bones, joints and muscles of the body
• Musculoskeletal system
• Nervous system anatomy practice: Quizzes and more!
• Organs of the endocrine system
• Parasympathetic nervous system
• Respiratory system and lung development
• Respiratory system quizzes and labeled diagrams
• Subcutaneous tissue
• Think you know the integumentary system? Quiz yourself!
• What is a nerve?

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Book Title: Anatomy & Physiology

Subtitle: OpenStax

Authors: Lindsay M. Biga; Staci Bronson; Sierra Dawson; Amy Harwell; Robin Hopkins; Joel Kaufmann; Mike LeMaster; Philip Matern; Katie Morrison-Graham; Kristen Oja; Devon Quick; Jon Runyeon; OSU OERU; and OpenStax

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Book Description: This work, Anatomy & Physiology, is adapted from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax , licensed under CC BY . This edition, with revised content and artwork, is licensed under CC BY-SA except where otherwise noted. Data dashboard Adoption Form Data Dashboard (through 7/31/23)

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Book description.

This work, Anatomy & Physiology, is adapted from Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax , licensed under CC BY . This edition, with revised content and artwork, is licensed under CC BY-SA except where otherwise noted.

Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2019 by Lindsay M. Biga, Staci Bronson, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Kristen Oja, Devon Quick, Jon Runyeon, OSU OERU, and OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Anatomy & Physiology is an adapted version of Anatomy & Physiology by OpenStax , licensed under CC BY .

Download for free at https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/

Publication and on-going maintenance of this textbook is possible due to grant support from  Oregon State University Ecampus.

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Human Anatomy Essay Examples

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Skin , Body , Organization , Anxiety , Study , Human , Worrying , Education

Published: 12/19/2019

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Introduction

Anatomy deals with the study of the structure of the body. It relates to physiology that looks into how the body functions (Morrsion 698). The human anatomy is complex and consists of several systems that work together for the nourishment of the body. They consist of the skeletal system, the digestive system, the urogenital system, the endocrine system, and the nervous system. There are several types of anatomical studies. Microscopic anatomy deals with the study of microscopic body structures. Functional anatomy deals with the interrelations between functions and body structures.

Human anatomy encompasses a close study into the organization of the human body. There is a hierarchy in this organization: from simple cells to complex organ systems. The human body can be divided into body region such as the back and trunk, the head and neck, and the upper and lower members. When conducting a study of the human body, an individual is in the anatomical position. This means the body is erect with the arms on the side and the head facing forward. The direction or point of view of the body can be anterior, posterior, proximal or distal. Anterior means viewing from the front of the body while posterior means from the back of the body. Proximal refers to a view near the shoulder or hip joint. Distal, on the other hand, refers to viewing further away either of these joints.

The most basic unit of the human anatomy is the human cell. It comprises of cell organelles with different functions. Cells multiply through cell division with the help of centrioles. Manufacture of proteins occurs in the ribosomes under the instructions of the genes. Transfer of materials from cell to cell occurs through the endoplasmic reticulum. Digestion of intracellular materials and bacteria by enzymes occurs in lysosomes. The energy required for the working of the cell comes from the mitochondria. The cytoplasm is the jellylike fluid holding all cell organelles. The nucleus controls all the activities occurring in the cell.

Several cells working together to accomplish a common function comprise a tissue. Tissues include the epithelial tissue, the skeletal tissue, the connective tissue and the nervous tissues, among others. Tissues work together to make up an organ. Epithelial tissue covers the surface of the body tissues or organs. This tissue can be columnar, squamous or cuboidal, depending on the function (Meskell 631). Connective tissue holds tissues together so as to provide the required support. This tissue manufactures a material referred to as the matrix that helps fill up spaces. Connective tissue can be in fibrous, cartilage, bone or fat form. Bones consist of osteoblasts that make and repair the bone. The bone tissue can be compact or spongy. Muscle, smooth, cardiac and skeletal tissues facilitate movement since they can shorten. The nervous tissue is responsible for response to stimuli and transmission of vital information in the body. Detection and transmission of signals occurs through nerve cells or neurons. The junction between two neurons is the synapse. The largest organ in the human body is the skin or the integument proper (Heer and Noreen 62). It consists of the epidermis, which is the outer layer, and the dermis, which is the inner layer. There are several skin pigments that determine an individual’s skin and hair color. Absence of these pigments is the cause of albinism in some individuals. Serous cavities, located between two moving surfaces, act as lubricating surfaces. For example, a bursa reduces friction between a muscle and a bony surface. Other serous cavities include the pericardial cavity holding the heart and the peritoneal cavity suspending the digestive system. The bones form the human skeleton. This aids in support, motion, formation of blood cells and protection of soft body structures. A bone consists of a central shaft known as diaphysis and protruding ends known as epiphyses. A meeting of two bones forms a joint. There are several kinds of joints such as fibrous joint, bony joint, synovial joint and cartilaginous joints. Cartilaginous joints are non movable while synovial joints allow for motion. Synovial joints have synovial fluid to facilitate lubrication of the joint. The spine consists of bony blocks called vertebrae. It consists of the cervical region, the thoracic region, the lumbar region and the coccyx. The skull is a hard bone structure that protects the brain and holds facial organs. The urogenital system consists of urinary and genital organs. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, urethra, two ureters and a urinary bladder. The nephron is the functional unit of the human kidney and plays a vital role in excretion. The circulatory system ensures supply of necessary nutrients to the body and efficient mechanism of excretion. This system consists of the lymphatic system and the cardiovascular system.

The human anatomy is a complex structure made of many body tissues, organ systems and other body structures to ensure all the basic body functions occur with precision. The constituents of these systems are less complex but it is in these simpler units that basic body processes occur.

Works Cited

Nicol, Heer and Noreen. “Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin”. Dermatology Nursing.17. 1: 62-62. Print. Morrison, Julie. “Bodies and Their Parts”. Memory and Cognition. 33 .4: 696-709. Meskell, Marie. “Principles of Anatomy and Physiology”. Journal of Anatomy. 217. 5: 631 631. Print.

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Introduction to the Human Body

The human body is a complex, highly organized structure made up of unique cells that work together to accomplish the specific functions necessary for sustaining life.

The biology of the human body includes

Physiology (how the body functions)

Anatomy (how the body is structured)

Anatomy is organized by levels, from the smallest components of cells to tissues and organs and to organ systems .

Gross anatomy is the study of the body's organs as seen with the naked eye during visual inspection and when the body is cut open for examination (dissection).

Cellular anatomy is the study of cells and their components, which can be observed only with the use of special techniques and special instruments such as microscopes.

Molecular anatomy (often called molecular biology) is the study of the smallest components of cells at the biochemical level.

Anatomy and physiology change remarkably between fertilization and birth. After birth, the rate of anatomic and physiologic changes slows, but childhood is still a time of remarkable growth and development ( see Physical Growth of Infants and Children ). Some anatomic changes occur past adulthood, but the physiologic changes in the body's cells and organs are what contribute most to what we experience as aging ( see Changes in the Body With Aging ).

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The Importance of Anatomy

Anatomy is the knowledge about the structure of the bodies of animals and people. This includes information about blood vessels, organs, the skeleton, and nerves. But have you ever wondered where the anatomical information in science books and websites comes from? When did our fascination with the body begin and why do people still study it now? Who teaches doctors, nurses, veterinary surgeons, and other health professionals about the body? How has anatomy inspired art, and vice versa? This paper looks at the amazing world of anatomy: what anatomy is; why it is needed; why it is important; who studies, teaches, and researches anatomy; and what the future holds for this fascinating science.

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of the body’s structure. It is a branch of science that investigates organs, bones, structures, and cells that exist in animals and people. There is a related scientific discipline called physiology , which helps us to understand the functions of different parts of the body, but understanding anatomy is essential for physiology.

Anatomy is often split into two parts: gross anatomy , which involves investigating larger structures of the body, and histology (sometimes called microanatomy), which helps us understand the finer details of cells and smaller structures of the body. Equipment, such as microscopes ( Figures 1A,B ) are used for histology. Anatomy looks at embryos as well as both young and old animals and people. There are over 200 types of cells, with more still being discovered, and the average human body has 37.2 trillion cells. The human body also has around 640 named muscles, but this depends on how they are classified, so actually the total can be a lot more. Adults typically have 206–208 named bones and 100,000 miles worth of blood vessels (roughly the distance around the Earth four times). Children have 60,000 miles of blood vessels 1 . The body is very intricate and there is still much to study and learn about.

• Figure 1 - (A) Microscopes are used to look at cells and tissues.
• (B) Real heart cells as viewed under a microscope. (C) Anatomists study bones and reassemble skeletons. (D) A real pygmy (mini) hippo skeleton. (E) Computed tomography (often called a CAT scan) is used to see inside animals and people. (F) Guinea-pig bones examined using computed tomography.

The Ten Body Systems

Anatomists (researchers of anatomy) often split the body up into ten basic systems to help describe what different parts of the body do.

• Skeletal—The bones, cartilage, and joints.
• Muscular—The muscles, which helps the body move and breathe.
• Nervous—The brain, spinal cord, and cells called nerves that relay electrical impulses between the brain/spinal cord and the rest of the body.
• Respiratory—The lungs, nose, trachea, and other cells and tubes related to breathing.
• Cardiovascular—The heart, blood vessels, and blood, which provide oxygen and nutrients to the body and remove waste products.
• Lymphatic—Tubes called lymph vessels and several organs and cell types that drain away fluids and protect the body.
• Endocrine—Organs, such as the pancreas, liver, testes, and ovaries, and glands that produce/regulate hormones and other chemical signals.
• Male and Female Reproductive Systems—Organs involved in reproduction, including the uterus, clitoris, and penis.
• Urinary—The kidneys and bladder, which filter the blood, remove waste products, and produce and excrete urine.
• Digestive—Organs, such as the mouth, stomach, intestines, and anus, which digest and absorb food and dispose of waste products.

Researching Anatomy

Throughout history there have been many great anatomists. It is hard to believe that we once did not know what the heart did or that red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. Even today we do not know or understand every part of the body. Anatomists play important roles in developing new technologies and techniques for looking at bodies.

Historically, the best way of seeing inside the body was by dissection —cutting open the body to reveal its contents, a practice that is still done today. For example, if someone dies, a pathologist may need to discover the cause of death by looking inside the body, and surgeons need to cut open the body of the patient when they are doing surgery. The first well-known anatomists relied on dissection too. Although anatomy has been practiced for thousands of years, we are still learning more every day. New bones, muscles, blood vessels, cells, and functions are still being discovered by anatomists.

If you have been to a natural history museum, you may have seen skeletons prepared by skilled anatomists ( Figures 1C,D , 2A ). You may also have seen 3D models of the blood and/or lymph vessels in the body ( Figure 2B ). Models are also made of the entire body or certain body parts ( Figure 2C ), to help others understand anatomy.

• Figure 2 - Anatomy is often studied and taught using (A) skeletons, (B) models of blood vessels, and (C) organs, to help students research and understand the body and how it works.
• (D) X-rays can also be used to look inside the body. (E) Anatomists often work alongside other types of scientists to investigate how the body works.

By the 1600s, microscopes were used to magnify organs and cells, giving even greater insight into what they look like and how they work. As technology advanced, more powerful microscopes were developed. We can now see objects thousands of times larger than their actual size.

By using modern technologies, such as computed tomography (also called CAT scans; Figures 1E,F ), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , and X-rays ( Figure 2D ), we can see inside the bodies of both living and dead organisms. These technologies reveal the inner body without the need to physically cut the body open 2 . These techniques not only help anatomists learn about the body, but they also help doctors to diagnose illness and understand a multitude of other medical problems.

Anatomists often use additional techniques to understand the function of the body. For example, they need to understand how genes work and how each cell and organ functions ( Figure 2E ). Anatomists often work with other scientists and doctors to understand how medicines and different diseases affect the body, which can help identify treatments and cures for diseases. They also work with pathologists, with forensic scientists who use science to help solve crimes, with paleontologists who look at fossils, and with archaeologists trying to uncover reasons for death or extinction.

Teaching Anatomy

There are many types of people who teach anatomy and also many people who need to learn it. Learning about the body often begins at nursery and school. Songs, such as “heads, shoulders, knees, and toes” help young children to learn the names of their body parts. We also learn about organs, such as the brain and heart and how to maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep our bodies fit and active. School science teachers often teach anatomy. You can even take a university/college degree in anatomy. If you are studying biology, medicine, veterinary medicine, nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, or several other health-related fields, you will be taught anatomy. After all, no one can do surgery without knowing where all the organs, bloods vessels, muscles, and other parts of the body are located. Top athletes, their coaches, those who give massages, and sports therapists also need to learn the parts of the body and how they work. If you take sports qualifications at school, you will probably learn about the bones and muscles involved in athletics.

Famous Anatomists and the Arts

Throughout history, the body has been a source of inspiration not only for science but also for the arts. How many paintings, books, photographs, and sculptures have you seen of humans and animals? Even the very first cave people drew human bodies. Ancient Egyptians were working on the heart and blood vessels in 1600 BC. Around 400 BC, a Greek man named Hippocrates became known as the father of medicine and a founder of anatomy ( Figure 3A ). Herophilus, who was also Greek but worked much of his life in Egypt, became known as the father of anatomy and was one of the first people known to dissect humans. A school of anatomy was set up in 300 BC in Alexandria, Egypt [ 4 ]. The first documented woman practicing anatomy and pathology was Alessandra Giliani in the 1300s, but it is likely there were many before her ( Figure 3B ). Women have long been doctors and midwives, even when it was banned or seen as outrageous. Likewise, many women have studied anatomy despite the views of society. In 1847, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to attend medical school in the United States, and in 1864 Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first African-American woman doctor. In the UK, in the 1860s, Dr. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first openly female doctor, but before that Dr. James Barry also practiced medicine but she had to dress as a man and have a male name in order to do so. Luckily, today many anatomists and doctors are female.

• Figure 3 - (A) Hippocrates, called the father of medicine, and Herophilus, who is called the founder of anatomy and who carried out the first recorded dissection, worked in ancient Greece around 400 BC.
• (B) Sculptor Anna Morandi Manzolini worked in Italy in the 1700s, creating wax models and writing about organs and teaching in her home laboratory. The picture also shows Alessandra Giliani, who practiced anatomy in the 1300s and is famous for dissection. (C) Leonardo da Vinci was brilliant in many areas, but is well-known for being an anatomist, teacher, researcher, and artist. He had a great interest in the heart and blood vessels.

Some anatomists have been artists, too. Leonardo Da Vinci combined art and science to help show what was inside the body, by creating brilliant pieces of art ( Figure 3C ). Anna Morandi Manzolini was another Italian anatomist and sculptor ( Figure 3B ). In the 1700s, she worked in her home laboratory, writing about the organs, teaching, and creating detailed wax models [ 5 ]. Florence Rena Sabin and many other anatomists followed her example and taught using models. Today, anatomists worldwide use models and 3D animations to help guide students.

Some people have also studied a little anatomy to create art pieces. For example, Mary Shelley wrote her brilliant novel “Frankenstein” at the age of just 18, back in the 1800s when it was seen as shocking for women to even wonder about how the body worked.

Conclusions

Today, we can visit museums and marvel at skeletons and wax models, learning science and appreciating the beauty of the human body. Anatomy is taught to most people at school and is not only important in medicine and sports, but is also an inspiration for art and literature worldwide. Today’s anatomists combine many technologies and techniques to discover more about animals and humans, thus advancing the field of medicine.

Physiology : ↑ The study of how normal living organisms function and work. For example how the human body and its organs functions.

Gross Anatomy : ↑ Looking at structures/anatomy where you can see the objects using eyesight only, a microscope is not required.

Histology : ↑ The study of cells and the body using a microscope.

Dissection : ↑ Separating something into pieces, for example opening up a body or organ to see inside it.

Pathologist : ↑ A person who studies the causes and effects of diseases, often using bodies to diagnose illness or understand cause of death.

Computed Tomography : ↑ Also called CAT scan; a technique in which an object, person, or animal is imaged using many X-rays and the images are processed using computers.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) : ↑ Scanners use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed 3D anatomical images (and images of other objects) without cutting the body open or using x-rays.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Anatomical Society for helping to fund this work through a Public Engagement and Outreach grant to Catrin titled Anatomy for ALL—Making Anatomy Accessible. We would also like to thank the British Science Association and University of Nottingham for awarding Catrin with a BSA Media Fellowship 2019.

1. ↑ For more information on blood vessels see our paper “Blood Vessels Under the Microscope” [ 1 ].

2. ↑ If you want to see what guinea-pig bones look like using computed tomography, see our paper looking at bone growth and structure [ 2 ]. We have also done work using MRI to investigate how bones are involved with lameness in cattle [ 3 ].

[1] ↑ Machado, M., Mitchell, C., Franklin, J., Thorpe, A., and Rutland, C. 2020. Blood vessels under the microscope. Front. Young Minds 8:151. doi: 10.3389/frym.2019.00151

[2] ↑ Witkowska, A., Alibhai, A., Hughes, C., Price, J., Klisch, K., Sturrock, C. J., et al. 2014. Computed tomography analysis of guinea pig bone: architecture, bone thickness and dimensions throughout development. Peerj 2:e615. doi: 10.7717/peerj.615

[3] ↑ Newsome, R., Green, M. J., Bell, N. J., Chagunda, M. G. G., Mason, C. S., Rutland, C. S., et al. 2016. Linking bone development on the caudal aspect of the distal phalanx with lameness during life. J. Dairy Sci. 99:4512–25. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-10202

[4] ↑ Pearce, J. M. S. 2019. Early contribution of Alexandria medical school to the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Rev. Neurol. 175:119–25. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.011

[5] ↑ Ferry, G. 2018. A woman’s place Anna Morandi: anatomist of enlightenment Bologna. Lancet 392:375. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31661-1

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103 Anatomy Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best anatomy topic ideas & essay examples, 🥇 good essay topics on anatomy, ✅ simple & easy anatomy essay titles, ❓anatomy essay questions.

• The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System of a Rat This report explores the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system of a rat. Therefore, the physiology and anatomy of the nervous systems of rats and that of humans are considerably similar.
• The Root Canal Anatomy of the Mandibular First Molar Tooth This essay seeks to analyze the root canal system and to this end, the anatomy of the root canal of the mandibular first molar has been detailed in the first part of the paper.
• The Anatomy of the Human Body The Institute of Human Anatomy’s YouTube video, “The Anatomy of Pain,” visually explores the structures involved in pain’s transmission and processing. It is the clinician’s responsibility to both identify and address the origins of the […]
• Aspects of the Anatomy of the Scalp The scalp covers the whole head, from the external occipital protuberance and upper nuchal lines to the lateral canthal and occipital edges.
• Anatomy of Head & Neck Muscles The temporal muscle begins from the temporal surface of the frontal bone, the parietal bone, the scales of the temporal bone, the large wing of the sphenoid bone, the temporal fascia; attaches to the coronal […]
• The Anatomy of Blood Circulation of the Head and Neck The internal stenosis artery ascends the neck from the common carotid artery, traveling caudally to the temporomandibular neck and laterally to the fibrous capsule of the ear.
• Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Another aspect that is worth noting is that it is necessary to have an understanding of risk factors that lead to the development of this condition.
• Aspects of the Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves The cranial nerves are a group of 12 pairs of nerves located in the back of the human brain. If information is conveyed from the brain to the exterior, the nerve is efferent.
• Characteristics of the Anatomy of the Brain The cerebrum, the brain stem, and the cerebellum are three basic structural parts of the brain. The brain is made up of the cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebrum.
• Elements of Anatomy of the Cranium Skull The skeletal component of the head that maintains the face and covers the brain is called the cranium or skull. The lower jaw is the only bone in the skull that can be moved and […]
• Menopause and Associated Anatomical Changes Menopause is characterized by a reduction in the production of certain hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone, which affect the anatomical structure of organs such as the uterus and ovaries.
• Anatomy of Neuron and Neuroplasticity Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is a process in which the brain undergoes adaptive structural and functional changes.
• Anatomy & Physiology: High Altitude Adaptation Athletes born and living in a high-altitude area have naturally larger lungs to cater to the need for increased oxygen in the low-oxygen concentration area.
• Monitoring Turnaround Time in Anatomic Pathology One of the tools is the turnaround time used to indicate the level of efficiency in the laboratory and how its patient care may be affected if the process gets a fault.
• Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland Adrenocorticotropic hormones – These are hormones that stimulate the adrenal gland to produce hormones. Thyroid-stimulating hormones – These are hormones that stimulate the thyroid gland to manufacture hormones.
• Understanding the Hand Anatomy The excellent functionality of the different parts of the body, including the hand, thigh, neck, girdle, pectoral, and legs, are critical for the normal functioning of a human being.
• Anatomy of the Brain: Key Issues Some of the basic parts of the brain include the cerebral cortex lobes namely; the temporal lobes, the frontal lobes, the occipital lobes, the parietal lobes, the prefrontal cortex, and the limbic system.
• Male Reproductive System and Anatomical Structures Male and female reproductive systems have several similarities including the fact that most of the reproductive organs are developed from similar embryonic tissue that make these organs homologous. In male and female reproductive systems, […]
• A Brain Anatomy and the Sexual Orientation Second, the paper by Byne et al.not only studied the volume of the various interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus, but also focused on investigating if the cell number in the various nuclei has […]
• Esophagus Anatomy and Physiology Furthermore, the esophagus is positioned before the right side of the spine after the windpipe in the upper layer of the chest, and behind the heart in the lower part of the chest.
• Anatomical Variations of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve The IAN may form a single trunk with the lingual nerve and this extends as far as the mandibular foramen In another type of variation, the IAN can be separated from the lingual nerve by […]
• The Anatomy of the Pancreas The paper seeks to elaborate clearly the anatomy and structure of the pancreas and the specialized functions it performs in the body.
• Anatomy and Physiology of Circulation and Respiration in Worms, Insects, Fish, and Humans Circulation is “the movements of body fluids inside the animals from the place of formation to the place of its utilization” in a one-celled animal, cells exchange materials directly with the environment; this implies that […]
• Spinal Anatomy: A Discussion of Cases of Spinal Defects The patient, a female aged 67 years, presents with signs of stenosis coupled with pain over the fibrocartilaginous mass at the defect, and facet pathology at the L5 level of the lower spine.
• Microscopy and Cell Anatomy A slide cover slip was placed on top and then the slide was observed under bright-field microscopy at the different magnifications of the microscope.
• Human Anatomy and Physiology To climb upstairs to pick the phone, the sensory division of PNS must relay signals to the CNS via sensory neurons, and use the spinal cord as the major conduit between the body and the […]
• Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus The anterior rami of C5 and C6 converge to become the superior trunk, the C7 ramus becomes the middle trunk, and the ventral rami of C8 and T1 converge to become the inferior trunk.
• The Anatomy of the Knee Joint In the knee, the tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral joints form a modified hinge joint, which lets the knee straighten, bend, and rotate from side to side.
• Breast Anatomy and Pathologies on Mammogram The purpose of this paper is to discuss the anatomy of breasts and some common pathologies that may arise when a doctor is performing a mammogram.
• The Normal Anatomy and Physiology of the Kidneys: Urine Formation Kidneys are the major organs of the renal system which perform vital homeostatic processes such as maintenance of water and ionic balance in the body.
• Intracranial Pressure Anatomy The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is called subdural space. The subarachnoid space is present between the arachnoid and pia mater, and contains the CSF.
• The Rise of Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens Those species were called the ‘homo Erectus, the modern form of which we have named the ‘homo sapiens, or “us”. The ridges of the eyes of homo sapiens are smaller in size compared to those […]
• Anatomy: Upper and Lower Limb Muscles The upper limb: the ventral tissue serves as the site for the development of the flexor group of the shoulder muscles and the entire musculature of the palmar side of the forearm and palm.
• Anatomy of the Human Chest The heart is located in the middle of the thorax between the lungs and is more inclined to the left below the sternum.
• The Basic Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology
• Comparing the Similarities Between the Anatomy, Structure, and Organ Systems of Humans and Frogs
• Understand the Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
• Anatomy: The Respiratory System
• Female Breast Cancer Awareness: Female and Female Anatomy
• Anatomy: Hypoxia and Hypoxic Anoxic Injury
• Anatomy and Physiology: Cardiovascular Dynamics
• The Correlation Between Brain Anatomy and Physiology
• The Characteristics, Types, and Anatomy of Mammals
• Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care
• Male and Female Anatomy: Similarities and Differences
• Anatomy of Asymmetrical Interhemispheric Connections Develop in Cat Visual Cortex
• Anatomy: How the Muscles Work
• Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology
• African Ostrich Brain Anatomy Study
• Corrigendum: Anatomy, Function, and Non-invasive Manipulation of Frontal Regions Involved in Eye Movements
• Comparing Aging and Fitness Effects on Brain Anatomy
• Correlating Anatomy and Function with Gene Expression in Individual Neurons
• Anatomy and Physiology Blood PH and Homeostasis
• Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy and Physiology: The Female Reproductive System
• Anatomy: Anatomy and Thoracic Cavity Subdivisions
• Alcohol Consumption and Subclinical Findings on Cognitive Function, Biochemical Indexes, and Cortical Anatomy
• Comparing Rembrandt and Eakins’s Anatomy of Dr.Tulp
• The Prolific Theories of Bone Growth Anatomy
• Anatomy: Cardiovascular Anatomy and Physiology
• Stomach and Intestines Anatomy and Physiology Biology
• Understand Animal Anatomy and Physiology of the Lion
• Anatomy: Bone and Bone Trabecular Bone
• Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses Synapses and Anatomy of the Nervous System
• Describe the Basic Anatomy of the Human Body Affected by Assisting and Moving
• Anatomy: Blood and Heart
• Key Insights Into the Anatomy of the Eye
• Anatomy and Physiology: Bee Sting
• Video Games and Its Effects on Individuals’ Anatomy of the Brain
• Anatomy and Physiology: The Organisation of the Human Body
• Neurosurgical and Clinical Relevance of Microsurgical Anatomy of Cerebellar Para Floccular Perforating Space
• Organs of the Endocrine System: Anatomy and Functions
• How Does Our Anatomy Affect Human Culture and Behavior?
• Who Is the Father of Anatomy?
• What Is the Origin of Anatomy?
• How Does the Human Anatomy Work?
• What Is the Most Important Part of Anatomy?
• Is Anatomy a Structure or Function?
• Why Is the Anatomy of the Brain Important?
• What Are the Components of Nervous System Anatomy?
• Can Anatomy Scan Detect Down Syndrome?
• What Is the Basic Approach to Study Anatomy?
• What Is the Function of the Male Sexual Anatomy?
• How Is Anatomy Used Today?
• What Are the Correlations Between the Brain and Physical Development?
• What Are the Branches of Anatomy?
• How Is the Anatomy of a Fetal Pig Similar to Humans?
• What Are the Main Types of Anatomy?
• What Type of Science Is Anatomy?
• Does a Correlation Exist Between Brain Anatomy and Intelligence?
• Why Is It Important to Study Anatomy?
• What Language Does Anatomy Use?
• Is the Brain Part of Human Anatomy?
• What Are the Differences Between Anatomy and Physiology?
• Is Aristotle the Father of Anatomy?
• What Is the Value of Anatomy?
• What Did Leonardo Da Vinci Do for Anatomy?
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Human Body Essay | Essay on Human Body in Life for Students and Children in English

February 12, 2024 by sastry

Human Body Essay: Human body is truly a marvel. It is perhaps the most evolved living thing. It is, in fact, like a highly sophisticated machine.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Short Essay on Human Body 200 Words for Kids and Students in English

Below we have given a short essay on Human Body is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

To prevent it from diseases and illnesses, a thorough knowledge of the human body is necessary. Medical science has unravelled many mysteries of the functions of our body. And, the more we find out, the more fascinating the human body appears to be. But there is still a lot that we don’t know or can’t explain.

The human skeleton is like a cage. It provides the necessary support to the body. It also helps in protecting our vital organs. There are 206 bones in an adult human body. These bones are made up of calcium and phosphorus. The box-like skull structure protects our brain.

The muscles constitute the flesh. There are over 600 muscles in our body. All our movements are the direct result of the contraction and expansion of these muscles.

A cell is the basic unit of the body and there are millions of cells in each human body. These cells get nourishment through food, drink and oxygen. The cell suffer wear and tear during work. But through adequate rest and food the damage to the cell is repaired.

Then, there are the circulatory, respiratory, disgestive and nervous systems in our body. They are all highly complex systems but each is wonderful in its own way. Human heart and brain must be two of the most wonderful creations ever. They are extremely complicated but also very efficient parts of our body.

For us to live and remain healthy, it is important for all these parts and systems to work well together, in harmony with each other.

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1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Compare and contrast anatomy and physiology, including their specializations and methods of study
• Discuss the fundamental relationship between anatomy and physiology

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the dead to augment their knowledge. When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people, however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to visualize structures inside the living body such as a cancerous tumor or a fractured bone.

Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification ( Figure 1.2 a ). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices ( Figure 1.2 b ). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues. As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures of the body, from slices of large structures like the heart, to the three-dimensional structures of large molecules in the body.

Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: regional and systemic. Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region. In contrast, systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.

Whereas anatomy is about structure, physiology is about function. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body’s tendency toward homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body.

Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking. Physiologists may work from the organ level (exploring, for example, what different parts of the brain do) to the molecular level (such as exploring how an electrochemical signal travels along nerves).

Form is closely related to function in all living things. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat. At a smaller level of analysis, the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. Even the three-dimensional structure of certain molecules is essential to their function.

Your study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you continually relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. In fact, it can be somewhat frustrating to attempt to study anatomy without an understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of how the human hand manipulates tools—from pens to cell phones—helps you appreciate the unique alignment of the thumb in opposition to the four fingers, making your hand a structure that allows you to pinch and grasp objects and type text messages.

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• Introduction
• The shoulder
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• The lower leg and foot
• Changes in the muscles of the lower limb
• Changes in the muscles of the upper limb
• Changes in the muscles of the head and neck
• Changes in the muscles of the trunk

human muscle system

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• University of West Florida Pressbooks - Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professions - Muscular System
• Healthline - 9 Functions of the Muscular System
• InnerBody - Muscular System
• Thompson Rivers University - Introduction to the Muscular System
• PLOS Biology - Structure, function, and control of the human musculoskeletal network
• Biology LibreTexts - Introduction to the Muscular System
• Table Of Contents

• What are the main types of muscles in the human body and their functions?
• How do muscles work together to produce movement in the body?
• What is the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber, and how does it contract?
• How does the nervous system control muscle movement?
• What are some common disorders or injuries that can affect the human muscle system?
• What is muscle fatigue, and how does the body recover from it?
• How do hormones influence muscle growth and development?

human muscle system , the muscles of the human body that work the skeletal system , that are under voluntary control, and that are concerned with movement, posture, and balance. Broadly considered, human muscle—like the muscles of all vertebrates—is often divided into striated muscle (or skeletal muscle), smooth muscle , and cardiac muscle . Smooth muscle is under involuntary control and is found in the walls of blood vessels and of structures such as the urinary bladder , the intestines , and the stomach . Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of that vital pumping organ; it too is under involuntary control. With very few exceptions, the arrangement of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle in humans is identical to the arrangement found in other vertebrate animals.

This article is concerned with the skeletal muscles of the human body, with emphasis on muscle movements and the changes that have occurred in human skeletal musculature as a result of the long evolutionary process that involved the assumption of upright posture. Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and the physiology of muscle contraction are treated at great length in the article muscle . For descriptions of disorders that affect the human muscle system, see muscle disease .

The muscle groups and their actions

The following sections provide a basic framework for the understanding of gross human muscular anatomy, with descriptions of the large muscle groups and their actions. The various muscle groups work in a coordinated fashion to control the movements of the human body.

The motion of the neck is described in terms of rotation, flexion, extension, and side bending (i.e., the motion used to touch the ear to the shoulder). The direction of the action can be ipsilateral, which refers to movement in the direction of the contracting muscle, or contralateral, which refers to movement away from the side of the contracting muscle.

Rotation is one of the most-important actions of the cervical (neck) spine . Rotation is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which bends the neck to the ipsilateral side and rotates the neck contralaterally. Together, the sternocleidomastoid muscles on both sides of the neck act to flex the neck and raise the sternum to assist in forced inhalation. The anterior and middle scalene muscles, which also are located at the sides of the neck, act ipsilaterally to rotate the neck, as well as to elevate the first rib. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, which are located in the back of the neck, work to rotate the head.

Side bending also is an important action of the cervical spine. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved in cervical side bending. The posterior scalene muscles, located on the lower sides of the neck, ipsilaterally bend the neck to the side and elevate the second rib. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis also assist in neck side bending. The erector spinae muscles (iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis) are large, deep muscles that extend the length of the back. All three act to ipsilaterally side bend the neck.

Neck flexion refers to the motion used to touch the chin to the chest. It is accomplished primarily by the sternocleidomastoid muscles, with assistance from the longus colli and the longus capitis, which are found in the front of the neck. Neck extension is the opposite of flexion and is accomplished by many of the same muscles that are used for other neck movements, including the splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscles.

The back contains the origins of many of the muscles that are involved in the movement of the neck and shoulders . In addition, the axial skeleton that runs vertically through the back protects the spinal cord , which innervates almost all the muscles in the body.

Multiple muscles in the back function specifically in movements of the back. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. The semispinalis dorsi and semispinalis capitis muscles also extend the back. The small muscles of the vertebrae (the multifidi and rotators) help rotate, extend, and side bend the back. The quadratus lumborum muscle in the lower back side bends the lumbar spine and aids in the inspiration of air through its stabilizing affects at its insertion at the 12th rib (the last of the floating ribs). The scapula (shoulder blade) is elevated by the trapezius muscle , which runs from the back of the neck to the middle of the back, by the rhomboid major and rhomboid minor muscles in the upper back, and by the levator scapulae muscle, which runs along the side and back of the neck.

Human Anatomy - Essay Examples And Topic Ideas For Free

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures, including the skeletal, muscular, and organ systems. Essays on human anatomy might explore the major systems of the human body, the recent advancements in understanding human anatomy, and the implications of these advancements for medicine and healthcare. Moreover, discussions could delve into the historical evolution of anatomical knowledge, the intersection of anatomy with art, and the ethical considerations in anatomical research and education. Analyzing the methodologies used in anatomical study, comparing human anatomy with the anatomy of other organisms, and examining the portrayal of human anatomy in cultural and societal contexts can provide a rich exploration of this fundamental scientific discipline. A substantial compilation of free essay instances related to Human Anatomy you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

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Breathing is Main of the Respiratory System

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Organs of the Respiratory System

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